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Wojna we wspomnieniach Marii Kuncewiczowej

Author(s): Maria Maczel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article examines the contexts from the autobiographical works of Mary Kuncewiczowa on World War II. They show how the writer perceives and interprets this time as an immigrant. Material language used by Kuncewiczowa captures the wartime tragedy, which she witnessed, very vividly (comparisons, metaphors) and suggestively (evaluative lexis).This analysis confirmed that the texts memoir sallow the manifestation of subjectivity in very special way – revealing the mentality, reflective nature and sensitivity of the author.

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Religijno-kościelny czynnik sprawczy rozwoju języka polskiego

Author(s): Bogdan Walczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article aims at a comprehensive presentation of the title topic, based on the vast literature on the subject, a significant part of which comprise the previous publications by the article’s author. The author points to our insufficient knowledge concerning the latest period of Polish language history, Modern Polish.

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O jednym słowie – „poniemieckie”

Author(s): Arkadiusz Kalin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article presents the cultural history of the term „post-German”. This approach goes beyond linguistic analysis – apart from the dictionary meanings of the word, the author presents the history of changes in its meaning since the Second World War. The word appeared at the end of the war and was almost immediately included in the political context and was subject to censorship restrictions in connection with the ideology of the eternally Polish Regained Lands in force in the new Polish post-war territories. The category of „post-German” gained a special role in literature after the cultural breakthrough of 1989 in the trend of „small homelands”, which was also inspired by the German critical Heimatliteratur. It also meant a specific theme, the creation of the depicted world and a narrative perspective in this type of literature, unique compared to other national literatures.

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Obrazy władców i szlachty polskiej w prozie historycznej Romana Iwanyczuka

Author(s): Anna Choma‑Suwała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2023

The topic of the article is the image of Polish kings and nobility in Roman Iwanyczuk’s historical prose. The analysis was conducted on the basis of three works written at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s. They are only a fragment of the rich literary heritage of the famous Ukrainian novelist. Ciemnoczerwone wino (Черлене вино) takes the reader to the 15th century, to Galicia Volhynia, which was threatened with polonization. Manuskrypt z ulicy Ruskiej (Манускрипт з вулиці Руської) shows the origin of the idea of the liberation war, the future Chmielnicki Uprising, in Lviv at the turn of the 16th and 18th century. The novel Woda z kamienia (Вода з каменю) presents the beginnings of the Ukrainian national revival in Galicia and the history of the Ruthenian Trinity, with its leader Markian Szaszkewicz. The cyclicality and connections between novels, gives Iwanyczuk’s work spatiotemporal continuity, which encompasses, above all, historical events and figures. The analyzed works present a clearly negative image of the representatives of Polish society, which results from the stereotypical approach to the perception of a Pole in the 20th century Ukrainian literature. Polish rulers and nobility are portrayed through the prism of Polish Ukrainian relations at socio political, religious and ideological level.

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The Image of an Attorney as Illustrated in the Works of Polish Poets and Political Writers in the 16th–17th Centuries

Author(s): Kacper Górski / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. Issue/2023

The article presents the image of an attorney as characterized in Old Polish literature from the 16th and 17th centuries. It reflected, to some extent, the attitude of the people of the time (primarily the nobility) towards the legal profession. There is no doubt that the perception of attorneys by Old Polish society was unequivocally negative. They were portrayed as greedy, dishonest men, liars with no respect for the law and even instigators of non-compliance with the law. Literary works and political writings broadly condemned such behaviors. However, this stereotype applied only to professional attorneys- at-law. By no means were non-professional agents (attorneys in fact) attacked, nor was the institution of the power of attorney itself criticized. It seems that this sort of critical attitude was not estate-based (many attorneys were noblemen), although it is possible that the low descent of lawyers influenced the virulence of the criticism. The paper attempts to answer the question as to what extent the literary image of an attorney corresponded to reality. It seems that the works comprised objective reflections on the legal profession and the emotional attitudes of individuals (including the authors themselves) or social groups. It is noteworthy that these pieces of literature often regarded the entire Polish legal system of the time as dysfunctional. Nevertheless, the recurrence of motifs such as greediness or dishonesty gives reason to believe that at least some of these allegations were not unfounded. At the same time, it should be noted that this image of a lawyer corresponded with the stereotype present in European and non- European culture from antiquity to contemporary times.

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„(Nie)znajomy wróg jakiś miesza ludzkie rzeczy…” Kulisy obchodów 400-lecia śmierci Jana Kochanowskiego w roku 1984

Author(s): Tomasz Lawenda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

Conferences, differing in nature and concept, of national and international scope organized in the jubilee year 1984 greatly contributed to the existing knowledge on the poet. The year brought about a long-awaited boom in conferences after the relative stagnation of 1981– 1983. In light of such an affluence, the issue of editing Kochanowski’s works reflects rather poorly. In terms of publishing of source materials, the year 1984, as compared to other years of the great jubilee, was satisfactory. The main reason for that is an important publication by Maria Garbaczowa and Wacław Urban Źródła urzędowe do najbliższej rodziny Jana Kochanowskiego (Kielce, 1984). Yet, no monograph was published. A significant sign of the times of Kochanowski’s jubilee was the low circulation of books. It was in no-way proportionate to the needs. The “publishing difficulties”, which are more or less cautiously referred to in editorials, are further reflected by the release dates of post-conference materials concluding the 1984 sessions.

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Wizerunek Judyty w poematach Rafała Leszczyńskiego i Wacława Potockiego

Author(s): Patrycja Głuszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

The article deals with the peraenetic representations of Judyta with particular emphasis on how she was portrayed in the epic poems of Rafał Leszczyński (1620) and Wacław Potocki (circa 1952). The author analyzes the differences of portrayal of the biblical widow in Guillaume du Bartas’ La Judit and the Polish paraphrasing of said text by Rafał Leszczyński (Iudith). Those differences were influenced not only by political, but also by moral and social factors. The best example and proof of that is the shortened and modest (as compared to the original) description of Judyta’s beauty found in Leszczyński’s text.

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Słowa nawracające – somantyczność w poezji Jerzego Ficowskiego. Pisane pożydowskim oksymoronem

Author(s): Daria Nowicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

The work of Jerzy Ficowski, the author of Odczytanie popiołów, Ptak poza ptakiem, Amulety i definicje, raises the problem of postmemory and re-tale. This is self-contained intimate poetry that witnessed historic and aesthetic changes after the Holocaust. This problem, in soma-semantic context, is presented through the interpretation of selected poems, which combines an aspect of body and meaning. The essence of Jerzy Ficowski’s poems is bordeland language which is visible in the poems concerning the memory of the Jews and Roma. It is in these poems that Ficowski expands the semantic and social limits of ‘post-Jewish’ category by using various memory formulas such as transformation and repetition.

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Emancypantki, studentki i wyzwolone – o „kobiecych” powieściach Artura Gruszeckiego

Author(s): Joanna Zajkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2013

Słomiany ogień (A Flash in the Pan) and U źródła wiedzy (At the Source of Knowledge) are the only works by Artur Gruszecki that address the issue of women’s role in the society. Neither of them has been critically analysed as yet – Halina Tchórzewska-Kabata did not include them in her research. And yet, these two novels reveal the writer’s shrewd grasp of the contemporary reality. Written at the beginning of the twentieth century, both novels contain criticism of women’s feminist aspirations, but each does so from a different perspective. A Flash in the Pan, set in Cracow, is a straightforward satire of women’s emancipation. The author’s initial serious attention to women’s demands of social and political equality, right to maternity leave and full access to education, gives way to descriptions of bickering and gossip that lead to a complete disintegration of the city’s feminist clubs. At the Source of Knowledge revolves around the topic of higher education for girls. The author depicts the twists and turns of the lives of three young heroines, exposes the feeble motivation behind their scholarly aspirations, and sadly concludes that they are not adequately prepared to undertake university studies. Although Gruszecki’s novels were written in the twentieth century, they seem to be a direct continuation of the critical approach to emancipation movement that we can observe in works of other nineteenth century authors like Prus (Emancypantki, The Suffragists) and Gomulicki (Wyzwolona, The Liberated).

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Pielgrzym czy wygnaniec? Poszukiwanie tożsamości ludzi wykorzenionych

Author(s): Romuald Naruniec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2012

A search for identity by ‘the uprooted’, people forced into exile as a result of post-World War II changes in Europe, is a very frequent theme in the 20th century literature. An exile is a perennial wanderer, with no place of his own. The article focuses on the issues of exile, uprooting and a search for new identity, analysing selected works of a German writer Herta Müller; Polish writers: Inga Iwasiów, Stefan Chwin, Tadeusz Konwicki, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Żakiewicz and poets from Vilnius: Romuald Mieczkowski and Henryk Mażul. In her works, Herta Müller deals with a totalitarian state, showing a man trapped in the repressive system. Her protagonists are usually weak and lose against their oppressors. Confronting the past risks bringing back old demons, dangerous emotions and distressing events. The brutality of Müller’s prose lies not only in the depiction of how individuals are uprooted but also how they ‘uproot themselves’. Their lives are a struggle for survival, the latter frequently at the expense of renouncing on their identity, friendship and love. Polish writers (Iwasiów, Chwin, Konwicki, Miłosz, Żakiewicz) present the lot and different life stories of people uprooted after the World War II, without, however, depriving them of their unique personalities and positive features. Forcefully repatriated, fleeing compulsory relocations to Siberia, Polish exiles from the Eastern Borderlands, the territory annexed by the Soviet Union, found a new homeland in Poland, albeit not without initial problems. The memory of their origins, which they retain, accounts for their dual identity. Such duality characterises also the poets form Vilnius (Mieczkowski, Mażul) who write in Polish. Polishness and the Polish culture are constantly present in their works, irrespective of where they live.

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Ostatni poemat Tadeusza Hołuja

Author(s): Marian Stępień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2012

The article describes the discovery of the manuscript of Tadeusz Hołuj’s Ostatni poemat czyli rozczulanie się nad samym sobą (The Last Poem, or Self-pity). The author presents the circumstances of the discovery and the general political situation under Stalinist regime, which almost led to Hołuj’s suicide. The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the poem, interpreted as a pessimistic autobiographical work.

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Motyw Judasza w literaturze polskiej przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Barbara Munk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

Biblical motifs were used in literature differently, depending on a period, trends in philosophy, views and formed models. For the generation of Young Poland artists, the Holy Bible was evidence of cultural continuity of humanity, and also of its ethical foundation. The Bible was reinterpreted, too. It became a source of religious topics, as well as their inversion or opposition. Two trends of biblical inspirations emerged. The first one is the trend of artistic experiments, innovative, arising from philosophical assumptions of the period. The second trend is conservative, perceiving the Bible as a religious support for everyone. “This first trend dominated modern, avant-garde and artistically ambitious literature, created by the most outstanding writers of the period: Kasprowicz, Wyspiański, Staff, Roztworowski. The second trend could be noticed in literary texts taking up religious issues in a more traditional and popular way, mostly by second-rate artists, going in for literary ‘illustration’ of biblical themes”. Even in the first centuries of Christianity, the figure of Judas Iscariot was a frequent subject in literature. Those texts had influenced his depiction for centuries, and this image was unambiguously negative. The image of Judas – a sinner (a red-haired traitor with hooked chin, dressed in a yellow robe) was partly vindicated only in Modernism, whose range of interest involved controversial individuals. The following texts can be counted among the narrative prose of the turn of the 20th century featuring the motif of Judas: Legenda wigilijna (1889) and Sprawiedliwie (1899) by Władysław Reymont; Przeklęty (1902) by Andrzej Niemojewski; Zwycięzca (1910) by Jerzy Żuławski; Maria Magdalena (1912) by Gustaw Daniłowski; Maria z Magdali (1928) by Józef Jankowski; Nawracanie Judasza (1916) by Stefan Żeromski and Judaszowa wina (1918) by Maria Czeska-Mączyńska. Examples of lyrical prose are: Żywot Zbawiciela Pana Naszego Jezusa Chrystusa spisany wedle Czterech Ewangelii (1880) by Wincenty Popiel; Labirynt (1903) by Natalia Dzierżek; Zgon Judasza (1875) by Józef Grajnert; Mistrz z Nazaretu (1905) by Kajetan Wysłouch; Judasz (1907) by Włodzimierz Sulima Popiel, and anonymous Zdrada from 1925. Poetry works are: Judasz (1901) by Jan Kasprowicz; Ukrzyżowanie and Ostatnia Wieczerza by Stanisław Korab Brzozowski; Judasz (1901) by Władysław Bukowiński; Judasz (1903) by Artur Oppman; Judasz sonnets I, II (1902) by Kornel Makuszyński; Misterium Galilei (1920) by Ludwik Hieronim Morstin; Golgota (1922) by Antoni Waśkowski; Góra oliwna and Uwielbiam, Panie, Twe przebite ręce by Leopold Staff. The last type of texts is represented by the following dramas: Magdalena, czyli rozpacz i nadzieja (1861) by Krystyn Ostrowski; Jeremiasz Prorok (1892) by Michał Żmigrodzki; Maria z Magdali (1906) by Antoni Szandlerowski; Judasz z Kariothu (1913) by Karol Hubert Rostworowski and Judasz (1917) by Kazimierz Przerwa Tetmajer. The attempt to find the answer to the question “what kind of human Judas was?” seems to be the primal reason of choosing Judas as the main character in the majority of the texts. Why did he betray? What were his motives? How was he punished? The issue of guilt and punishment still remains the basic problem. There is a slight shift in looking at Judas, from the damned main character to a miserable man, entangled in his own weaknesses, confronted with the greatness of Jesus, a man that is deeply mortified at the same time, unable to bear his own fate. Judas is depicted in texts of Young Poland partly as a weak and tractable geezer, a cheater greedy for money and honour, and partly as a ruthless mythomaniac without scruple, characterized by strong and destructive personality, while in other texts this character becomes an erotic beast, which could turn out to be a devil incarnate, too. First of all, Young Poland’s Judas is an exponent of the period’s fears. His character provokes reflection on suffering, human free will, human morality and responsibility for deeds, inclination to sin and relation with God. Although Judas is still perceived as a traitor, his deed becomes an impulse to seek motives of this wicked deed, and to reflect on ethics. Modernism might not have managed to fully vindicate Judas, but it made him a multidimensional and tragic character. Over the centuries, Judas, the controversial Apostle, has become a figure of irredeemable sinner and traitor. It is highly probable that the historical Judas wouldn’t recognize himself in his cultural image, elaborately woven for twenty centuries.

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W kręgu psychoestetyki nowej sztuki. Ignacego Matuszewskiego interpretacja problemów wojny w Popiołach Żeromskiego

Author(s): Marek Białota / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2010

The problem of war in Popioły (Ashes) by Żeromski is characterized by multilateral vision, presented from different perspectives: the psychological, philosophical, ethical, political and sociological ones, interpreted by Ignacy Matuszewski with the psychoaesthetics of the new art key. He makes his interpretation even more profound with the metaphysical aspect of war, taken up by Żeromski mainly in the chapter Gnosis, as an everlasting struggle between good and evil. No one from among his contemporary literature critics and historians interpreted this war issues in such a wide spectrum, and at the same time so profoundly. It is mainly because war issues – as numerous works assert, from extreme militarists to fundamental pacifists – are exceptionally complex and polarize extreme estimations. Polarization of those appraisals goes even deeper because of the inter-subjective psychical predispositions, influenced by individual attitudes towards ethical norms, subjected to historical determinants and current political games. This sum of aspects was approached by Matuszewski analytically, admittedly not providing a full interpretational synthesis, but rather indicating crucial directions of further reflection focused on these issues in Żeromski’s novel, and also specifying the key ideological, psychological and aesthetical dominants of his writings.

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Obecność tekstów prozy polskiej po 1989 roku i strategie ich czytania w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego

Author(s): Małgorzata Świstowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2009

The aim of this article is showing the presence of Polish post-1989 prose in the teaching of Polish as a foreign language. The article examines the problem of literary canon in teaching foreigners. The author inquires into the reasons for the lack of adequate teaching aids in the form of modern anthologies of Polish prose. The second part of the article presents techniques of working with a written text, used in teaching methodology, and considerations on the significance of reading skills and literary education in language teaching. Finally, the author presents an analysis of Polish language coursebooks, paying special attention to the presence of post-1989 Polish prose. The article is concluded with a question about the reasons of such a limited usage of Polish modern literature in teaching foreigners.

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Poznańskie czasopisma dla dzieci i młodzieży do 1918 roku

Author(s): Sabina Kwiecień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2016

The aim of the article is to present Poznań magazines for children and youth, issued under Prussian rule. It was agreed, that in the reviewed period in Poznań appeared 28 newspapers targeted at a young audience, including 17 periodicals for children and 11 for youth. The list of magazines for children and youth has been developed on the basis of the Base of the press for children and youth until 1918, created by Władysław Marek Kolasa and the project team of scientific research under the guidance of K. Woźniakowski. Featured writings were bringing the contents of a general nature, but also religious, ethical, and cultural. All magazines implemented national education program, sometimes acting as textbooks to learn Polish history.

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Świat orientu w baśniach Bolesława Leśmiana. Wizja pisarza, odbiór czytelniczy i recepcja teatralna

Author(s): Adrian Uljasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2016

The theme of the article is a vision of the world of the Orient, presented by Boleslaw Leśmian in Klechdy sezamowe and in the novel Przygody Sindbada Żeglarza, as well as readers’ and theaters’ reception of those pieces. The aim of the author was to popularize the vision of the writer in terms of problem-analyzing and to see how his pieces are received by the audience. The author analyzed the literary works of Leśmian, their reviews and other source materials connected to them. He analyzed the most important graphic editions of both books. He studied the opinions found on the Internet reading portals, paying attention to their quality and quantity. Knowledge about the reception of theaters’ came from analysis of the data on portal e-teatr.pl, posters, placards and theatre programs, as well as press releases. Research results were synthesized in the text of the publication. From the analysis of the research materials it appears that tales of Leśmian are still popular among both children and adults. They are also highly rated by readers. Adaptations of these works are very popular in theaters. The reception of Klechdy sezamowe and Przygody Sindbada Żeglarza shapes openness to cultural diversity of people reading books and visiting theaters.

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Stare” i „nowe” – czasopisma dla dzieci i młodzieży, pod red. Bożeny Olszewskiej i Elżbiety Łuckiej-Zając

Author(s): Adam Bańdo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2014

Review of: Stare” i „nowe” – czasopisma dla dzieci i młodzieży, pod red. Bożeny Olszewskiej i Elżbiety Łuckiej-Zając, Opole: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, 2013, 421 s., il.

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Historia i kultura ludowa w góralskiej trylogii Marii Kann

Author(s): Maria Jazowska-Gumulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2011

The works of Maria Kann are a significant contribution to the history of children and teenagers literature. The author started co-operating with scout papers in the 1930s and took part in the activities of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association. Her initial literary work was related to the association as well as to her fascination with aviation. In the occupation period Kann participated actively in the underground life and co-operated with the Council for Aid to Jews. The highlander trilogy published in the 1950s comprises novels: Wantule, Dujawica and Owcze ścieżki and is evidence of an exceptional familiarity with the culture and mentality of the inhabitants of Podhale as well as with the occupation reality of World War II. In the novel Wantule M. Kann presents pre-war fortunes of highlander families of Gąsienicowie and Pawlicowie living in the community of Zakopane. Dujawica presents reality of the occupation period, the Goralenvolk action and the underground activity of the citizens of Zakopane. The third part of the trilogy: Owcze ścieżki is a continuation of the fortunes of the heroes from the previous volumes in the initial years after the liberation. The trilogy contains rich material concerning the highlander folklore. The author presents legends and cultural transformations of Zakopane and skilfully introduces the highlanders’ dialect into the dialogues. Due to these advantages, the series of novels by Maria Kann should be considered in the programme realization of regional education in lower secondary school.

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Godziny czekania Zbigniewa Mystkowskiego (1943) – epizod z dziejów książki i literatury oflagowej

Author(s): Krzysztof Woźniakowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2001

The subject of the article is one of the rather few examples of the unprofessional "publishing production" developed - under the coercive German control - in the circles of the Polish prisoners of war kept at the officers' camps in the Third Reich in 1939-1945. The collection Hours of Waiting was written at the Meklemburg Oflag II E Neubrandenburg by Lt. Zdzisław Mystkowski (of whom no definite information is presently available), and subsequently "published" in 50 copies, printed by means of xylographic technique, with wooden blocks carved by the camp artist Lt. Wacław Bulzacki in 1943. The bibliophilicly polished booklet (furnished with separately inserted xylographs by said Bulzacki) was composed of a series of 12 tetrastichs, creating in five theme sequences a moving comprehensive picture of the everyday dull prison camp existence, filled with homesickness and - not expressed directly due to the censorship reasons - yearning for freedom. The collection, which was circulated within the Oflag, also got outside probably with the prisoners' correspondence, and found its way to Cracow (where perhaps Mystkowski came from?), and there it was reprinted - in fragments - in the underground poetry anthology Bloody and Green (1943). In the Oflag itself, it saw its second (1943) and third (1944) edition, and later - after evacuation of the prisoners - the fourth edition which was published already in Oflag II D Gross Born at the beginning of 1945. The last fifth edition of Hours of Waiting was published already after the war in 1946 in Bramsche in Lower Saxony. All of the editions were printed with the same wooden blocks. Zbigniew Mystkowski did not continue his literary attempts - he remained the author of one little book, a peculiar editorial cimelium of the times of world war II. After the war, the booklet fell into complete oblivion; the historians - researchers of the POW camps in the Reich, revived its existence only in the seventies of the 20th c. It is the ambition of this article to supplement those findings with a bibliology and historic-literary commentary.

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Kalwińska z Chrystusem wojna i odnaleziona Kolęda paniom saskim – domniemany autor i edycja wierszy antyprotestanckich

Author(s): Michał Nowakowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article seeks to establish the authorship of two seventeenth-century, anti-Protestant epigrammatic cycles – Kolęda paniom saskim [Gift to the Saxon Ladies] and Kalwińska z Chrystusem wojna [Calvinist War with Christ] – and to provide their first critical edition, which includes the pieces hitherto unknown and believed to be lost.In the main part of the paper, I challenge previous findings regarding the time of the composition of the two cycles, as well as the hypothesis on the authorship of one of them. Using an unknown manuscript from the Vilnius University Library, I discovered new epigrams, linked them to the pieces known from other textual witnesses, and attributed them to Jesuit Jan Chądzyński. This attribution, however, required addressing the scattered state of knowledge about him and revising – based primarily on the docu- ments preserved in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu – the previous scholarship on Chądzyński’s writings.The edition of the two cycles, included in the appendix, was prepared using ten manuscript witnesses of the Calvinist War with Christ (only part of them has been previously recognised) and two witnesses of the Gift to the Saxon Ladies. The edition includes transcription principles, critical apparatus, and explanatory notes.

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