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Remittances from foreign-based workers are vital to the nation’s economy.
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The main goal of the paper is to analyze municipal investment expenditures for educational infrastructure in Lodz Metropolitan Area. Presented research was conducted for the period between the years 2007 and 2013, the last Multiannual Financial Framework of European Union. The authors identified significance of investments in educational infrastructure for municipal policy in Lodz Metropolitan Area. Moreover, they assessed the quality of strategic and financial municipal planning for development of educational infrastructure in the studied area. The authors used their own, earlier depicted methodology of complex analysis of municipal strategies, budget plans and financial statements (Napierała et al. 2013). Municipal goals of investment expenditures for educational infrastructure were identified. Moreover, the authors verified whether or not the purposes were achieved. Furthermore, specificity of investments were depicted for various types of municipalities: rural, urban and urban-rural.
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The material is part of the Ottoman customs register of Dupnitsa for financial year 1846–1847. The Register describes the goods that passed through the state land control – their type, quantity, value, the size of gyumruk (customs duty) and the market fee (bach). The names of the traders, the villages they came from and traveled to are also entered in the register. Dupnitsa is one of the few land customs stations in the Bulgarian lands in the nineteenth century, situated on strategically important country roads from Thessaloniki to Sofia and Europe and from the Adriatic Sea to Plovdiv, Odrin and Tsarigrad. The author presents a translation and commentary of the first 5 of the 20 pages of the register preserved in the Ottoman Department of the National Library St. Cyril and Methodius, Sofia. So far this is the only document of land customs checkpoints in the Bulgarian lands in the nineteenth century, which makes it a source of great cognitive significance, not only for goods flow and turnover at Dupnitsa, but also for documenting the Ottoman regulation policy of the urban economy in the Bulgarian lands at that time.
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The main purpose of this article is to identify spatial diversifying effects and prospects of suburbanisation in municipalities of the Poznań urbanised area. Current effects of suburbanisation and its possible development are limited to the sphere of the housing industry. The applied research methods are spatial typology and the description and analysis of the housing situation in the Poznań urbanised area. In the article, as an introduction, the definition of suburbanisation is presented and also its evolution, as well as the economic data which describe and show the Poznań agglomeration.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the importance of corporate social responsibility as a management model for sustainable development in logistics companies. It was noted that the changes in the economy evennecess it at einnovative solutions to business enterprises. Particular attention was paid to the management of the logistics companies chich occupies a central place environment al impact of logistics (transport processes, warehouse management, packaging). Presented and characterized innovative logistics solutions towards sustainable development. On the basis of examples of good practice contained in the reports Responsible Business Forum in 2008-2013 socially responsible companies the scale of the analysis of environment al solutions in logistics and transport. Attempt to assess the beneficial effects of socially responsible activities in the field of the environment in shaping the region's competitive advantage, creating the image of a responsible company and improve the economic result.
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Within sub-Saharan Africa South Africa is one of the leaders in greening and initiatives for sustainable urban development. Notwithstanding the central role of climate change impacts and of the green challenge for the future, the greening of urban development has not been a major focus in local geographical research. The task in this paper is to investigate one aspect of reorienting the economy towards a pathway of low carbon growth and of addressing the green urban challenge. Specifically, issues around the greening of commercial property developments in South Africa are explored. Under the ratings of the Green Building Council of South Africa 50 green buildings existed by early 2014. Geographically these properties cluster in South Africa's major cities, in particular Johannesburg, the country's economic powerhouse and centre for corporate headquarters, and Pretoria, the administrative capital. New proposals for building retrofitting may result in a greater spatial spread of green buildings in the near future.
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The article represents the empirical study of the use of images of angels and their functions in consumer advertising. The aim of the study is to examine changes in the angelic image in the course of time and to question if it is possible on their basis to draw conclusions about religious beliefs and modern value understandings of the people in Estonia as well as in other countries following Western economic models. The study is based on approximately 50 ads (photographs and videos) from Estonia, Germany, France, United States, South Africa and the Philippines disseminated over the last decade. It should be noted that in many cases these are advertisements translated into many languages and it is quite difficult to identify which is their country of origin. Even more, this is definitely not the aim of the article as far as the attention is focused predominantly on the general picture which shows relative homogeneity.
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Culture is an important factor in the process of revitalisation, as it creates a new identity of the place and builds the image of the city. Artistic aestheticization of deteriorated areas is associated with the concept of ‘beauty’, which is relative and interpreted by people in different, individual ways. The ‘beautification’ of cities, which has become a widespread phenomenon, involves investing in the architectural fabric, street furniture, public green spaces or public art. Artists ennoble space, making it unique. The aim of the paper is to admit and analyse a new phenomenon of a conscious use of artistic aestheticization in the processes of revitalisation. The authors have collated the knowledge of these forms in Polish and Bulgarian cities. Based on the research carried out in 2015, artistic aestheticization has a positive effect on the image of revitalised space in the perception of its users.
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The reform of Chinese banking system was undertaken by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. During this structural change, the central bank of the People’s Republic of China departed the ministry and became a separate entity. The People’s Bank of China was formally established as the central bank in 1983 by the State Council. As a result of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping China underwent a change of monobank system to two-tier banking system. Moreover, the function of the People’s Bank of China as a central bank was formally confirmed in 1995 when the third Plenum of the National People’s Congress adopted The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China. The China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) is the supervisor of the financial institutions in the People’s Republic of China. The central government established this institution in March 2003. The State Council is the leadership of the CBRC. The main functions of the China Banking Regulatory Commission is the formulation of supervisory rules and regulations concerning the Chinese banking institutions, the authorization of the establishment, changes of the financial institutions and also the compilation and publishing of the statistics and reports of the banking industry.
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The main objective of the European cohesion policy is the convergence of the Member States, enabling civilization advancement of less developed regions. In the implementation of this kind of policy the rational use of land plays an important role. The National Spatial Development Concept 2030 assumes that the determinant of the living conditions of citizens and the local and regional development is to restore and preserve the spatial order. An interesting example enabling the realisation of such a goal is to determine the functional area at the junction of three cities: Chorzów, Ruda Śląska and Świętochłowice. This area is characterised by a similar industrial history, analogous internal (e.g. social) and external (e.g. transport) conditions, which supports the idea of undertaking joint ventures related to the rational use of land.
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Nowadays more and more attention is devoted to the spatial development of the location of sports facilities within cities. The main aim of our paper is to observe the most important spatial characteristics of their development in Hungarian cities of county rank. In these cities three main periods of development of sports facilities can be observed. Larger sports facilities were constructed especially on the edge of cities or in the suburbs, while in the case of smaller facilities a bigger role was played by locations within the city boundaries. As regards the factors influencing the location of sports facilities, the most important role was played by the location of available land areas, besides accessibility and from the mid-1960s links to existing facilities can be mentioned as well.
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