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The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Romanian Tourist Sector

Author(s): Cristina Ioana Balint / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Tourism is considered one of the most important economic sectors, due to its multiple roles, namely: economic, social, cultural, educational and political role. The tourism also is considered to be one of the most important sectors for supporting and developing a country’s economic through the fact that people have traveled for a long period of time and still continue to do it also nowadays more often. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused several global damages and has spread rapidly, affecting all the sectors, and especially the tourism one. The development of this sector is closely linked to the ability of people to travel, which is why the restrictions imposed by the authorities for stopping the virus to spread, have reduced seriously the evolution of the tourism. The purpose of this paper is to reflect the effects of the pandemic on the Romanian tourism, and, at the same time, to highlight the relevance and the sensibility of this sector crisis events. This article analyzes the situation of the tourism in Romania, both in the pre-pandemic period and during it, following the number of international arrivals and the tourism receipts, but also the evolution of the establishments of tourist reception with accommodation functions. The data provided by the World Tourism Organization (UNTWO), World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank and the National Institute of Statistics (INS) were used in order to observe the impact of the pandemic on the Romanian tourism, and the research was based on the analysis and interpretation of the obtained data. As a conclusion, in the end, the effects of the pandemic and the impact that the possible crisis situations have on the Romanian touristic sector can be observed.

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Sustainable Mountain Tourism in the Alps: The “Mountaineering Villages” Concept, a Local Model for Sustainable Mountain Tourism in the Alps

Author(s): Thomas Dax,Oliver Tamme / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Alpine range is one of the best-known regions of relentless tourism growth. While it attracted outstanding numbers of tourists through both, summer and winter season, main destination areas are distributed very unevenly across the different parts of the mountain area. This led to a significant concentration of tourism intensity in some regions and even local “hot-spots” with a rising concern for negative effects on environmental performance. Alpine stakeholder groups (CIPRA) therefore advocated very early to address the issues of “overtourism” in this sensitive mountain context and succeeded in convincing politicians to agree on the Alpine Convention (1991), a policy agreement concerned with a whole set of sustainable development issues, including sustainable tourism pathways. Against the persisting mainstream of large-scale mountain tourism in large parts of the Western Alps, but also in Western Austria, few actions towards sustainable mountain tourism were elaborated. Since 2008 small communities have elaborated the concept of “Mountaineering Villages”, first as an initiative of the Austrian Alpine Club within the framework of the Alpine Convention’s activities. It seeks to promote low-intensity tourism strategies in high mountain areas, benefitting from unique mountaineering options. Due to its close interrelation with landscape development and land use, linkages to agriculture and local development of agritourism activities are an important element in these local initiatives. Aspects of enabling nature “experience” and emotional encounters with natural resources and mountain assets are considered instrumental for the attraction and success of the alternative tourism scheme. Spreading from a number of committed communities, at present 22 villages in Austria and increasingly also mountain communities in Italy, Switzerland, Slovenia and Germany are engaged in this concept. At present (May 2022) the association of the Mountaineering Villages extends to 36 municipalities. The paper will analyze how this small niche activity of mountain tourism achieves to address the specific assets of mountains, linking outdoor activities such as climbing, hiking, and nature exploration with landscape development, preservation of nature protection areas and adapted land management. It appears crucial that this link of agricultural activities, agritourism and other forms of rural and mountain tourism shape a specific profile of small-scale communities. Local strategies oriented at sustainable mountain development concepts are assessed as pivotal to provide targeted and ecologically-beneficial approaches of mountain tourism. These might serve as insightful models against growth-dependent large-scale tourism stereotypes

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Investigation of Studies on Romanian Rural Tourism with Bibliometric Analysis

Author(s): Aslı Sultan EREN,Kubra Gundogdu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Rural tourism, which emerged when people struggling with stress in crowded city life went to rural areas in line with their desire to discover themselves, to be intertwined with nature and to return to their essence, offers the local people employment opportunities in many different areas. In addition, doing many activities increases the touristic attraction of rural tourism. It has been frequently preferred by people in recent years. Based on the importance of rural tourism, this study aims to examine the studies on Romanian rural tourism with the bibliometric analysis method. It allows to examine the characteristics of the studies such as method, technique and density. This analysis provides an opportunity to predict what the current situation of rural tourism studies is and how it will be shaped in the future. This situation reveals that the study will make an important contribution to the literature. 47 articles written in English were used as data in the study.

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Divergențe jurisprudențiale în materia formularului digital de intrare în țară, ca mijloc de prevenire a expunerii persoanelor la Covid-19

Author(s): Andrei-Radu Dincă,Ioana-Anamaria Filote-Iovu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In the present study, the authors aim to highlight the successive legislative changes implemented in domestic law in the context of the introduction of the digital entry form, in order to combat the effects of Covid-19 pandemic. The authors also present the differences in judicial practice in the application of specific legislation, aimed at determining the territorial jurisdiction to resolve cases having as object a contraventional complaint, by reference to successive amendments to the law, on the the relevant moment for establishing the competence and the legal consequences resulting from these legislative changes. Finally, the authors aim to offer some solutions arising from the analysis of the identified jurisprudential problems.

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Conceptual Analysis of Recreational Activities in Rural Tourism: A Study in Sinop Province

Author(s): Buse Kekec,Defne Egirmen,Duygu Ayaz,Gul Erkol Bayram / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sinop Province has a very convenient structure in terms of the use and development of rural tourism activities. The city, which home to different bird species, lakes, waterfalls, nature park, plateaus and many other natural beauties in the region, is also rich in cultural and historical terms. The aim of the study is to examine and develop rural tourism recreational activities in the province of Sinop. The study aims to increase the demand for rural tourism, to ensure the development of rural facilities, and to evaluate the infrastructure and superstructure by examining the recreational activities carried out within the scope of rural tourism in the province of Sinop from a conceptual perspective. The research is important in terms of supporting the socio-cultural and economic development of the people of the region, strengthening the relationship with the tourist, contributing to the development of the region. It is important in terms of contributing to the development of the region, its sustainability and the correct use of productive natural areas that can be brought into tourism.

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Cost-Oriented Management of Agritourism Social Infrastructure in Ukraine

Author(s): Yulia Manachynska,Svitlana Luchyk,Olena Moshkovska,Volodymyr I. YEVDOSHCHAK / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the current conditions of declining tourism activity due to the coronavirus pandemic, Ukraine agritourism needs an appropriate level of investment support from real and potential investors. An effective form of development of agritourism is its development as one of the types of subsidiary production of agricultural enterprises. That is, the agricultural enterprise must be socially responsible and develop infrastructure for tourism. The purpose of the study is to implement N-dimensional model of cost-oriented management based on actuarial accounting at domestic agricultural enterprises in rural areas, the content of which will provide investors with an objective assessment of their value through the prism of actuarial reporting. The object of the study is the process of cost-oriented management of rural agribusiness based on the Actuarial Balance Sheet. The research methodology is based on the application of the 3D-recording method, discounted valuation and 5D-actuarial reporting in displaying information from the actuarial accounting system. Inventions and conclusions. The results of the study showed that agricultural enterprises need to attract investment not only in the development of agricultural production, but also in the development of infrastructure for tourism which could attract tourists and prolong their stay in rural areas. The innovation and value of the results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed N-dimensional model for cost-oriented management of agritourism social infrastructure on the grounds of accounting and information base of N-dimensional actuarial reporting.

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Modificării ale legislației muncii determinate de criza sanitară din ultimii doi ani

Author(s): Dan Ţop,Ana Maria Alexandra Iancu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Legislative changes in the last two years, largely due to the pandemic that has swept society as a whole, have also affected the classic development of labor relations. Law no. 55/2020 on some measures to prevent and combat the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, in section 3 (art. 16 - 31) established a series of measures to adequately protect labor relations. Measures were needed to protect the workplace even after the end of the state of emergency, in order to avoid the precarious state of the employees generated by the post-pandemic problems. All the changes that labor legislation has undergone have taken into account the highest possible protection of employees by establishing a new workplace culture in terms of interrelationships and health protection.

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Criza sanitară - un exercițiu impus de flexibilizare a raporturilor de muncă. Observații critice și propuneri de lege ferenda pe marginea Legii nr. 81/2018 privind reglementarea activității de telemuncă

Author(s): Corina Mihaela Marcu-Şiman / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The present study aims to analyse, from legal perspective, the impact of technological development on working relationships. The benefit of teleworking has been unequivocally proven during the COVID-19 pandemic. The legal pre-existing frame represented by Law no. 81/2018 regarding teleworking has proven its practical utility, but also its limitations and vulnerable points, which claims for immediate improvement. Therefor, this study includes both criticism and de Lege ferenda propositions concerning Law no. 81/2018.

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The Relationship Between Communication Skills and Tourism Perceptions of Local People: The Case of Sinop

Author(s): Hasibe Yazit,Gul Erkol Bayram,Melike Sak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Local people are one of the important drivers of tourism. They have a significant role on tourist behavior for having a positive destination image and repeat visits. This situation emphasizes the importance of the communication of the local people with the tourists. Tourism perception of the local people is seen as an indicator of its contribution to tourism development. The local people’s positive perception of tourism will enable tourists to be satisfied with this region and contribute to the touristic development of the region. It is thought that tourists from the local people who can develop effective communication skills and positive tourism perception will also be satisfied. In this context, the aim of the research is to determine the relationship between communication skills and tourism perception. In the scope of the research, a questionnaire was applied to 500 people residing in the city of Sinop. The data obtained were evaluated with the SPSS program and the relationship between the communication skills of the local people and their perception of tourism was tested. According to the results, a positive and negative relationship was determined between the communication skills of the local people and the sub-dimensions of tourism perceptions. Some suggestions were made according to the results of the research

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Light Pollution and Astro-tourism: The Case of Melik Plateau

Author(s): Hatice Sari Gok / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The sky, the stars, the rainbow, and the universe have always piqued people’s interest, from ancient times to the present. The night sky can be enjoyed in all its glory in large rural areas that are not harmed by light pollution. For sky observations, places with less light pollution are favored due to heavy light pollution in cities. The concept of astro-tourism was born as a result of this event’s transformation into a tourism activity. Astro-tourism is a sort of nature-based tourism that involves traveling to locations where there is no light pollution to observe the sky and celestial occurrences. The Melik Plateau in Isparta Province has been named the darkest place among Turkey’s National Parks, with little light and air pollution. As a result, the goal of this study is to determine the current state of astro-tourism activities on the Melik Plateau. For this purpose, a SWOT analysis was made regarding the astro-tourism activities of Melik Plateau.

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Branding as a Part of Tourist Destination Development

Author(s): Brankica TODOROVIĆ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Destination branding is of special importance to the development of tourism in accordance with the requirements of tourist demand. The brand builds loyalty and reduces the risk associated with the intangibility of tourism products. In addition to the growth of tourist demand, the number of protected areas within which tourism is developing in accordance with the prescribed protection system is also increasing. The objectives of the analysis in the paper are: importance of tourist destinations and protected areas as brands; opportunities for tourism development in protected areas; and elements of branding in the tourist region of Western Serbia.

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Considerații privind implementarea unor instrumente și soluții digitale în vederea îmbunătățirii funcționării sistemului judiciar

Author(s): Claudiu Ramon Butculescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

For the last two years, the entire world has been under the ban imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic. These prohibitions have materialized in the social environment through numerous restrictions, which have produced effects both in the legal systems, taken as a whole, and in the judicial systems themselves. Due to the need to continue judicial proceedings, different and varied solutions have been envisioned and used in most legal systems. As the Covid-19 Pandemic has ended, of course, it is necessary to analyze the extent to which the solutions implemented during this period are still valid or useful. This paper aims to analyze the possibility of implementing permanent digital tools to improve the functioning of the judiciary. A first premise considered in the drafting of this paper is related to the need to ensure the fastest possible access to the information of a file in the judicial circuit, while the second premise concerns the possibility of conducting legal proceedings by means of distance communication, including in civil trials, which would undoubtedly lead to a significant reduction in legal costs. At the end of the paper, a few conclusions are presented regarding the possible use of digital instruments and solutions on a permanent basis, not only during the period of restrictions imposed because of the onset of pandemics.

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Main Characteristics of the Accommodation Facilities in Rural Areas: The Case Study of Bulgarian North-West Region

Author(s): Desislava Varadzhakova,Stefan Genchev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Tourism sector is very important for the Bulgarian economy. Before the pandemic of COVID-19 it generates between 10% and 12% of the country’s GDP. The present paper discusses the specifics of the tourism business in the rural areas. For the purpose of the study the research object are the accommodation facilities in these areas. The North-West Region of Bulgaria is chosen as a researched area because it is the least economically developed area in the country. There are 46 rural areas, evenly distributed in the five provinces of the region. The main types of accommodation, their characteristics, their territorial location compared to major urban centers and their relationship with the number of tourist attractions in the researched areas are identified. The main goal of the paper is to explore the potential for development of tourism in rural areas, based on a study of the accommodation facilities in the rural areas in the North-West Region of Bulgaria. The research includes an analysis of the disparities between the different rural areas, the possible reasons for them, as well as the opportunities for tourism development. The conclusions that have been made can become the basis for the development of tourism products and regional strategies for the development of specialized and alternative types of tourism.

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Necesitatea optimizării confidențialității și protecției datelor cu caracter personal prelucrate de către asociațiile de proprietari în contextul efectelor pandemice

Author(s): Marius Catalin Mitrea / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic represents the cause that has determined in the contemporary society more changes of mentalities, mechanisms, paradigms, customs, legal norms. By penetrating almost all domains, in a measure directly proportional to the degree of international interconnectivity and social flow, the influence of the pandemic ultimately led either to the cessation of ongoing activities or to their optimization by digitization, both having as purpose the limitation of the viral spread. Of course, digitization can be the solution, but all the changes listed at the beginning of the exposure cannot be made in a uniform and coordinated way, nor with the same degree of progress and success. Left in the external sphere of decision-makers 'concerns regarding digitalization, the owners' associations coexist, based on Law 196/2018, a new law, in the old spirit. A law that does not provide the possibility of organizing General Assemblies in a secure hybrid system, which does not explicitly provide for the exercise of the agreements of the owners in electronic format, thus remained the "classic" custom of expression, door to door, based on a table in physical format. A law that does not provide for the possibility of electronic information of the owners regarding the convocations of the General Assemblies (but only based on a convening table or by physical mail, by registered letter), and which does not regulate the way of ensuring confidentiality and data protection in specific activities (correspondence, nominal agreement tables, maintenance lists, processing log, video surveillance, etc.). In this scientific approach, we will identify the practical needs of the owners' associations in 2022 and we will formulate proposals for legislative changes to ensure both the achievement of optimal operational capabilities, implementable even in crisis situations, and optimizing the confidentiality of data protection processed in current activities, by virtue of their assets necessary for the proper functioning.

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Polski Ład z perspektywy opodatkowania dochodów osób prawnych

Author(s): Jacek Uchman / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the paper is providing the characteristics and general evaluation of influence directions and tax efficiency of selected regulations introduced to the Corporate Income Tax Act, so called Estonian CIT, minimal income tax and enterprise restructuring taxation (introduced to corporate income tax as a part of Polish Deal). Design/methodology/approach: Due to the recent time of introducing the solutions and limited accessibility of empirical data, the method of the analysis of possible financial consequences and the legal-comparative method have been used. The demonstration of basic financial consequences for business entities and the budget that result from the introduced regulations has been attempted. Findings: The evaluation of the Estonian CIT construction from the point of view of facilitation of the business development activity and cheapening of self-financing costs is generally positive. The minimal income tax as an attempt in insulating the corporate income tax using multipart tax base is not evaluated in such an unequivocal way. The revenue taxation, being a part of the tax base, may bring regular income to the budget. The effective estimation and control of the remaining elements of the tax base may be more difficult.

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Perception, Cognitive Dissonance and Nuclear Deterrence in the Information Age, Possible Implications for the Euro-Atlantic Security Architecture in the Context of a New NATO Strategic Concept

Author(s): Olga Raluca CHIRIAC / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The February 2022 military aggression on Ukraine has sent shock waves across European capitals as well as across the Atlantic. This “new normal”, namely a conventional war in twenty-first century Europe, is both hard to process and inherently ominous as to the future of the European security architecture and strategic stability on the continent. The aim of the article is to analyse the combined effects of technological advances in information/computing technologies and human cognition on strategic choices such as nuclear deterrence strategies. The paper is looking to address the proposed research questions through a cognitive psychology lens, with a particular focus on perception and cognitive dissonance. The plasticity of both the geopolitical environment and the information space present the optimal conditions for propagation of cognitive errors in human decision-making. The article is taking a closer look at what said vulnerability means for the Euro-Atlantic security architecture, most specifically for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

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Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems – Emerging and Potentially Disruptive Technology

Author(s): Romică Cernat / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The renewal of the competition for the super power status has led to the revival of the emphasis on defence planning, by the great powers, on the capabilities intended for so-called high-end conventional, technologically sophisticated warfare, which involves large-scale and high-intensity military actions. Weapons that can be linked to waging high-end warfare actually include the military uses of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) and artificial intelligence (AI). The connection between robotics, autonomous systems and AI has the potential to change the nature of warfare. Theoretically, a lethal weapon system should be considered autonomous if it is designed so that it can modify its integrated programming, does not take into account the objectives initially set and modifies its rules of engagement without human intervention. Human judgment will remain essential, but the line between what humans and machines do best will constantly be shifting in the coming years. The most critical dimension of autonomy is the task the machine is performing. There are significant expectations and challenges, opportunities, and risks associated with LAWS across the full range of military operations. LAWS will influence military operations in the future and will have at least an evolutionary – if not revolutionary – effect.

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The Importance of the Economic Field in Modern Political Warfare. Case Study: NATO Eastern Flank Member States

Author(s): Vlad Ionuț Dumitrache,Andreea Stefania Cozmei / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to present the importance that the economic field has in the concept of modern political warfare. Correlating the economic field with that of geopolitics and security has become a variable that NATO member states can no longer ignore. Using the descriptive analysis method, we aim to show the importance that economic policies have in influencing the political and strategic regional landscape, and have chosen the Eastern Flank countries to do that. We plan to test this theory by studying three major areas of economic policies that we consider have impacted the security and defence landscape in recent years. The first area is defence expenditure, the second one is fiscal policies and the third one is energy policies. Recent security events have fundamentally changed the European Union's green energy policies and objectives. Some of them have been postponed, others replaced, therefore, we seek to analyse the way in which European states on the Eastern Flank mitigate these rising issues, in terms of both the energy field and the correlation of energy policies with the other ones.

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HoReCa Tourism Rights in National and European Union Law - Comparative Aspects

Author(s): Laura Ramona Nae / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the tourism sector, especially in the HoReCa industry, the protection of the rights of customers-tourists consuming hotel services and products, is of particular importance. safety (including food). In the legislative context, mainly at the level of the European Union and at national level, a number of measures are accepted and implemented with the help of various legal instruments, in order to protect the rights of consumers, including alternative dispute resolution methods.

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Digital Economy Law a Reality Manifested in Legal Reports of Production, Commerce, Services and Public Administration

Author(s): Manole Decebal Bogdan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Online transactions are a certainty of the moment in all social and economic fields. Digital economy has been part of everyday normality for a long time. The legislation that regulates legal relations is not updated and there is no clear perspective by which to confirm the imposition of "digital economy law" in society. The acts of commerce, services, and production in which the digital society participates (hard, software, networks and augmented reality) develop, in themselves, a number of legal subjects and a large palette of contractual or tortious civil responsibilities that do not have a clear regulation. Through this research, we are trying to launch a current and forward-looking topic to the public professional debate to lay the foundations for the "Digital Economy Right". The research methods used are observation of flows and case studies of "artificial intelligence" used through software in the private and public economy; reporting of legal subjects involved in legal relations to the legal norm. The implications of the study are relevant for the whole society, but also for legal professionals. The results constitute benchmarks for the debate and drafting of the future legal norms necessary to harmonize the international legislation of classical law with the law of artificial intelligence.

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