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What is the irony, this sudden burst of a double consciousness within the speech? In all its forms, irony is a playful mismatch: between the word and the real, between the word of earlier and its incongruous sequel, between the apparent and the hidden… And every time irony is a matter of the mind.
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Today’s democratic systems face several challenges and problems, many of which are based on current societal sentiments. Although Western societies may enjoy life in prosperity, many of their citizens are dissatisfied because they live in insecurity, or even in fear for their life situation in the years to come. The established parties are unable to respond effectively, and these citizens are forced to look for political alternatives elsewhere. Populist parties, on the other hand, are able to work effectively with fear, thanks to which populism has been on the rise both across all Europe and the USA. Although populism generally appears in the communication of parties at both ends of the one-dimensional right-left political spectrum, in most cases it is associated with extreme right-wing parties. A key element in the success of populist parties is their communication strategy while social networks have become an ideal platform for populist political communication. The social networks provided populist politicians with the opportunity to connect more closely and inexpensively with the people, including the “new” generation of citizens, which has already grown up with social networks. The chapter focuses in more detail on the Czech party system, in which this area was occupied by the Freedom and Direct Democracy party, led by Tomio Okamura. Thus, the main objective of the chapter is to analyse the political communication of the party and of Tomio Okamura, especially the content and form.
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This article analyses the communication of the Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) party on Facebook before the 2019 European Parliament elections. In the context of the framing theory, a total of 442 contributions to the social network Facebook which were published in the period of three months before the elections to the European Parliament (from 23 February 2019 to 24 May 2019) are examined. Special attention is paid to communication and the framing of the topic of migration by the SPD, the analysis of selected frames, and analysis of the manipulation techniques used by the party in its political communication. While the SPD was more active on Facebook before the elections to the European Parliament in 2019 than before the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in 2017, the activity of its supporters on the social network was significantly lower. The use of the mobilisation potential of migration as a topic and the deployment of lies and manipulation techniques, which in a communicated form contribute to the radicalisation and maintenance of support among SPD supporters on Facebook, did not help either.
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Wizerunkowe strategie atrybucyjne na przykładzie twitterowych aktywności premierów Mateusza Morawieckiego i Andreja Babiša w czasie eurowyborów 2019
The subject of the analysis are the activities of Prime Ministers Morawiecki and Babiš on Twitter during the 2019 European elections. The aim of the analysis is, on the one hand, to find out whether politicians use image attributional treatments and, if so, how they do it, what is the leitmotif of such a message. The analysis is intended to help answer the question about the purpose of such treatments: why politicians use „politics without politics” and how these actions affect the course and dynamics of the election campaign.
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The aim of the paper is to reconstruct discursive strategies of the Polish right-wing party Confederation Liberty and Independence on the basis of the tracks recorded by its politicians for a charity event called Hot16Challenge. The approach used in the paper was the Discourse-Historical Approach. In the tracks, Confederation clearly indicates its enemies – other politicians and supporters of socialism. The politicians of the party market themselves as defenders of values and competent professionals. Discursive strategies of the party are similar to the strategies of other contemporary European far-right parties.
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Polskie i czeskie memy z początku pandemii jako lustrzane odbicie politycznych dyskursów epidemiologicznych obu krajów
There is no pandemic without politics. When the coronavirus becomes a problem of a given country, politics starts to drastically influence the privacy of the citizens, which is reflected in the content created by the Internet users. I decided to analyse the memes referring to coronavirus which were shared on popular, comparable Facebook meme groups in Poland and the Czech Republic in order to see how the political discourses concerning the pandemic –introducing restrictions, the state narration about the pandemic, or the role of the politicians in the crisis situation – are reflected in the popular culture of the Internet. The period analysed was the time just before announcing the beginning of the pandemic and the first months of it: in that period the danger of infection with the coronavirus in Poland and the Czech Republic was relatively small, and so the major part of the discourse devoted to the illness was shaped by political decisions. The analysis has shown that the Czech society bore the beginning of the pandemic much worse than the Poles, as the Czechs produced more coronavirus Internet memes and focused heavily on the issues of politics and their own country. In both countries, the pandemic was associated mostly with the prime minister and the minister of health, and in the Czech Republic also with the minister of the interior. Although different aspects of life under the pandemic, such as hygiene or working from home, in both countries were popular to a similar extent, some important differences appeared; for example, panic buying was significantly more important for the Czechs and the ban on gatherings for the Poles. Both Polish and Czech internet users used their known cultural codes to tame the pandemic; these codes differed and showed the properties of both cultures, e.g. the Christian character of the Polish culture. The pandemic circumstances were also adapted into several, specific for both cultures, genres of memes. At the end of the article, I am considering the therapeutical aspect of the Internet memes and I turn to the conception of popular political discourse, diluted in order to reduce the level of trauma caused by the enduring crisis situation.
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Eponimy w polityce – nie tylko od nazwisk
The article shows the most popular eponyms present in contemporary political discourse. It aims to determine how they are created and what their function is. Increasingly often the sources of eponyms and derivatives of proper names are not only surnames, which have been used as the basis for eponyms of a political character before (e.g. Kuroniówka). These are also names (e.g. klaudymy, mateuszki) and acronyms (e.g. pisiewicze, platfusy), as well as city names (e.g. smoleńszczaki). For the language of politics it is also characteristic to create words derived from names, including verbs (e.g. gowinować). The material is extracted from various sources, recording or containing the lexis of political discourse, in particular texts from the press and Internet sources.
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Příspěvek se zabývá mariánskou tematikou ve vybraných dílech Jaroslava Durycha. Ve dvou prózách náležejících k autorovu takzvanému dívčímu cyklu – v poetické novele Sedmikráska a v mysticko-symbolické novele Duše a hvězda – poukazuje na společné mariánské motivy a ženskou symboliku výrazně inspirovanou významnou postavou křesťanství, tedy osobou Panny Marie. Podává jejich výčet a tyto obrazy Panny Marie, které se v obou dílech vyskytují, odhaluje v analogiích s osobnostními charakteristikami a životním posláním hlavních hrdinek těchto próz.
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V příspěvku se zabýváme použitím motivu iniciační cesty ve dvou uměleckých dílech ze současné české a ruské literatury. K analýze byla vybrána díla Cesty na Sibiř (2008) Martina Ryšavého a Vánice (2011) Vladimira Sorokina. Cílem příspěvku je analyzovat kompoziční výstavbu literárních děl, kdy v rámci prozkoumání možností využití motivu iniciační cesty bude zvláštní pozornost věnována narativním technikám, kategorii času a prostoru, interním subjektům a vedlejším motivům.
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The present paper deals with the contemporary Czech drama (plays written after 2000) in terms of thematization of forms of contemporary family, possibilities of partnership and of violation of the borders between these forms. At the same time, it is focused on anxiety of uncertainty which have been brought by these transformations. Methodically, the paper is based on the sociological studies by Manuel Castells, Anthony Giddens and Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of liquid modernity. The paper tries, in connection with this concept, to verify the hypothesis that uncertainty can lead to adhering to a tradition pathologically, ignoring disruption of comprehension and loss of freedom.
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This paper compares a musical Bulgarian fairy tale Prikazka za La Minor (2013, 2014) by A. R. Wagenstein and four Czech fairy tales: Strado & Varius aneb setkání s Mozartem (2002), Strado & Varius (2003), Strado & Varius ve škole Johanna Sebastiana Bacha (2004) and Strado & Varius a léčka Rudého abbé (2005) by M. Skala. Books are classified according to the narrative and the age of readers. They are analysed on several levels. The paper focuses on similarities and differences between the main and supporting characters. It also reflects on the comparison of the time and the space of literary works and motifs from musical history. The paper further consider the theory and didactic function aimed at the small recipient.
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In the present study we focus on the concept of the historical novel from the point of view of its poetics in two selected works from British and Czech literature. We deal with this genre type in the context of two perspectives: literary morphology and research of surroundings in these two texts. The main point of the study is an analysis, on one side, of the historical novel as the first work and, on the other hand, already famous historical novel in the true sense of the word. The research is based on a comparison of both texts and partially on the genre methodology. The relevant part is the concept of narrative strategy of the work from the aspect of the author. Another significant component is also depicting of the atmosphere and the capturing of the contemporary moment. A part of the article deals with a historiosophical element.
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The Czech Catholic writer Jan Čep (1902–1974) belonged to the group of authors who built their work on spiritual-religious motifs. Literary critic František Xaver Šalda stated in the bookmark of Čep’s novel The Border of a Shadow (1935) that he is a “poet of death”, namely “a very special, possessing a very special, unusual view of things of life and death”. The language and imagery of his artistic work are based on philosophical-reflexive and meditative lyricism, often with a contemplative overlap. We consider the image of a double home to be one of the key images of Čep’s poetics. Its development can be traced from the author’s juvenile prose work to the latest texts, which are mainly essay-like. In addition to this image, however, in Čep’s work, reflecting on the phenomenon of life and death also appears to be the mainstay, while it is obvious that these entities are very closely related to the image of a double home. In this context, it will be important to observe how the phenomenon of death is depicted in Čep’s only novel The Border of a Shadow.
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Mystical experience is connected with ineffability. This paper proves it in works by various authors. It mentions some common phenomena associated with mysticism, such as stigma, levitation, appearance of light, religious anorexia, etc. Some of them are observed in late works by Julius Zeyer, a Czech novelist and poet, which represent the core of the analysis. Christine the Miraculous and The Three Memoirs of Vít Choráz both reflect mystical experience experienced by the main characters. The paper refers to accompanying aspects of the behaviour of the characters related to ineffable.
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Etimologia, nu lipsită de savoare, a cuvântului grotesc (preluat în limba română pe filieră franceză) coboară până la italienescul grottesca („ridicol”, „capricios”), provenit, la rândul său, din grotta („peșteră”). La origine, termenul a desemnat ornamentele descoperite, în secolele XV-XVI, în peșteri : arabescuri, subiecte fantastice și bizare, pictate sau sculptate în stâncă. Pentru că fuseseră descoperite în grote, li s-a spus, în limba italiană, grotteschi. Termenul a fost apoi aplicat unor tablouri - creații ale pictorilor Renașterii italiene, inspirați de reprezentările rupestre - înfățișând o combinație de forme umane, animale, vegetale și minerale. în arhitectură, termenul a fost utilizat cu privire la ornamentele reprezentând ființe hidoase, diavolești.
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In 2020, a book of early proses by Richard Weiner was published under the title Přetržená nit a jiné rané prózy. In response to this publication we made an interpretation of selected texts focused on Weiner’s typical topics and motives. Our goals were to find specifics about this Weiner’s creative phase and try to make a reflection about question “How important are these early texts for author‘ s literary work as a whole.“
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Victorious Fall (1929) is the first novel by the Czech-born Slovak author Petr Jilemnický (1901–1949). The novel reflects the motives of "misery" and "beauty" of Kysuce. Literary historiography perceives novel in regard to Expressionism (J. Števček, 1983) and Lyricism (F. Miko, 1969; J. Števček, 1973). The paper points to the distinct metaphorical, imaginative nature and semantic ambiguity of the novel. Despite the criticisms of the DAV group, Peter Jilemnický was a member of the group, Victorious Fall features many stylistic and expressive principles related to the aesthetics of the Czech avantgarde program Poetism. The novel represents a contact between literary tradition and innovative stylistic techniques. The use of lyrical tendencies demonstrates the adoption of the poetic quality of Slovak literature in a response to the crisis of the prose in the first half of the 20. century. Victorious Fall proves the artistic pursuit of Peter Jilemnický for a new novel form.
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Václav Havel claims in his essays how important the structure of his play is. In this paper we will focus on the rhythm of Václav Havel's dramas as a crucial component of their structure and will analyze his plays, The Increased Difficulty of Concentration (1968) and Largo desolato (1984).
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Contemporary Czech writer Václav Vokolek is in his work inspired mostly by the world of literature, paintings and spiritual concepts, distancing his writing from any political and social reality. But he made one exception at the beginning of new millennium, in cooperation with Czech illustrator Jindřich Strašnov. Together they have created Nejsme jako my (2001), cycle of political satires with expressive illustrations, pointed against main characters of Czech post-revolutionary political scene. The aim of this contribution is to highlight this artistically-literary work, that sure has potential to speak to readers but has not got any responses or reviews ever since publishing.
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The topic of this study is the character of the false messiah – various aspects associated with the character are analysed in three contemporary Czech novels which to varying extent touch on the subgenre area of dystopia: Mondschein (2012) by Ondřej Štindl, Můj bratr Mesiáš (2017) by Martin Vopěnka, and Logoz aneb Robert Holm, marketér dánský (2019) by David Zábranský. The study focuses on literary (genre, narrative, motivic) and social (religious, spiritual, political, environmental) aspects of the (pseudo)messiah theme that are common to these novels. The analysis is based on the typology of the literary character in Daniela Hodrová’s work.
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