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"Sanatorium" Rafała Wojaczka. Próba lektury po czterdziestu latach

Author(s): Magdalena Boczkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to "Sanatorium" by Rafał Wojaczek or a prose book of a poet, published for the first time as a whole (although with a removed motto) in 2010. The author, analyzing such, phenomena as (among others): the problem of suicide and split personality, an identity split of the main character, loss of subjectivity that are very typical of the poets defined traditionally as “damned”, shows above all a difficult reception of this prose. Hence, "Sanatorium" can be read today in different ways but it should be underlined that it is first of all a novel about fear, illness, stagnation and battle fought with the world and him/herself.

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Czytanie mapy: Litwa na przełomie lat 50. i 60. XIX stulecia

Author(s): Grażyna Borkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses a series of Eliza Orzeszkowa’s letters, published in the Niwa periodicalas Znad Niemna (1874–1875). The novelist portrays the tensions that preceded the outbreak ofthe January Uprising (1863–1864) in Lithuania: the confl ict between ‘the Old’, who reluctantlyaccepted the need for social change, with ‘the Young’, who not only demanded the abolishmentof serfdom but also enfranchisement of peasants. As can be inferred from Orzeszkowa’s words,the need for a social transition – rather than the national cause only – was one of the reasonsbehind the thrust for revolt; yet, the uprising had no chance to succeed, particularly in thatterritory. ‘The Young’ could perhaps have listened to reason, if they could believe the promisesof compromise made by the noblemen and landowners. However, the uprising broke out all thesame; its suppression gave rise to a period of repression and stagnation, which was particularlysevere and affl icting in the eastern provinces of the former Poland-Lithuania.

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„Młodzi” i „starzy” w Krakowie

Author(s): Renata Stachura-Lupa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the circumstances surrounding literary debuts of writers from Cracowborn in the 1830s and at the beginning of the 1840s, as well as the ideological argumentsaccompanying the appearances of ‘the Young’, in Cracow. The fi rst uniting attempts of theCracow’s youth from this generation took place at the turn of the 1850s and 1860s among theJagiellonian University students. During the January Uprising the generation gap between ‘theYoung’, and ‘the Old’, became part of the confl ict between ‘the white’, and ‘the red’. At the timeof the Galician autonomy, divisions, which had been visible before, intensifi ed.

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Galicyjska lekcja roku 1863. Powstanie jako narodowe samobójstwo – w kręgu stańczykowskich metafor i diagnoz

Author(s): Iwona Węgrzyn / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper analyses works by members of the late 19th century Cracow conservative elite,in which their struggle with the post-insurgent trauma of the January Uprising in 1863 can beobserved. Deeply involved in the movement, they later adopted a critical attitude towards it. Inthe works of J. Klaczko, S. Tarnowski, P. Popiel, and above all, S. Koźmian’s Rzecz o roku 1863(written on the 30th anniversary of the Uprising), they use the gesture of suicide as the centralmetaphor of the the Uprising. This suicide was ‘committed’ collectively by people, who hadknown that their fi ght was doomed, but who were unable to oppose the pressure of honor andtradition. The metaphor – as irrational as the more dominant discourses of romantic messianismor martydom of sacrifi ce – hindered a rational discussion of the causes and effects of the Uprising.However, it enabled people involved (or even those, who only gave their tacit consent), to confrontthe trauma of guilt and personal and collective responsibility for the tragedy.This critisism of the insurgency by people, who had a moral right to judge it, is an importantpart of the discussion of the Polish civil and patriotic ethos.

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Co się zdarzyło w roku 1867?

Author(s): Ewa Paczoska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article recalls a series of events and situations creating in 1867 Polish and European‘sense of temporality’, which defi ned that year reality and different projects for the future(political, economic, cultural). The events described by the author include among others: politicalchanges in Galicia, Germany, Russia, Italy and France, The International Exposition in Paris,Antoni Berezowski’s assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander II and Smiles’ Polish reception.The author puts forward the thesis that generally 1867 was an important lesson of Polish andEuropean modernity.

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Dekada rewolucyjnych demokratów, czyli Polacy i Pierwsza Międzynarodówka

Author(s): Joanna Dobrowolska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

My article is a historical study concerning the activity of revolutionary democrats, whichwas a formation of Polish emigrants in the1860s. In the fi rst part I describe some historical facts:dealings of the Poles with the First International, their place in this organization and also thesignifi cance of Polish matters in the Association’s external policies. In the second part I presentthe main ideas, conceptions and political programmes of the revolutionary democrats, includingthose who were not formal members of the International. I adopt an unifying, generalisingapproach and set it in the context of the ideological issues of the times. My objective is to verifysome common points of view on the beginning of Polish socialism.

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O ruchliwości przestrzennej literatów dekady postyczniowej

Author(s): Tadeusz Budrewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

On the basis of Bibliografi a literatury polskiej „Nowy Korbut” I established a number ofwriters who were active after 1863: there were 111 people. 35 of them took part in the JanuaryUprising, which disproves the idea of Positivism as an antinational movement. After the fall ofthe Uprising, some writers emigrated for a short time. Writers’ mobility was great, but it wasrelated to looking for work for intelligentsia rather than political oppression. Literary geographyreveals the following regularity: the same writers published their works in Cracow, Lviv, Poznańand Warsaw. The writers and the publishers performed an integrational role in the countrywhich was partitioned between three hostile countries.

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W stronę diaspory syberyjskiej, czyli „sceny z życia koczującego” w latach 60. XIX wieku

Author(s): Dawid Maria Osiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the question of the Siberian experience as an important factorin understanding the identity of Siberia as a specifi c geopolitical space. On the example ofdiaries, letters, and memoirs of several dozen Siberians and studies by Agaton Giller, EugeniuszŻmijewski, but also Michał Gruszecki and Ludwik Niemojowski, the author scrutinizes thephenomenon of this historical, political, geographical, ethnographical, cultural, but alsometaphorical ‘dislocation’. The article discusses the importance of shift in focus showing Siberianot as a sign of martyrdom, trauma, and an ‘unwritten page’, but as a space which was treated asan example of political, social and cultural movement, the space of increasing civilization system,and ethnogeographical enclave. The author tries to explain how the Polish journalist, publicistand reporters understood Siberia as a space of self-increasing, and in what way writing aboutthe ‘images of nomadic life’ in the 1860s is helpful to understanding the value of self-discipline,freedom, non-martyrdom cognition and being a political migrant.

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Pożegnania z romantyzmem. 1859–1863

Author(s): Elżbieta Dąbrowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on the last period of Romanticism, marked by the dates of Z. Krasinski’sdeath and the January Uprising. What makes that period different is the absence of the – thenalready dead – great romantic poets. Conversely, their demise allowed editors access to unpublishedworks: unfi nished poems and letters.Analysis of that phase also includes a question about ‘younger’ romantics, who made theirdebut around 1840. For them the 1860s are the times of artistic maturity manifesting itself inpublications of collected works (N. Żmichowska, C. Norwid). It was also in the 1860s when thesecond most important Lithuanian poet after Mickiewicz, W. Syrokomla, died and J.I. Kraszewskispectacularly bid farewell to Russo-Lithuanian era.

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Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski. Między epokami

Author(s): Izabela Poniatowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski (1801–1871) is primarily known as a participant in thediscussion between Polish classical and romantic writers as a translator and a publisher. He isnot known as the creator of prose, which perfectly refl ected the social moods of the 1850s and1860s in the Polish lands. Dmochowski, using both the patterns of the Enlightenment noveland the achievements of Biedermeier literature, is an example of a writer who bases his creativeoriginality on skilful combination of various literary conventions

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Kornel Ujejski i tom Dla Moskali w kontekście romantycznego słowianofilstwa i romantycznej rusofobii

Author(s): Andrzej Fabianowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Kornel Ujejski’s Dla Moskali, published in 1862, was a poetic reaction to patrioticdemonstrations in Warsaw and many other towns of Congress Poland, which preceeded theJanuary Uprising. In the foreword Ujejski strongly believes that the callous power of tsardomand the cruelty of Muscovite myrmidons will be defeated by the moral strength and prayers ofthe oppressed victims. Ujejski was an epigone in his forms of expression, he mostly rehashedromantic ideas. Nonetheless, he was able to create a new category – popular poetry, whichwas meant to reach more readers, who were eager to see inspirational examples of RussianEuropeanisation through Polish spirit.

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Kontynuacja i ciągłość. Cypriana Norwida lata 60. XIX wieku

Author(s): Wiesław Rzońca / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author indicates the conventionality of the January Uprising as the threshold for Polishliterature in the 19th century and underlines the fact that a traditional opposition of Romanticismand Positivism artifi cially divides the works of Cyprian Norwid, the Parisian, when they are intheir natural lifecycle. The January Uprising had little impact on Norwid’s works, and it is moreof a synaesthetic reminiscence of the 1830 November Uprising, which affected the poet directlyas he was living in Warsaw at the time.

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Południe przemocy. Cyprian Norwid wobec polskich sztyletników i francuskich „terrorystów” w perspektywie violence studies

Author(s): Karol Samsel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the study is to reinterpret, or at least – to refi ne the complex portrait ofCyprian Norwid as the citizen of so called south noon of the nineteenth century. A phenomenonof that kind above all gives the poet the experience of the violence of a new type (based onthe development of Polish daggery and European terrorism), which we are able to tracepost factum – by looking on his late texts – such as Ostatnia z bajek. There the brutalization inliterary description is not only a specifi c way to experience the whole worldbut also – a way tocomprehend immoral reality. The cases of Adam Gurowski, Henryk Kamieński, Wiera Zasuliczas well as Antoni Berezowski – recalled by Norwid not only in his correspondence, allow thereader to see his general attitude to violence in the spirit of contemporarary studies on violencein literature (so called violence studies).

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Kryzys światopoglądu romantycznego? Uwagi o powinnościach literatury i dziennikarstwa lat 60. XIX wieku w korespondencji Wincentego Pola

Author(s): Olaf Krysowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article shows that the romantic thinking of Wincenty Pol was redefi ned in the 1860s,which is proved by his correspondence with Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. After the January Uprisingthe author of Mohort demanded leaving the nationalistic and patriotic narration in public lifeso as to make room for the organic ideas formulated mainly in the press. He underlined theusefulness of literature and the press, expressing confi dence in science as the source of practicalknowledge, based on experience and reasoning. This episode incorporates Pol’s biography andworks into deliberation about blurred periodic and ideological boundaries, which were assignedto Romanticism and Positivism by history of literature.

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Bohater historii i bohater egzystencji w twórczości prozatorskiej Teodora Tomasza Jeża z lat 60. XIX wieku

Author(s): Wiesław Ratajczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The hero of history and the hero of existence are particularly important fi gures inthe novels of Teodor Tomasz Jeż written in the 1860s. The writer analyzed and tested romanticideas in his biography and in his works. He asked, among other things, whether involvement inthe struggle for independence could become the most important criterion for assessing humanbehaviour, justifying all iniquities?Is a moral fall of a man an inevitable consequence of his resignation from political andsocial activity? How to get a fragile balance between privacy and history? Because of the manysided,credible depictions of the deep human experiences involved in historical processes, Jeżearned the position of one of the most important writers of his time. His work is an example ofthe dislocation of romantic ideas into a new context of ideas and human experiences.

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Dekada „Tygodnika Ilustrowanego”

Author(s): Ewa Ihnatowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Tygodnik Ilustrowany (1859–1939) brought a positivistic, organic concept of a modernpopular illustrated magazine to the seventh decade of the 19th century. The editors declaredneutrality and independence, which enabled the integration of readers around the achievementsof Polish culture. The more recent development of popular culture research allows us to describethis project more clearly. The change in the meaning of the term ‘biedermeier’ allows to seethe presence of Biedermeier in Tygodnik Ilustrowany and the practice of allegory as a languageof communication with readers. In this light, Tygodnik Ilustrowany is a good example of theinterpenetration of Positivism and Biedermeier.

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Edycje piśmiennictwa staropolskiego w latach 60. XIX wieku

Author(s): Marta M. Kacprzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the 1860s, before the scientifi c editing was developed, there were many publishing workspresenting Old Polish literature. The publishing series were continued and initiated, editionswith various variants of the texts, artistic facsimiles and popular editions of important authorswere issued. In different censorship realities the repertoire of Old Polish literature was shapedin different ways, as well as the image of Old Polish culture that co-created the vision of thefatherland and patriotism. The article presents the editions, the environments in which theyarose and their ideological and workshop goals.

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Wincentego Pola Pamiętnik do literatury polskiej XIX wieku. Geografia między historią literatury a autobiografią

Author(s): Urszula Kowalczuk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses Pamiętnik do literatury polskiej XIX wieku by Wincenty Pol, publishedin Lviv in 1866. The Diary is presented in the context of the writer’s publishing choices, madein the 1860s, his epistolary refl ections and chosen aspects of the reception of his geographicaland poetic work. The reading of this historical and literary synthesis is subordinated to questionsabout the 19th century status of geographical refl ection, closely correlated with historical thoughtnad its place and functions in Pol’s writings. The article suggests reading Pamiętnik... as anatypical autobiography.

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Seweryna Duchińska jako tłumaczka i popularyzatorka poezji obcej. Szkic do portretu z lat 60. XIX wieku

Author(s): Katarzyna Kościewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the translation work of Seweryna Duchińska, published in BibliotekaWarszawska in the 1860s and at the beginning of the 1870s. The analysis of Duchińska’stranslations shows her as an important populariser of European medieval literature. She was thefi rst translator of such masterpieces as The Song of Roland, Le Cid or The Kalevala. In Kronikazagraniczna literacka, naukowa i artystyczna, sent to Warsaw, Duchińska published her owntranslations of contemporary writers, who although considered controversial in Europe, werehardly known in Poland (Walt Whitman, Henrik Ibsen, Eugène Manuel, François Coppée).

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Labirynty obcości. Hoffmannowski Piaskun w przekładzie Felicjana Faleńskiego i jego konteksty

Author(s): Magdalena Rudkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Translated into Polish by Felicjan Faleński in 1865, the story of E.T.A. Hoffmann DerSandmann (1816), like the lens, focuses on the situation of Polish fantasy literature under thesign of German Romanticism in the 1860s. Fantastic prose, which fl ourished in the inter-uprisingyears, after the January Uprising begins to emerge from the literary canon, and its motives seemto be taken over by poetry which is a marginal discourse in this period, although not withoutmeanings and artistic values. The Hoffmann’s story, translated by the eminent poet, becomesa kind of a catalogue of motifs, which artistic creativity from the 1860s received as the legacyof Romanticism and kept in its discourses such threads could only have emerged in the era ofYoung Poland.

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