MONOGRAFIJA O GOVORIMA POLUOTOKA PELJEŠCA
Review of: MARIJANA TOMELIĆ ĆURLIN. 2019. JEZIČNE POSEBNOSTI PELJEŠKIH GOVORA. FONOLOGIJA. SPLIT: SVEUČILIŠTE U SPLITU, FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET
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Review of: MARIJANA TOMELIĆ ĆURLIN. 2019. JEZIČNE POSEBNOSTI PELJEŠKIH GOVORA. FONOLOGIJA. SPLIT: SVEUČILIŠTE U SPLITU, FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET
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Growing cattle and especially sheep was one of the main traditional Romanian occupations. Some of the terms used in this field became nicknames and later surnames. The Romanian anthroponymic database includes such surnames (listed in the Annex) and specifies the distribution of the bearers by county and region.
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Following the discourse-based, interactional approaches to modality and identity, and recognizing that knowledge is social, relative and contextual, this paper aims to explore epistemic predicates in a corpus of Polish medical weblogs run by healthcare practitioners. The focus is put on the role of epistemic predicates in identity work performed by the bloggers and their audience. The study reveals the variety of the usage patterns of epistemic verbs, the diversity of the roles which healthcare practitioners act out in their blogs and the numerous purposes for which they engage in blogging. To construct their professional identity, healthcare practitioners draw on discursive strategies of distancing-mitigation, legitimization and self-disclosure. In this way, they position themselves as expert specialists who follow their professional ethos, as researchers who extend their knowledge and advice givers who are willing to share knowledge with their non-specialist audience and to educate their patients. They authenticate their expertise through references to their own medical practice and experience. The bloggers also aim to minimize the distance between their readers and engage in conversation with them. In response, the audience actively participates in the co-construction of knowledge and experience-sharing, and contributes to community building.
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The present article constitutes the second part of a brief critical analysis of the research on attitude and attitude-(speech) behaviour relations. Its major aim is to show that the contribution from the socio-psychological paradigm can prove relevant and valuable when applied to sociolinguistic research on attitude and attitude-behaviour relations. The author argues that attitudinal investigations in sociolinguistics, despite their popularity and rich history, frequently suffer from a number of methodological and theoretical flaws. The author advances an argument that a reconceptualization of the construct of attitude and some additional methodological principles can help refine the whole paradigm of language attitude research. Specifically, it is pointed out that a cognitive/information-processing approach to attitude formation, the theory of planned behaviour and other theoretical and methodological insights discussed in this paper can prove immensely rewarding and can give a new impetus for further research.
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This article aims at studying and comparing the first grammars of three languages of Southeast Asia: Vietnamese, Thai and Cambodian, which were published in different dates, respectively 1651, 1828 and 1915. The authors of these grammars have to face the analysis of several linguistic phenomena which are radically “exotic” in comparison with the languages of Europe, such as the absence of inflection, the monosyllabism, the presence of tones or the complex system of “pronouns”. Each of the grammar has its own approach to these points and proposes a singular classification of the words, which it is necessary to study in connection with the Latin grammar and with the concept of “part of speech”. Furthermore, the three texts examined here do not share identical goals, since the first and second grammars are mainly didactic, whereas the third is clearly a scientific one. Eventually, the grammars differ from the point of view of general linguistics and with regard to the typological and historical comparison.
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The article discusses the acquisition of politeness marked among Lithuanian children aged 3 to 7. It analyses children’s ability to use different registers and politeness markers, i.e., politeness phrases, address forms, and requests, based on a social situation. The aim of the research is to investigate the expression of politeness markers of the Lithuanian children aged 3 to 7 in different social situations and to discuss their ability to use registers on different levels of formality. The hypothesis has been proposed that the children aged 3 to 4 years have already acquired sufficient communicative competence to use different politeness markers and registers. The research data consists of a corpus (~ 30,000 words) of conversations of similar age children recorded in role-plays and represents formal and informal linguistic situations. The language of 77 children has been recorded. The main findings of the research support the hypothesis: depending on the game situation, the children used formal/informal greetings/ sayings goodbye and other politeness phrases, formal/informal address forms. The features of stylistic variation and tendency for children to use direct requests in both formal and informal social situations are also discussed in the analysis of conversations.
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The present article constitutes the first part of a brief critical analysis of the research on attitude and attitude-(speech) behaviour relations. Its major aim is to show that the contribution from the socio-psychological paradigm can prove relevant and valuable when applied to sociolinguistic research on attitude and attitude-behaviour relations. The author argues that attitudinal investigations in sociolinguistics, despite their popularity and rich history, frequently suffer from a number of methodological and theoretical flaws. The author advances an argument that a reconceptualization of the construct of attitude and certain methodological principles can help refine the whole language attitudes paradigm. Specifically, it is pointed out that a cognitive/information-processing approach to attitude formation, the theory of planned behaviour and other theoretical and methodological insights discussed in this paper can prove immensely rewarding and can give a new impetus for further research.
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In the final part of the investigation into the use of the (un)augmented 3rd singular forms ἔθηκε(ν) and θῆκε(ν) in the Iliad, I focus on some loose ends, such as the enjambments, the compound forms, the formulaic nature of the epic language, the subordinate and negative sentences, and on some thornier issues such as the exceptions to the rules and the Mycenaean te ke and do ke and what this can tell us about the original meaning and origin of the augment.
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The official beginnings of the modern history of the Plain English movement are usually associated with the 1960s and the 1970s, when federal employees, legal experts and consumer rights advocates started to promote language use more transparent and understandable for the general public. Among the presidents of the United States, it was Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter who issued the first Executive Orders to simplify federal regulations. Although Republican presidents were generally unsupportive of the idea, by 2010 the Plain Writing Act mandated the use of “clear Government communication that the public can understand and use” (P.L. 111-274, Sec. 2). Regardless of the fact that the roots of Plain English may be traced back to Geoffrey Chaucer himself (Cutts, 2013, p. xxvii), pre-20th century official initiatives are barely discussed in the relevant literature. In order to contribute to the filling of this hiatus, the present paper examines the relevant legislative and executive proposals in the U.S. before 1875, arguing that the 1850s and 1860s have been a particularly neglected period in scholarship from the Plain English perspective, although the harbingers of future policies had actually been conceived well before the Civil War.
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The article presents a brief overview of the achievements of Bulgarian onomastics in the contemporary age, from the turn of the century until the present day. It reviews the most significant works in toponymy and anthroponymy, the field’s two main branches, as well as disciplines that are less developed in the country, such as astronomy. Particular focus has been placed on the new research uncovering the traces left by the Thracian language in modern Bulgarian onomastics. The work presents some conclusions concerning the contributions of onomastic science in Bulgaria in the past few years.
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The miscellanea deals with the use of the title of / address to Imāms, Āhōng (阿訇), among China’s Hui Muslims. The title/address of Persian origin is used by different groups of speakers in various ways of pronounciation.
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In many American films actors and actresses, native speakers of English who impersonate foreign characters, make an attempt to speak English with a foreign accent. The present paper is the first attempt at analyzing imitated Polish-accented English in two well-known Hollywood productions. It examines, compares and assesses the most salient phonetic properties of the accents employed by two American stars: Meryl Streep appearing as Zofia Zawistowska in Sophie’s Choice (1982) and Jessica Chastain playing the role of Antonina Żabińska in The Zookeeper’s Wife (2017). The major goal, however, is to study the perception of the two accents in order to establish whether they can be regarded as cases of genuine Polish-English speech. The analysis is carried out by means of a three-step procedure. First, a list of typical features of a Polish accent in English is established in consultation with several specialists in Polish English pronunciation. Next, both actresses’ accents are examined with regard to these properties. In the third stage their speech and two samples of a genuine Polish-English accent are assessed by a group of 100 participants (66 Polish students and 34 native speakers of English) in a perception study. The obtained results show that M. Streep’s accent is more accurate and contains more features of authentic Polish English than J. Chastain’s, which is reflected in the Polish listeners’ credibility judgements. Nevertheless, native English listeners view the two actresses’ accents as Polish to a similar extent.
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Just as in other domains of knowledge acquisition, verbal skills have a key role in sports instruction as well. In the course of preparation as well as during competitions and matches, it is crucial for the efficiency of tactical-strategic discourse that young athletes possess terminological knowledge about their disciplines that is adequate for their age and cognitive development. When the child is in possession of appropriate terminological knowledge, his/her sport-specific motor skills can be developed in a more targeted way. The goal of my survey was to map the terminological knowledge of children learning to play water polo and thereby to explore aspects of terminology acquisition. The paper first discusses changes in terminological vocabulary and touches on general features of sports instruction. Subsequently, it reports on the results of a questionnaire survey, highlighting the main features of how terminology is used in water polo instruction.
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The research starts from the assertion that there is an interdependent rapport between cultural forms and the experiential field, necessary for the dynamics of cultural development. The general objective of our approach is the development of a system of relations, ordered by human experience for linguistic vitality (of a language/group of [kinred] languages) in the mental and cultural fields. Particular/experiential takes on the concepts of `right` /`left`, the systemic extension of significances in linguistics, religion, moral mentality, culture of peoples of the world stand as secondary objectives of the research. Application is made to Panlatin languages and English. Synchronic and diachronic analysis, contrastive method, and cognitivist approach are but a few of the research methods. The first of the conclusions to be drawn is that the diachronic dynamics of a culture is ensured by the systemic relations between human experience, language, mentality and others.
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The main purpose of sociolinguistics is to account for language variation and change and the factors that contribute to these processes. However, nothing of this sort can be accomplished without entering a community to collect empirical data that will help the sociolinguist to provide answers. This study highlights the steps that have to be followed in order to conduct a successful and ethical research project in a community. The main issue that a sociolinguist might encounter in the field when collecting data is known as the Observer’s Paradox. Possible ways of overcoming the Observer’s Paradox are presented together with the ethical guidelines that have to be followed. The slippery concept of ‘speech community’ is also tackled, together with that of ‘community of practice’. The heart of this study, and also of field research, is the section dedicated to the sociolinguistic interview, which delves into the protocols for designing such an interview, random sampling and eliciting different speech styles.
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In this paper, the author presents the language situation of the Kashubian community, and in particular the role of the Kashubian language as the main indicator of the Kashubian identity. Nowadays, the role of the Kashubian language is primarily symbolic: it is used as an everyday communication tool less and less frequently. Despite that, literature is written in this language, each education level is available: from primary school to studies of Kashubian ethnophilology at the University of Gdańsk. The author has depicted the sociolinguistic situation of the Kashubian language, i.e. the regional language in Kashubia, and presented the results of the national censuses carried out in the 21st century and their consequences for the Kashubian community, which does not have the offi cial status of either ethnic or national minority. She has also briefl y described the Polish state policy towards ethnic/national and language minorities.
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The article defines the goals and content of interrelated training in reading and speaking in English of future specialists in the field of information technologies. It has been determined that the effectiveness of training is directly proportional to the validity of its content selection, which includes subjective (communication spheres, psychological and speech situations and roles, communicative goals and intentions, topics, problems and texts, speech samples) and procedural (speech skills and exercises for their development, relevant knowledge; skills in operating linguistic-socio-cultural material and exercises for their development, the ability to begin communication relations and exercises for their development, relevant knowledge; lexical, grammatical, phonetic skills and exercises for their development, the ability to operate educational and communication strategies and exercises for their development) components. The list of spheres of communication in the content of interconnected training of reading and speaking in English is concretized for future specialists in the field of information technologies. Typical communication situations in which future computer engineers can use information gained in the process of reading were determined.
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In the description of the evolution of the Polish language, there are two basic categories: the sequence of historical events and the sequence of language changes. Both of these categories determine the category of continuity as the basis for evolutionary changes. The mobility (power) of a language depends on intra-lingual and extra-lingual factors the influence of which enables the implementation of the basic sociolinguistic functions of that language on the systemic and textual planes. Sources provide evidence for language development continuity, which is realised in forms of public discourse and the assigned speech registers and communication-stylistic variants. The entirety of the processes determining language development continuity follows the trend of optimising it as a form of communication of a certain communication community.
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Sociological and linguistic studies show that the language of public communication is not morally constrained and does not lead to dialogue and understanding. Despite the fact that language and the public sphere are a common good, politicians and the media damage them by means of degradation, discrimination, and untruth.
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The paper analyses elements of language biographies of residents of the Polish national minority in Ivano-Frankivsk (formerly Stanisławów). The language biographies of people living on the borderline of cultures in the context of historical and social processes have been divided into four groups. The research was based on linguistic interviews conducted among the inhabitants of Ivano- Frankivsk aged over 70, who used at least two languages in their everyday life. The text describes the vitality and functioning of the Polish language, including Polish organisations.
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