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The Double-Tongued Author: Re-reading Sophocles, Thomas Hardy, and Eduard Vilde

Author(s): Arne Merilai / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The article discusses the authors’ ambivalent attitude towards their protagonists, drawing on Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles, and Eduard Vilde’s Mäeküla piimamees (Milkman of the Manor). Firstly, the hypothesis based on Aristotle’s Poetics and the idea of Pericles having been a possible prototype of Oedipus is proposed, according to which Sophocles could have been critical of the tyrant of Thebes as a noble representative of a polis at war with Athens, justifying his pains in addition to showing compassion. Such an interpretation is in contrast with the humanist and protest-driven glorification initiated by Friedrich Nietzsche. Another example of the author’s “hypocrisy” is Thomas Hardy’s novel that is generally, and with reason, read as critical of Victorian society. However, the work’s reception has failed to address the motif of mystical revenge on the inheritor of the bloodline of foreign conquerors that occurs in the shadow of a woman’s tragedy and is executed with consistency, yet is not seen as the text’s rival dominant. Still, without considering the opposing line of interpretation that constitutes a parallel in its tragic irony, the understanding of the novel will remain superficial.

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DECONSTRUCTION OF GENDER STEREOTYPES IN MEDEA BY EURIPIDES

Author(s): Yuliia Lysanets,Olena Bieliaieva,Iryna Solohor,Inesa Rozhenko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Мета дослідження – проаналізувати особливості художньої репрезентації жінки, а також наративні ознаки культивування та деконструкції ґендерних стереотипів у Стародавній Греції на прикладі трагедії “Медея” Евріпіда. Методи дослідження: наратологічний, теорія рецептивної естетики, феміністична літературна критика. Об'єкт дослідження – трагедія Евріпіда “Медея” як один із найяскравіших здобутків давньогрецької драматургії, що складає базис практично всіх сучасних літератур cвіту і концептуальне підґрунтя ґендерного дискурсу, який не втрачає своєї актуальності й нині. Наукова новизна. У статті уточнено художні інтенції автора і роль читацької рецепції в конструюванні образу жінки, традиційного для давньогрецького суспільства, а також доповнено попередні студії зарубіжних дослідників стосовно наративної деконструкції ґендерних стереотипів на прикладі сюжетної лінії Медеї. Висновки. Ґендерний світогляд автора виявляє тенденцію до руйнування усталених канонів щодо традиційного місця жінки в суспільстві. У ході дослідження виявлено, що в трагедії Евріпіда простежується сміливий зсув ґендерних ролей і відмова від традиційного статусу жінки в суспільстві за рахунок прогресивного характеру головної героїні, яка постає втіленням незламної волі та здатна протистояти усталеним уявленням. Показано, що переслідуючи власні амбіції, Медея повністю ігнорує багато клішованих жіночих характеристик. Таким чином втілено субверсивну стратегію автора, який ставить під сумнів нерівність жінок у патріархальному грецькому суспільстві.

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Uticaj prosvjetiteljstva u Grčkoj i na Balkanu. Književno-prevodilačko i revolucionarno djelo Rrige od Fere

Author(s): Jasmina Nikčević / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 3/2010

The aim of the paper is to remind us of a great Greek revolutionary, Rigas Feraios, an eminent figure of the enlightening ideas in the Balkans who was a writer and a visionary at the same time. Apart from his political works, written mostly as a reflection of ideas of the French Revolution and the French Constitution from 1793, we were mostly interested in the first part of the paper and its translational opus, since he had published many Greek translations of the French works. The paper also deals with his language innovations of the retaining Greek folk language. Rigas Feraios wrote in Greek modern folk language and his poems, collected in a manuscript posthumously printed, aroused the revolutionary upheavals and fervor all around Greece. The other part of the paper deals with analysis of Rigas` most famous war-poem Thourios.

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Simbolika Kentaura u pjesništvu parnasa

Author(s): Frano Vrančić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 9/2013

Greek rebellion against the Ottomans boosted an interest in Greek civilisation. According to a renowned French Hellenist Pierre Albouy, French poetry returns to Greek antiquity since 1843. Théophile Gautier, Théodore de Banville and Victor de Laprade are considered as initiators of that return. Many poets revive gods of ancient Greece particularly centaurs, for their symbolics is ambiguous. Namely, human part of their body isn’t strong enough to tame their animal nature. A large number of poets, Parnassians in particular, chose these hybrid creatures so as to depict their own duality and contradictions. If we examine closely their apparitions especially in the poetry of Charles Leconte de Lisle and José-Maria de Heredia, we deduce centaurs have different symbolics since they embody wild strength and animal desires as well as human intellect.

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Platon „păsărarul” și „mânzul” Aristotel contra și pro Homer

Author(s): Anton Adămuț / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1 (35)/2022

I am talking in this text about Plato’s most controversial thesis in the Republic, namely the formal condemnation of the entire education based on the reading of the national poet of Greece. Plato, after crowning Homer with flowers, banishes him from the city and not because he was insensitive to the charm of Homeric epics, but because he is shocked by the false, ruthless ideas offered to the future warriors of the city through education, and Plato considers that art that imitates nature, in itself an imitation of Ideas, cannot lead to truth. On the other hand, Aristotle argues in Politics the following: poetry is much more chosen and philosophical than Plato believed, and Homer’s poetry does not simply imitate individuals, but creates types, that is, Ideas in the Platonic sense, it depicts the universal rather than the private. Where does Plato end up? In an ethical condemnation doubled by an ontological critique. The poet is an imitator, his productions are illusory, Homer is outlawed. The reconciliation of the poet with the philosopher falls to the successors, the first will be Aristotle with the theory of catharsis, which theory responds to the attacks against the emotional effects of poetry. A good connoisseur of Homer, Aristotle, through the theory of mimesis, restores the philosophical value of poetry. We are therefore talking about Plato as Homer’s adversary and about Homer’s defender, Aristotle, on a given theme: the relation between poetry and philosophy.

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Pojęcie dobra i zła w traktatach Corpus Hermeticum

Author(s): Aneta Tylak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The Corpus Hermeticum (CH) is a selection of seventeen Greek treatises attributed to the legendary Hermes Trismegistos. This collection, however, does not contain one homogeneous and coherent thought. For this reason we cannot give an unambiguous answer to the questions “what is good?” and “what is evil?” in the Corpus Hermeticum. Although some texts in the CH contain internal inconsistencies and differences to the hermetic “mainstream,” a careful analysis of individual treatises permits us to draw a few general conclusions about the terms “good” and “evil.” In hermetic thought the supreme god is absolute good; the world cannot be good, because it is material, but it is not evil because of its immortality. On the other hand, the human, as a mortal being, is evil. However, a person can be saved from evil by piety which for hermetics means the knowledge of god.

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Crimă și destin în tragedia antică

Author(s): Claudia Domnicar / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

Crime represents a trigger that automatically entailed a new series of murders, which were either continued indefinitely, or followed by a suicide. The followers of the slain were obliged to avenge the dead, triggering the emergence of a range of families of dead and their avengers. When a few generations in conflict meet and both sides are equally entitled to seek justice, tragedy appears. The Oracle of Delphi is the most popular merchant of destinies. It has the ability to look into the future, the personal future of a person, but also into the collective future of a people. The Oracle of Delphi might appear to us as an expression of mystical beliefs, full of Orphism, magic and mystery, in fact they were usually callings and duties of the national spirit, or expressed the interests of the ruling classes. The oracle preached the future through the verbalization of facts that occurred, entailing their awakening, and becoming unavoidable. Orpheus’s failure is due to a single act of defying a prohibition, never to look back, which was the equivalent of bringing the dead into the future. By breaking the rule imposed by Persephone, Orpheus turns his head toward the past, crossing not only a space with his look, but a past where death dwells.

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KONTEKST SAVREMENOSTI KROZ ANTIČKE TRAGEDIJE

Author(s): Srđan Vukadinović,Damir Altumbabić,Jasmina Čelebić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2022

Each staging of an ancient drama on stage attracts special attention from the public and professional theater circles. Intriguingness is never praised when it comes to the stage revival of the ancient heroes Oedipus, Antigone, Ayantos, Electra, Philoctetes, Iphigenia, Clytemnestra, and others. Each of the mentioned heroes represents a perfect character in the cult model of tragedy. Theaters, and especially their repertory policy in the first two decades of the 21st century, do not reflect the spirit of ancient plays to any significant extent. They are very rarely put on stage. That is why it is a special creative delight when work on these projects begins and the questioning of reality through ancient heroines and heroes. Every theater and every generation should have its ancient heroes as cult values through which turbulent reality is reexamined. In this sense, the context of modernity is extremely necessary. Thus, the youngest generation had its heroes, both the actors and the spectators who were formed and matured with the performances of the Tuzla Cabaret Theater and the Academy of Dramatic Arts from this area of the city. All of them, both protagonists and visitors of such dramatic performances, created their reality following the perfect model of tragedy, the one created in the Greek stage tradition.

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Как душа движет тело: природа пневмы как инструментальной причины в учении Филопона о душе

Author(s): Maria Varlamova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

In his commentary on Aristotle’s On the soul Philoponus claims that each part of the soul relates to its own underlying body as a form to matter. Philoponus insists, that the vegetative soul relates to a solid body, whereas the irrational soul relates to a pneumatic body. At the same time the irrational soul is the first mover for the solid body. In the paper, I consider the problem of the relationship between the irrational soul and an organic or solid body. Philoponus claims, that the irrational soul needs a pneumatic body to be the mover and entelecheia of a solid body. For this reason I describe how Philoponus understood the nature and function of pneuma and I reveal the role of pneuma as instrumental cause of bodily movement and therefore as a mediator between the irrational soul and the solid body.

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Delta Берроуза для древнегреческих авторов: опыт применения

Author(s): Olga Alieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

This paper tests the effectiveness of Burrow’s Delta Method on a corpus of selected prose writings in ancient Greek. When tested on a corpus of fourteen and eight authors, the method yields good results with relatively small samples (1000, 3000, and 5000 words) and different word frequency vectors (100, 200, 500 words), but its performance is worse with texts of similar genres (oratory, historical or medical writings). We conclude that it is the generic proximity that influences the results of classification most. However, in cases where confusion is more likely, such as the writings of Demosthenes and Aeschines, the method proves effective for shortlisting potential authors. Shortlists can give an adequate idea of a sample’s nearest neighbors while leaving some freedom for the researcher in interpreting the results.

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Новая история Птолемея Хенна (Phot. Bibl.190)

Author(s): Alexei Garadja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

Ptolemy Chennus is a poorly known Roman author who wrote in Greek and lived in the late 1st — beginning of 2nd century AD. His works are enumerated in the corresponding article from the Byzantine encyclopedia Suda: a collection of Paradoxical stories, a historical drama Sphinx, and an epic entitled Anthomerus; his only extant work is the Novel History, probably another title of Ptolemy’s aforementioned paradoxographical collection, which has been preserved as an epitome in the Bibliotheca of Patriarch Photius (c. 810/820–893). By his professional pursuits, apparently initiated in his native Alexandria, Ptolemy is defined as grammaticus, i.e. classical scholar, and the classics in his time were centered primarily on Homer; the tendency to thwart this great authority is evident throughout the Novel History which is teeming with a mass of blatantly unorthodox versions of various mythological stories going back to Homer. It is this unorthodoxy that the compiler of the epitome finds attractive, though unfortunately a mere summary forestalls the possibility to savour the presumed stylistic complexity of the work, as well as to form a well-grounded judgement on how serious was its author’s attitude to the fibs he tells, or on how close these fanciful rehashes came to a deliberate parody; still, it almost seems certain that the original text was truly rich in playfulness, irony, and burgeoning imagination. The publication presents the first full Russian translation of the work, accompanied with sufficiently detailed commentary, paying special attention to Eustathius’ of Thessalonica (c. 1115–1195/6) Commentaria to Homeric poems, the only literary source where some few parallels to the wildly unconventional data provided by Ptolemy may be found.

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Z Wielkopolski na Helikon. Rozważania o życiu i twórczości Bonawentury Czesława Graszyńskiego (1859–1922) w stulecie śmierci polsko-greckiego poety

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The aim of my paper is to present the life and poetical works of Bonawentura Czesław Graszyński (1859–1922), a Polish classical philologist, who wrote a number of tragedies and lyrical poems in Ancient Greek. He was born in Murowana Goślina (Greater Poland). After graduating from the high school in Leszno (Greater Poland), he studied medicine and classical philology from 1879 to 1887 at the University of Greifswald. In 1908 he received awards from the Academy of Athens, as well as George I of Greece. It can be said that Graszyński conquered Mount Helicon as a symbol of poetical mastery in Polish-Greek literature.

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The Reception of The Myth of Alcestis in Alcestis of Euripides and in Alcestis And Sweet Dreams of Andreas Staikos

Author(s): Despina Kosmopoulou / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This article attempts, through the theory of comparative literature and intertextuality, the interpretation of the reception of the myth of Alcestis by the ancient poet Euripides 1 , but also by the contemporary Andreas Staikos. The reconstruction and transcription of the material by each author, focuses mainly on the archetypal heroes, resignifying and re-sketching the features of the heroes through their writing, and composing new themes and codes of theatrical writing. The structural and thematic elements of the two works are put under the microscope in order to clarify the differences and relevance at the writing level, based on the socio-political context of each author.

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Sema and Soma in the Poems about Death by Constantine P. Cavafy

Author(s): Nysret Krasniqi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The aim of this article is to analyse Constantine P. Cavafy’s poems on death with the help of theoretical and hermeneutical literary principles and the interplay of the Greek words sema (“a grave”) and soma (“the body”). The aim is to study their forms and symbolisms as one of the fundamental motifs of Cavafy’s oeuvre. Simultaneously, the article will compare the poetic symbols with ancient philosophy on death (exemplified by Plato), as well as with the later authors’ (for instance, Stephane Mallarme’s) symbolistic considerations of death, which inspired Cavafy’s, modern, poetry. Through a textual analysis of his poetry on death, the poet’s influence and the sense of destruction he arouses in the reader will be explored. Furthermore, the article will focus on the thymotic power of his poetry, arguing that this author of historical heritage—that is, of the inheritance of Eros inheritance—is also an author of the inheritance of Thanatos.

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Literatura neoelenă – Scurtă schiţă istorică –

Author(s): Elena Lazăr / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2014

The article includes a brief overview of the Neo-Hellenic letters history in the10th century, the begining of the modern Greek literature, as agreed by most scholars, until the early 21st century.It is a presentation of the evolution of the literature that flourished over time until the dawn of the 19th century in various centers of diaspora and the main literary trends and movements in the Greek area. Also directions of the Neo-Hellenic literature in Cyprus are pointed out. Special attention is given to the chapter about Neo-Hellenic literature written on Romanian land and to cultural relations between Romania and Greece

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„Ce are în comun Atena cu Ierusalimul?” De la literatura elină la literatura creştină

Author(s): Ioan St. Lazăr / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2014

Starting from the Christian apologist Tertullian’s rhetorical question “What have Athens and Jerusalem in common?”, the author of this essay argues a positive response, highlighting the relationships of continuity and discontinuity, of similarities and differences between Hellenic ancient literature and Christian literature. So, linking together literary aspects to those of spiritual, cultural,philosophical, moral and social profile, the author outlines the historical confrontation between the Greek paideic humanism and the Christian philanthropic one, that took place in four stages until the fourth century, the century of the Fathers of the Church. Therefore, it evokes especially the contributions of Christian Apologetics (Origen and Lactantius) and of some modern scholars, including E. R. Curtius, J. Jeremias, A. Hauck, Ad. Harnach and others, as well as the contributions of Romanian researchers: among the contemporaries, Nicolae Corneanu, Virgil Nemoianu, Petru Pistol (the latter with an excellent study on Lactantius, as “Christian writer and paideic humanist”) and among the “classics”, Prof. Teodor M. Popescu, historian of the relations between church and culture, and prof. Ioan G. Coman, patristic scholar (similarities and differences between the two literatures, as well as original “literary genres” developed in Christian literature are taken exactly from his systematization). The author’s conclusion is consistent with that of prof. Ioan G. Coman and prof. Virgil Nemoianu about the possibility that the historical experience of the new humanism of the first Christian centuries to be fructified in achieving the ideal man of the modern Christian Europe and a new Christian humanism

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La metempsicosi del viandante: percorsi lessicali e topica sepolcrale, dagli epigrammi greci alla lirica italiana

Author(s): Miriam Kay / Language(s): Italian Issue: 44/2023

In ancient times, the theme of the wanderer was prominent among the topoi of sepulchral poetry. The literary shift from ancient epigraphs to sepulchral epigrams contained in Alexandrian syllogies caused a progressive change in the use of such themes, which eventually morphed into sepulchral motifs which are recognizable in lyric poetry even centuries later. Through an anthological selection of Italian poems, the aim is to investigate the presence of the wanderer in Italian lyric poetry, as well as the transformations which progressively redefined this figure’s memorial function and its ambiguous location between the world of the living and of the dead.

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Двапут рођени бог. Преосмишљавање мита у Еурипидовим Баханткињaма

Author(s): Jelena N. Pilipović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2023

The paper examines the myth of Dionysusʼs double birth as a hidden semantic axis of the Bacchae, starting from the hypothesis that the importance of this narrative goes beyond the poetic context in which it is found and that it represents an important step in the reimagining of the concept of myth, which occurs at the height of the polis culture. Having come to Thebes to prove his divine nature and Zeus’ paternity, Dionysus, in the incipit, before saying his name, defines himself as “the child of Zeus”, while in the final epiphany he defines himself as “divine offspring”. Neither the divine nature of Dionysus, nor the fatherhood of Zeus in the tragedy are proven explicitly, but only implicitly – through the ability of the young god to dissect the human mind, reason, rational will, thus confirming and strengthening the sphere of the irrational, to which the myth remains firmly attached. The paper aims at proving the hypothesis that this attachment of the myth to the sphere of the non¬rational is the Euripides’ decisive contribution to the transformation of the concept of myth.

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A Factory of Magnificence: Themistius, Thucydides, and Constantinople

Author(s): Simone Rendina / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2022

In Themistius’ orations there are many clear and direct references to the Greek literature of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. However, there are also more subtle references to these classical texts. In this paper, two references to classical Greek historiography are identified in Themistius’ Oration 18. As we shall see, in order to praise the refashioning of Constantinople by Theodosius the Great, Themistius subtly quoted a passage by Xenophon. In order to highlight the splendour of the city of Constantinople, he also used as a reference one of the most eminent classical encomia of cities, that is, Pericles’ funeral oration from the second book of Thucydides’ History. Both references served to enhance Themistius’ already good relations with Theodosius I, who had recently renovated Constantinople with new monuments. This research thus stresses the relevance of quotations in Themistius’ orations when studying his political agenda, including quotations that are less obvious and less easily identifiable.

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Influences of Greek Literature on Latin Satire. A Diachronic Analysis

Author(s): Bogdan Guguianu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This article aims to highlight the Greek literary sources that had a concrete influence on Latin satire. I will discuss these sources in a chronological and progressive order, allowing the elements of direct influence to be seen in concrete terms. The study is structured into seven main sections, except for the introduction and conclusions, and identifies as sources of influence the following landmarks: Greek mythology, Homeric epos, iambic poetry, Platonic dialogue, Greek comedy, cynic diatribe, and Alexandrian poetry. The goal of such research is to gain a thorough understanding of the literary genre known as „satire” by presenting its archetypal patterns (originating in Greek culture) and the approaches that have ensured its structure and implicit existence in Latin literature.

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