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Cluster Analysis of Districts in Bulgaria According to the Development of the Agrarian Sector

Cluster Analysis of Districts in Bulgaria According to the Development of the Agrarian Sector

Author(s): Tsvetana Harizanova-Metodieva,Hristina Harizanova-Bartos / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the study is to classify the districts in Bulgaria according to some indicators characterizing the development of the agrarian sector. A cluster analysis (K-means clustering) was performed using the statistical software R and the packages „factoextra“ and „cluster“. The official statistical information of the NSI for 2021 was used for the following indicators: gross value added from Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (GVA); employees under labour contract in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery; average annual wages and salaries of the employees under labour contract in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery. It was established that according to the development of the agrarian sector in 2021, the districts in Bulgaria can be classified into 4 clusters. The central point of the cluster with the most favorable values of the indicators in terms of agriculture has the following characteristics: GVA from agriculture – BGN 299 million; persons employed in agriculture – 3644 persons; average gross salary – BGN 15506. This cluster includes the districts Veliko Tarnovo, Ruse, Varna and Dobrich. The central point of the cluster, which ranks second in terms of realized development in the sector in 2021, can be described as follows: GVA – 278 million BGN; persons employed in the agricultural sector – 3857 persons; average annual gross salary – BGN 12032. The cluster unites the following districts: Pleven, Burgas, Stara Zagora, Pazardzhik and Plovdiv. The centroid of the cluster, ranked third in terms of development of the agrarian sector, is characterized by the following values of the considered indicators: GVA from agriculture – BGN 184 million; employed persons in the sector – 1789 persons; average annual salary – BGN 14206. This cluster includes the districts: Montana, Gabrovo, Razgrad, Targovishte, Shumen, Yambol, Sofia – grad and Smolyan. The central point of the cluster, ranked last in terms of realized development in the agrarian sector, has the following characteristics: GVA – BGN 183 million; employed persons – 1595 persons; average gross salary (annual) – BGN 11795. It includes the districts: Vidin, Vratsa, Lovech, Silistra, Sliven, Blagoevgrad, Kyustendil, Pernik, Sofia, Kardzhali and Haskovo. This is the cluster with the most unfavorable development of the agrarian sector during the considered period. Clusters unite districts, some of which are significantly distant from the central point of the cluster to which they belong. The explained variation in the clusters is 73,6%, which is relatively acceptable, but at the same time it also shows that 26,4% of the variation cannot be explained by the presented distribution of the districts by clusters. This also explains the relatively large distance between some districts and the corresponding centroid: these districts show significant differences from the central point, i.e. their classification cannot be considered successful. Such districts are Pernik, Plovdiv, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Smolyan and Shumen. In general, the first and third clusters appear to be the most homogeneous, and the second and fourth are the most heterogeneous.

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ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА МОРСКА ПОЛИТИКА НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯ СЪЮЗ КАТО МОДЕЛ ЗА ПЛАНИРАНЕ В РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ

ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА МОРСКА ПОЛИТИКА НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯ СЪЮЗ КАТО МОДЕЛ ЗА ПЛАНИРАНЕ В РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Vanya Hristova Stamatova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

European Union’s Integrated Maritime Policy is an attempt to coordinate complex and interdependent policies related to maritime affairs, and to tackle the issues concerning the allocation of ecological economic resources in a holistic, integrated manner. Since it is better in organisational terms to deal with local information locally, this new approach aims at reducing organisational centralisation, devolution in decision- making from hierarchies into networks of EU member states in accordance with the fundamental EU principle of subsidiarity, with the coordinating role of the EU Commission. The new policy approach also aims at increasing horizontal and vertical coordination of maritime policies at the EU level.

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СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКА КОМУНИКАЦИОННА ПАРАДИГМА ЗА СИНЬО РАЗВИТИЕ: НАРАТИВЕН ПОДХОД ЗА ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА ДЕСТИНАЦИОНЕН БРАНД В ТУРИЗМА

СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКА КОМУНИКАЦИОННА ПАРАДИГМА ЗА СИНЬО РАЗВИТИЕ: НАРАТИВЕН ПОДХОД ЗА ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА ДЕСТИНАЦИОНЕН БРАНД В ТУРИЗМА

Author(s): Gergana Markova,Hristina Slavova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Growth of the Blue Economy requires a strategic communication based on specific communication constants from the practice and theoretical concepts. The proposed paper considers the communication for Blue Growth as complex process based on the European Commission concept of long term strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive development of sectors, and focuses on the narrative aspect of the communication in the tourism sector. As the communication codes are fundamental of the proposed model, the updating and optimizing of the codes with proper signs and already settled codes is crucial for the diversity of the narrative communication. The research of codes in case of destination brand narrative Pomorie is exemplification of the concept of strategic communication paradigm based on narrative approach for Blue Growth in the field of tourism and destination brand.

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РАЗВИТИЕ НА ТУРИЗМА В РЕГИОН ДОЛЕН ДУНАВ

РАЗВИТИЕ НА ТУРИЗМА В РЕГИОН ДОЛЕН ДУНАВ

Author(s): Margarita Bogdanova,Evelina Parashkevova-Velikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of this study is to analyze the potential for tourism development in the Bulgarian-Romanian territory of the Lower Danube region and to outline the challenges faced by business and the public sector in implementing business ideas in the field of tourism.

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СИСТЕМИ ЗА КОМПЮТЪРНА МАТЕМАТИКА И MOOCS

СИСТЕМИ ЗА КОМПЮТЪРНА МАТЕМАТИКА И MOOCS

Author(s): Penka Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Several tendencies in the development of MOOCs are outlined in this paper. The existing MOOCs for computer mathematics are searched and reviewed. Future discussion about pros and cons of MOOCs in modern education is suggested.

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УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ПУБЛИЧНИЯ СЕКТОР В ОБЩИНА ЧЕРВЕН БРЯГ В ПЕРИОДА 2015-2019 Г.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ПУБЛИЧНИЯ СЕКТОР В ОБЩИНА ЧЕРВЕН БРЯГ В ПЕРИОДА 2015-2019 Г.

Author(s): Petko Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report assesses and analyzes the management of the public sector of the Cherven Bryag municipality and its economic structure. It outlines the problems facing the Cherven Bryag municipality as part of the Northwestern Planning Region, as well as the opportunities for its development. Through the assessment of human capital, measures and activities will be proposed to improve the economic environment through the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the improvement of the regional development of the municipality. An important element of the report is an assessment of the potential of the Cherven Bryag municipality, as well as the identification of factors that can have a strong influence on overcoming the negative impacts of the crisis, which has brought about an economic decline, something typical of most municipalities in Bulgaria.

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АНАЛИЗ И КОЛИЧЕСТВЕНА ОЦЕНКА НА РИСКА ПО МЕТОДА НА CEL (МЕТОДА НА ТРИТЕ ФАКТОРА)

АНАЛИЗ И КОЛИЧЕСТВЕНА ОЦЕНКА НА РИСКА ПО МЕТОДА НА CEL (МЕТОДА НА ТРИТЕ ФАКТОРА)

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Risk assessment is the process of evaluating the risks arising from the work environment to the safety and health of workers.

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ЗАМЪРСЯВАНЕ НА ЧЕРНО МОРЕ В РЕЗУЛТАТ НА ПОЖАР НА ТАНКЕР

ЗАМЪРСЯВАНЕ НА ЧЕРНО МОРЕ В РЕЗУЛТАТ НА ПОЖАР НА ТАНКЕР

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov,Kamen Seymenliyski,Ivan Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Oil pollution is one of the serious global environmental problems. Although the results of this process are still assessed as small, this is a continuous disruption of aquatic ecosystems, which gradually leads to local degradation of individual areas of the World Ocean. The amount of oil discharged is of the order of 3-6 million tons per year. The ecological impact of oil spills consists of physical and chemical changes in the development and growth of marine inhabitants, increased toxicity and, as a result, increased mortality of various species of marine animals. Over the past 50 years, several huge and dozens of smaller oil spills have been observed in the oceans and seas. The first group, which causes much greater damage - environmental destruction and huge economic losses, includes the following cases:

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ТРАНСГРАНИЧЕН ТУРИЗЪМ В РЕЧНИТЕ ТЕРИТОРИИ ПО РЕКА ДУНАВ

ТРАНСГРАНИЧЕН ТУРИЗЪМ В РЕЧНИТЕ ТЕРИТОРИИ ПО РЕКА ДУНАВ

Author(s): Teodora Rizova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Danube River is a common economic, natural and tourist potential for many European countries. Cross-border tourism opens up opportunities to get to know countries, peoples and their cultures, to develop tourist infrastructure and to improve cooperation between countries in the construction of common cross-border tourist routes, which in turn will contribute to more successful marketing of tourist destinations in the river areas.

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Impact of Electricity Prices on Energy Poverty and on Vulnerable Society Groups. The Role of Energy Cooperatives in Problem Resolving

Impact of Electricity Prices on Energy Poverty and on Vulnerable Society Groups. The Role of Energy Cooperatives in Problem Resolving

Author(s): Vladimir Zinoviev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article aims to provide a clear and logical approach to the topic of energy poverty in Bulgaria and its impact on vulnerable groups. Provides an overview of the problem and the characteristics of vulnerable groups. The potential solution for the surpluses of RES-generated electricity during periods of peak generation at a minimal and even negative energy exchange price is considered. A proposal is made to help vulnerable groups to overcome the effects of these prices with an option to consider joining an energy cooperative an alternative.

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Blockchain Technology (Billing and Energy Trading) in Smart Energy Grids (Energy Communities)

Blockchain Technology (Billing and Energy Trading) in Smart Energy Grids (Energy Communities)

Author(s): Mariya Bozhilova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The rapid transformation of the energy sector, driven by the adoption of renewable energy sources and the need for efficient management systems, has led to the emergence of smart energy grids. Blockchain technology, known for its decentralized and immutable characteristics, presents a promising solution for revolutionizing billing systems in energy communities. Focusing on what impetus blockchain can bring for increasing transparency, speeding up processes, and incepting trust among stakeholders, this paper explores the possible applications of blockchain to energy billing systems. The present paper does this by giving evidence from case studies – including but not limited to the Prosume project in Italy, LO3 Energy's Brooklyn Microgrid, and Power Ledger's xGrid platform – that clearly show the benefits of blockchain in enabling peer-to-peer energy trade automating billing processes, and improving data security. More importantly, it does so by inspiring the audience with the potential impact; blockchain technology contributes significantly to promoting sustainable energy practices. Equipping energy billing systems with blockchain technology will promote sustainability and improve productivity with only concerns related to scalability and some regulations. To help foster a wider adoption of blockchain solutions within smart energy grids – this study closes with recommendations for future research, standard development and regulatory framework.

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Politics and Energy in Modern Energy Communities

Politics and Energy in Modern Energy Communities

Author(s): Nina Dyulgerova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The long-term vision on energy transformation is a game-changer redefining not only the architecture of the power transmission and distribution, but also the understanding of the sector in general. The strategic view for achieving carbon neutrality until 2050 is a significant challenge not only for global the economy, but also for the social understanding of these processes. The political and commercial plan of the energy transformation are dynamic processes, reflecting the preparedness of the people to accept the new model of decentralization and democratization of the power sector.

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(Nie)sprawiedliwość klimatyczna w Unii Europejskiej

(Nie)sprawiedliwość klimatyczna w Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Agata Kwiatkowska,Wojciech Rogowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Responsibility for global warming is distributed unequally, and its effects are much more severe for the poor, who emit relatively little, than for the rich. Unfortunately, most climate policies to date have placed the greatest financial burden on the lower and middle classes, translating into a sense of injustice among citizens, as well as opposition to such policies. The following chapter discusses this problem from the perspective of the European Union member states: it describes the said opposition and aims to understand its causes. It seems important to ensure that the costs of future policies are mainly borne by the largest emitters, while less advantaged groups should receive additional support. Otherwise, there might occur a rise in inequality, a loss of trust in the government and opposition to its policies, making it impossible to effectively fight climate change.

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Fair Trade jako odpowiedź na wyzwania globalizacji

Fair Trade jako odpowiedź na wyzwania globalizacji

Author(s): Olga Jankowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this chapter is to identify how Fair Trade practices address some of the contemporary global challenges arising from the processes of globalisation. Methods include analysis of the literature, reports, data, and information from organisations such as Fairtrade International, Fairtrade Poland, the Polish Fair Trade Association, the World Fair Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the United Nations. Fair Trade focuses on achieving social, environmental, and economic goals, especially in addressing poverty. Fair Trade is a social movement enhancing social awareness about global challenges and also a market of products that meet Fair Trade criteria. It aims to improve the living conditions of marginalised communities by tackling the negative impacts of globalisation and supporting sustainable development.

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Czy zrównoważona turystyka jest możliwa? Fair Trade w branży turystycznej

Czy zrównoważona turystyka jest możliwa? Fair Trade w branży turystycznej

Author(s): Karolina Zuzanna Skorupska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter examines the potential of Fair Trade in the tourism industry, exploring whether sustainability is merely a marketing gimmick or a genuine pathway to responsible tourism. The aim is to understand how Fair Trade principles can positively impact local communities and the environment as well as on the tourists themselves. Methods include statistical data analysis, case studies, and literature review. Findings indicate that Fair Trade tourism promotes economic benefits for local communities, environmental conservation,and social justice. Certification processes such as ATES and Fair Trade Tourism Certification ensure transparency and credibility, building consumer trust and motivating businesses to maintain high sustainability standards. Practical examples from various tourism enterprises demonstrate the successful implementation of Fair Trade principles. Future research should focus on long-term impacts and best practices in different geographical and cultural contexts.

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR MEASURING FOOD FRESHNESS

EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR MEASURING FOOD FRESHNESS

Author(s): Laurențiu Marius Baicu,Mihaela Andrei,Veronica Filimon / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Due to technological advancement and pollution, food quality is decreasing every day. Nowadays, some foods are highly processed. Excessive use of chemicals like preservatives, colourings, and flavours as additives in various foods can create big problems by accumulating them in the body. This uncontrolled use of additives can affect the health of consumers. In this case, the development of an electronic system that can measure the level or volume of additives added to food products and determine the degree of alteration of a food is absolutely necessary to ensure food safety. This paper proposes an embedded solution for food quality and freshness testing. Using a microcontroller and different sensors such as a gas sensor, pH sensor and moisture sensor, different values were measured in different food products. The measured values indicate important characteristics about the deterioration level of the tested food products. Based on the experimental testing of different thresholds, the developed system can provide the necessary information to decide whether a food product can be consumed or not, thus avoiding the commercialisation of dangerous food.

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NEW MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR
IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

NEW MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Geanina Marcela Podaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The new environmental policies promote an integrated approach to enhance quality of life and social well-being by reducing pollution and its harmful effects. Effective environmental protection requires forward-thinking solutions, including climate change adaptation and reducing fossil fuel dependence. However, local initiatives may conflict with national or regional policies. The construction sector is advancing with innovative, efficient, and sustainable technologies that improve quality of life while minimizing costs and environmental impact. Sustainable construction is essential for the industry's long-term development.

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COOPERATIVES IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

COOPERATIVES IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Author(s): Larisa Șavga / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

It is globally recognized that the current trajectory of development, based on unsustainable consumption and production patterns, leads to climate change, loss of biodiversity, and pollution and threatens human well-being and planetary security. All of these justify and strongly necessitate the reconsideration and change of the economic development paradigm, resizing existing consumption and production models, and implementing circular models that would contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, especially the 12th goal - Responsible consumption and production.

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Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027

Management and Control of the Regional Development Programme 2021 – 2027

Author(s): Ivelina Petkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Regional Development Program is a key European Union (EU) policy aimed at reducing regional disparities, fostering economic growth, and ensuring sustainable development in less-developed regions. The program provides substantial financial resources to improve infrastructure, stimulate business activity, and promote social inclusion. A complex institutional framework, involving numerous national and European bodies, ensures the effective and transparent use of these funds. Launching the Regional Development Program during the 2021 – 2027 programming period presented significant challenges. This report examines the program's management and control mechanisms and identifies problematic areas in the preparation of its strategic documents. A crucial aspect of program management is the institutional framework defined within the applicable European regulatory framework. The multi-tiered control framework involves various national and European bodies, with specific functions and responsibilities at European, national, and regional levels. The report also incorporates perspectives from various authors on monitoring and control procedures, informing the development of a conceptual model for managing Structural Funds. Effective control and monitoring, incorporating both internal and external verification mechanisms, are crucial for achieving program objectives and ensuring the efficient use of public funds. Challenges include bureaucratic procedures and inter-institutional coordination. Optimizing procedures and strengthening institutional cooperation are essential for enhancing control effectiveness.

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Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove

Farmers' Portfolio Diversification for Income Growth: A Study on the Municipalities of Dimal and Kucove

Author(s): Arlinda Hoti,Mariya Peneva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the face of numerous economic and social challenges, rural communities in Albania, particularly in the municipalities of Dimal and Kuçovë, struggle with income instability and poverty. A key strategy to address these issues is diversifying the economic portfolio of households, which can serve to increase income and reduce vulnerability to external economic shocks. This study investigates the impact of diversifying income sources in rural areas on the economic growth of villagers. Our analysis focuses on sectors such as agriculture, livestock, rural tourism, and services, which together form the core of the rural economy. Using a mixed-method approach, the study combines theoretical frameworks on economic diversification with empirical evidence gathered through both quantitative and qualitative data collection. Quantitative data, such as income statistics and employment figures, are complemented by qualitative insights from interviews and focus group discussions with local farmers, business owners, and policymakers. This comprehensive approach enables us to assess how different forms of economic activity contribute to income growth and poverty alleviation in these communities. The results indicate that households with more diversified income sources, particularly those expanding into non-agricultural sectors like rural tourism and small-scale services, experience higher income growth and greater economic stability. Diversification also helps mitigate risks related to market fluctuations and climate variability, thus making families less vulnerable to poverty. However, the success of such diversification efforts heavily depends on the presence of institutional support, access to credit, training programs, and infrastructural development. Based on these findings, the study proposes several policy recommendations aimed at supporting economic development in rural areas. These include enhancing infrastructure, facilitating access to markets, and creating policies that encourage innovation and entrepreneurship in non-agricultural sectors. Institutional support, such as training and capacity-building programs for farmers, plays a critical role in fostering successful diversification strategies. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that economic portfolio diversification significantly contributes to income growth and poverty reduction, thereby promoting sustainable development in rural areas. By addressing both the opportunities and challenges of economic diversification, this research provides a roadmap for policymakers seeking to improve rural livelihoods and enhance the resilience of these communities in the face of ongoing economic and environmental challenges.

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