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This paper employs the correlation analyses to investigate the relation-ship between selected economic determinants of military spending and the level of military expenditures for each of the 27 NATO countries over the period 1993-2014. The findings indicate that there is very little uniformity in the economic factors that determine each country ́s military expenditures.
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The preparation of personnel to ensure national security remains a pre-vailing concern. The goal of this study is to highlight the fact that the training of Czech soldiers, especially the officer core, in the area of ethics is simultaneously rooted in historical tradition while being informed today by the latest developments in social and behavioural research, as well as adherence to NATO standards. The authors identify, in the context of historical and political events of the Czech Republic, three main periods in the history of Czech officer education in the area of ethics and report on the current situation as well as future developments in this field within the context of the Czech Army.
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The problem of energy is a major topic of debate in the EU. In spite of being able, along several decades, to properly solve several structural weaknesses, EU did not manage to successfully cope with a major challenge: that of designing and implementing a common, efficient and coherent energy policy. Several attempts were made in order to accomplish such a vital goal, but until now, no really major results were achieved. The main reasons leading to such a difficult situation is the basic fact that major European Powers have their own national agendas in this field too. To accomplish the energetic self-sustainability, EU has to identify and use alternate energy resources (an aim clearly stated in several official documents of the Union) and to reach a common policy in this field. But Europe is confronted with another problem, too: that of the vast influence of USA and Russia on the world energy market.
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Demographic changes are often mentioned as one of the most important and long-lasting trends affecting economic development during the second half of the 20th and the early 21st century. They pose some significant challenges for economic policies, as well as for the individual behaviour of economic agents, especially with the world entering a time of profound technological transformation. This paper reviews the past effects of demographic changes on several aspects of the development of European economies and attempts to make predictions about the future interactions between the two processes.
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I study right-wing populism in Germany and Bulgaria since 1980. The data is a merge between Heino in levels produce that: 1) income per capita growth coincides with right-wing populist insurgence; 2) a rise of unemployment, income inequality, trade openness and net migration correlates with more right-wing populism; 3) the effects are stronger after the Great Recession.
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The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted on 7 July 2017, with 122 countries for and only one (the Netherlands) against, and with Singapore abstaining. The nine countries with nuclear weapons and countries allied with them did not take part in work on the Treaty or in the vote. The Treaty was signed on 20 September 2017 by 50 states and has already been ratified by three countries – the Holy See, Guyana and Thailand. It will enter into force once ratified by all 50 countries. Art. 1 of the Treaty obliges the states parties not to develop, test, manufacture, transfer, take control of, use or threaten to use nuclear weapons under any circumstances. The negative attitude of the nuclear states toward the Treaty will have no bearing on when it enters into force and on the number of acceding parties. The prospect of achieving full and universal nuclear disarmament is distant, if at all realistic within the prescribed time period. However, from the standpoint of international law, the Treaty has tremendous historical significance since it actually delegalizes nuclear weapons, which is important with regard to prohibiting their use. This means that once the Treaty enters into force, all three kinds of weapons of mass destruction will have the same status. They will be illegal.
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The article is mostly theoretical and offers a conceptual analysis of the notions of soft power and normative threat. These categories are operationalized within the broader context of institutional change and evolution. Institutional change is discussed with reference to different institutionalist approaches within the social sciences.
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The term paradigm was introduced to the philosophy of science by Thomas Kuhn – he used this term to denote the specific approach applied by a school of research to examine its subject matter. Using the same paradigm, researchers seek answers to similar questions, and employ similar methods and concepts. In an article published in 2000, the author of this essay introduced the term system paradigm, which focuses on the systems functioning in a society. This study develops the theoretical considerations outlined in that earlier article on the basis of experience of post-socialist transition. The first part compares the socialist and capitalist systems, describing their main characteristics, and concludes that the capitalist system has become established in former socialist countries, except for North Korea and Cuba. The second part analyzes varieties of capitalism within a typology which classifies prevailing forms of politics and government. Three markedly different types are identified: democracy, autocracy, and dictatorship. Huntington wrote about the “third wave” of democratization. This study concludes the third wave has dried up: for the 47 postsocialist countries, only a tenth of the population live in democracies, while autocracy or dictatorship prevails in all other countries in this group. The third part of this essay applies the conceptual and analytical apparatus to Hungary, where capitalism exists, and autocracy is the prevailing politico-governmental form – here we can find important characteristics common to other capitalist countries or other autocracies. This finding is compatible with the observation that there are some less fundamental characteristics unique to Hungary, or “Hungarica”, which differ from the characteristics of all other countries.
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Strong political, economic and social reformations in XIX. Century, came to an important point in XX. Century. Changed management perspectives were the clearest signs of that. That period is mostly remembered with political events; but impact and effect of economy in state and community life was undeniable and constant. Economy was the strongest factor which directed the politics of strong states of Europe and Ottoman State during „Tanzimat“(Reforms) and then „Meşrutiyet“(Constitutionalism) Periods. Economic crises often occured. Egypt was an Ottoman province; on the other hand as a result of activities of Kavalali dynasty that aimed to be independent, Egypt had the loan authorization and it went to economic failure in XIX. and XX. Centuries. These two periods had different failure causes but the English effect was constant. Expenses that made for Modernity and Independency in XIX. Century, brought the failure and the occupation. In XX. Century, There was again economic crisis as a result of England‘s colonisation politics. The crisis that occured in Egypt with its causes and its effects is a good example for the importance of economy in state management. In this study, the economic events and the crisis after the English occupation, were evaluated with their causes and results.
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Generally speaking, the digital communication era works with easier mechanisms for generating, collecting and sharing information and content. Communication specialists changed their perspectives in the relationship of the company with the public. Today we speak about digital PR, digital marketing, and branding, digital all. This study aims to examine the digital implications of communication strategies in HoReCa industry. Previous researchers showed that the digitization of the communication strategies of restaurants around the world had a direct and positive influence in the consumer-brand relationship. Our research is based on the relationship that Marty Restaurants from Cluj-Napoca, Romania builds in online with its customers. We intend to provide a twofold approach. On one hand, we analyse the theoretical framework regarding the digitization of the communication strategies in the restaurant industry. On the other hand, we shall design an empirical research, based on interviews and content analysis that shall provide empirical information about how digital communication strategies are used in HoReCa industry in Romania and, how a successful restaurant can be visible in online in order to gain more clients and create a great brand experience
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There are many factors influencing a food product selection, even if the most known is health benefits. This study describes the effect size of nine factors such as health, mood, convenience, sensory quality, ingredients, price, energetic value, familiarity and ethical aspects. The most important aspect of each factor was also determinated. A questionnaire was applied on a sample of 95 persons aged between 16 and more than 60 years. The summary statistics and the correlation (r>0,2) were applied using Data Analysis pacgake. The results showed that health benefits and the ingredients have the greatest influence, while the convenience and the energetic value were considered as beeing less important in food choice. The well-being, the taste, the natural ingredients, the good price ratio, the low fat content, the eco-friendly package, the fact that the food product can be bought from shops near their house and people ate it before have a strong contribution in food selection. So, it is important to take all these factors into account when we talk about food aducation and food practices.
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In this paper I presented some issues related to communication problems between teacher and student. Nowadays, all areas of life, the whole cultural universe, revolve around communication, making it a vast and exciting field of reflection, studies and achievements. The education permanently expands its area of coverage but its center will be always communication. Educational communication can cause a complex dialogue, a psychological and social process which can influence behaviors, beliefs and motivations. Communication and harmonious relationship with others are focused on the development and training objectives education, relationships with others are on the one hand a problem of communication, on the other hand a matter of the action. The quality of the educational process depends mainly on the quality of communicative processes established between educator and educated, educational outcomes are superior when the two interlocutors of the relationship have the opportunity to change roles.
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We consider that a milestone of the economic thought is represented in the modern era by John Maynard Keynes. His "revolution" in the theory and practice of Economics has influenced decisively the capitalist economy for four decades of stability and prosperity, until the oil shocks from the 8th decade of the 20th century. Our intention is to link Keynes’ Theory of Income with the Happiness Economics in the world of today. to see and understand if the Keynesian theory and practice is still valid, both at macroeconomic level and, mainly, at the individual and household level. A general remark following the day-by-day life, the statistic data regarding the consumption, the economic good sense, is that people spend the money they get, but not all of it. If the particular intention is to get the right position (status), to reach happiness, or stability at the national economy level, it is needed the existence of Savings to ensure future investments and necessary purchases. The answer to the question is positive, both micro and macro level (the latter being an aggregate of the first one), taken into account the specific requirements and conditionalities of the analyzed law.
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This paper presents a syllabus developed for Geography and Economics Studies in 8th grade of the first high school educational stage in the complementary course (section C according to the curriculum framework for profile education with an intensive foreign language course, “Economic Development” profile and a school syllabus for 2017/2018 school year).
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As state socialism in Central and Eastern Europe and in the former Soviet Union began to crumble, a lively theoretical debate emerged concerning the potential beneficiaries of the transition from socialism to capitalism and about the fate of the old communist elite. In this article we present three competing theories offered in this debate: the political capitalism theory, the market transition theory, and the technocratic-managerial class theory. We argue that all three theories assumed that capitalism was a single destination and that all former socialist societies would travel on a single path towards this destination. Such assumptions have not been supported by empirical data. We attempt to develop a synthesis of these theories in a theory of postcommunist managerialism as a viable alternative, suggesting that instead of a single theory of transition from socialism to capitalism and of the reproduction of the elites in postcommunist societies, what is needed is rather a theory of comparative capitalisms.
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Monetarna politika predstavlja mogućnost utjecaja na gospodarska kretanja u zemlji putem kontroliranja ponude novca od strane središnje banke.Također, monetarna politika je jedan od najvažnijih instrumenata države u korigiranju, održavanju i unaprjeđenju gospodarskih tijekova. U ovisnosti o potrebi, odnosno fazi konjukturnoga ciklusa, u kojem se gospodarstvo nalazi (ekspanzija ili recesija), moguće je instrumentima monetarne politike, a prije svega kontroliranjem količine novca u optjecaju, putem transmisijskog monetarnog mehanizma, utjecati na najvažnije makroekonomske indikatore koji reflektiraju stanje gospodarstva u zemlji.
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The aim of the article is to analyse and evaluate the conditions and attitude of China towards the North Korean nuclear programme after the Cold War. These issues are considered on the political-ideological, political-military, strategic, and economic levels. The main thesis of the article is that after the Cold War, China, as the protector and patron of North Korea, facilitated the development of its nuclear programme. Support for the neighbour resulted mainly from the strategic value of North Korea for China as a buffer state. The ideological factor, in turn, was of little importance and was used instrumentally. Pyongyang’s nuclear ambitions have begun to damage the interests of the Middle Kingdom. Therefore, in recent years, China has imposed increasingly severe economic sanctions on North Korea. Despite the importance of China for North Korea, Beijing has so far not been able to influence Pyongyang on the suppression of its nuclear programme. The question about the direction and scope of further changes in China’s policy towards North Korea remains open.
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