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Wielokulturowość a jedność narodowa – problemy społeczne w Malezji na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

Author(s): Edyta Maślak,Justyna Popławska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Malaysia is a culturally and ethnically diverse country in Southeast Asia. The aim of the work is to examine the causes and impact of the lack of cohesion and integrity in Malaysian society, as well as to check whether the local government counteracts divisions among the discussed nation. Basic information about Malaysia and an analysis of indicators relevant to the assessment of the social development of the country in question are also presented. The paper also describes selected socio-economic problems occurring in this country. Opportunities for economic and social development of Malaysia in the coming years were also presented. The text is mainly based on research: Budowa państwa w warunkach wieloetniczności. Przypadek Malezji [State Bilding in Multi-Ethnic Conditions. The Case of Malaysia] by Ewa Trojnar, Problem nierówności dochodowych i ubóstwo w wieloetnicznym społeczeństwie Malezji [The Problem of Income Inequality and Poverty in the Multi-Ethnic Society of Malaysia] by Paweł Glinik and Sexuality Education in Malaysia: Perceived Issues and Barriers by Professionals by Zahra Fazli Khalaf, Wah Yun Low, Effat Merghati-Khoei, Behzad Ghorbani. Conclusions were presented that Malaysia, due to its intensive economic evolution, is perceived as a strong ally in the international arena. It was also noted that the country in question could be a role model for partners and poor countries in this region of Asia. Unfortunately, differences in the legal situation of individual ethnic and racial groups, economic disproportion or lack of quality education (even sex education) lead to social stagnation. The solution may be the implementation of selected Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations, which will consolidate the further development of Malaysia and improve the general well-being of citizens. Implementation of these measures may be the way for Malaysia to become a leader in Southeast Asia, but it requires many social changes that should be implemented as soon as possible.

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Pierwsza i ostatnia emigracja. Próba porównania

Author(s): Mieczysław Dąbrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2022

The article “The First and the Last Emigration” is an attempt to describe the differences and similarities between the first wave of economic emigration from the late nineteenth century and a similar wave from the end of the 20th century, increased in 2004 after Poland joined the European Union. On the basis of literary texts - in the first case by the main positivist writers, and in the second by numerous texts written by migrants themselves - the author examines issues such as the place and function of religion in emigrant circles, the categories of patriotism, xenophobia, tribalism, language and identity of emigrants.

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Изпълнение на целите на ООН за устойчиво развитие 2030 в условията на криза

Author(s): Petya Dankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

In the last three years, humanity has been faced with crises that reflect on a number of aspects of social and economic reality. This article discusses the UN sustainable development goals 2030 (SDGs 2030) and the challenges to their achievement in the context of today's global crises - the COVID-19 pandemic and the military conflict in Ukraine that broke out in early 2022. Key data about each of the SDGs 2030 point unequivocally to the fact that their realization seems more and more challenging, and even impossible. The conclusion is that humanity is facing economic, social and environmental challenges, the resolution of which requires good will and consensus on the part of all world leaders.

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The Role of Digitalization in the Airline Industry Performance AMID COVID-19: Evidence from Emirate Airline Balanced Scorecard Performence

Author(s): Babatunde Adekunle Okuneye,Oluwatosin Olatunji OGUNYOMI-OLUYOMI / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

A number of studies in the digitalization-organizational performance literature have evaluated airline performance from the traditional performance theory; yet, fewer studies have evaluated the role of digitalization to optimize organizational bottom line performance. In view of the importance of digitalization-organization bottom line performance, this study empirically evaluates the role of digitalization in the airline performance before and during COVID-19 using the balanced scorecard performance model in the sample study, Emirate airline between 2015 and 2020. Importantly, multiple Pearson Product Moment correlation and descriptive statistics methods were used to estimate the relationship among the balanced scorecards performance. Also, the differential impact was used to show the differential impact and recovery period between before-COVID and during COVID-19 on the balanced scorecards performance. The empirical results showed that the role of digitalization practices is more effective in non-financial bottom lines than financial bottom line at both before and during COVID-19 in this study. Further, the study concluded that digitalization practices before COVID-19 enhances non-financial bottom lines than financial bottom lines whereas the role of digitalization practices during COVID-19 enhances neither financial nor non-financial bottom lines in Emirate airline. Therefore, this study recommends the need for Emirate airline management to further intensify and integrate digitalization practices across all the balanced scorecard bottom lines, especially the financial bottom lines such as revenue, operating cost and net debts to remain immune from current and future external shocks as well as become financial and non-financial sustainable.

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Detrimental Implication of Micromanagement

Author(s): Oluwasegun Abraham Solaja,Daniel Oluwaseun OYALAKUN,Omobolanle Omotayo SOLAJA,Olajide Moses OLASUBULUMI,Ogunfowora Abimbola ITUNUOLUWA,Olajugba Oluwapelumi John / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

The concept of micromanagement might appear suitable to managers, but it does more harm to employees than good. This study examined the detrimental implication of micromanagement on employee performance by obtaining data from one hundred and eighty-six non-teaching staff of a public school in Nigeria. A statistical package called RStudio was used to analyze the data. The study discovered that micromanagement harms employee productivity, retention, and satisfaction. The study suggests that managers should ensure employees have maximum autonomy when assigned tasks.

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Migrant Remittances, Growth and Poverty Reduction: ARDL- Bounds Test and Granger Causality Approach

Author(s): Nurudeen Abiodun Lawal,Emmanuel Aderinola Adegun,Timothy Ayomitunde Aderemi,Rasaki Stephen Dauda / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

This study examines the relationship among remittances, growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria. Secondary data from the World Development Indicators was utilized from 1981-2019. ARDL Bounds test and Granger causality techniques were employed in analyzing the objective of the study. Consequently, the major findings in this study could be submitted as follows: GDP per capita has a positive and significant relationship with migrant remittances. Furthermore, economic growth motivates poverty reduction in the country. Hence, it could be concluded that migrant remittances and growth are important economic variables that drive poverty reduction in Nigeria. Moreover, following the emergence of these important findings, these pertinent recommendations are therefore made for the policymakers in Nigeria and Africa by extension, that whenever poverty reduction is the goal of these policymakers, implementation of the policies that would stimulate sporadic inflows of migrant remittances should be embarked upon. Similarly, policies that will ensure double digit growth rate in sustainable manners in the country should be embarked upon by the policymakers.

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Valoarea auditului public - teorii și dovezi empirice

Author(s): Marius Cîmpan,Cătălin-Paul Păcuraru-Ionescu,Sorin Nicolae Borlea / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2023

This study is a review of the main issues in public audit. The theoretical concepts of operation, organizational differences, national and regional peculiarities, visions of specialists in the field, etc. are investigated. Practically all states in the world have institutions or commissions with the ability to check the bodies that work with public money. There are three basic models based on which any superior entity in the public audit functions: Westminster, the board of administration, and Napoleonic. Obviously, variations may appear. However, there are more and more trends of structural and functional similarity of higher institutions. Their sources are classified into three types of isomorphism: coercive, mimetic and normative. For a deeper analysis, we did not limit ourselves to findings of the structures, but we even addressed the theoretical bases of the necessity or value of the public audit. Within the broader framework of neo-institutional theory, we have reviewed six economic and administrative theories that could explain the demand for public audit: agency theory, signal theory, assurance theory, management control theory, governance theory, and confirmation theory. In order not to remain only in the strictly theoretical framework, we also discussed the opinions of specialists working in the field, expressed through a questionnaire administered by the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions. The conclusions try to foreshadow some future trends in public audit, under the pressure of current economic transformations.

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Analiza comparativă a rezultatelor financiare și a prețurilor acțiunilor companiilor listate la Bursa de Valori București în anul 2022

Author(s): Marian Siminica / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2023

The evolution of trading prices of stocks is influenced by a multitude of factors, some of which are specific to each company (such as financial results, dividend distribution rate, various events that influence its evolution, etc.), while others are of a macroeconomic nature (global economic or political events, general market trends, etc.) or emotional. The intensity of the influence of these factors differs from one company to another, as well as from one period to another. A lot of uncertainty in financial markets marked the year 2022. The amplification of the inflationary phenomenon, the energy crisis, as well as the risks generated by the conflict in Ukraine, made investors reluctant in the stock market, taking positions of „wait and see”, often avoiding making major decisions. At the same time, numerous companies, especially those in the energy sector, achieved exceptional financial results, far exceeding what they had obtained in previous years. Although, according to financial theory, there is a close relationship between financial results and the evolution of trading prices of stocks, the results of the study carried out for the year 2022, including the companies listed on the main market of the Bucharest Stock Exchange, do not confirm such a relationship. Although net profit increased significantly in 2022 compared to 2021, trading prices did not follow such a trend, being in decline for most of the analyzed companies.

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IMPROVING LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE THROUGH FINANCIAL AUTONOMY AND ACCOUNTABILITY AT NIGERIAN STATE

Author(s): Abiodun Richard Obisanya,Korede Ibrahim Hassan / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2022

Globally, the practice and performance of local government has been said to be a sure but effective strategy for ensuring governance and development at the grassroot. Interestingly this is different to the Nigerian experience, our local government system remained imprisoned by financial miscarriage, mismanagement and its effect has negated one among the reason deter for the establishment of local government which is to bring development closer to the grassroot populace. The objective of the study is to see how improved local government performance can be enhanced through strengthening of their autonomy and financial accountability with Lagos state as a focus. This study is basically theoretical and it’s based on institutional and stakeholder theory. The study discovered financial control in local government remains at its lowest ebb, scarcity of resources and lack of political leadership among others. It recommends among others that the state joint local government account should be revisited to deliver local government from the claws of the state government and grant her autonomy, Also local government needs to enshrine transparency in their finances to enhance performance, exploit internal sources of revenue generation and e-payment, e-receipt as measures to promote financial accountability in the system. The study concluded that the contribution of financial accountability will facilitate the smooth provision of public social service at the local government, control corruption and enhance both the financial and political autonomy of the local government.

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MONETARY INFLATION AND FISCAL SPENDING IN NIGERIA

Author(s): Anu Keshiro Toriola,Walid Gbadebo Adebosin,Adegboyega Sule Oyewole,Felix Aberu / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2022

In Nigeria, fiscal expenditures continue to grow without a corresponding increase in revenue. This has worsened fiscal sustainability resulting in high rate of deficits and severe inflationary pressure. In this study, we examined the relationship between monetary inflation and fiscal spending in Nigeria using time series data from 1981 to 2016. Following ex post facto research design, we employ Least Squares (LS) technique in the estimation while line graph, normality test, correlation analysis were used in the preliminary analysis. Data for the model in which inflation was made a function of government recurrent expenditure, government capital expenditure and interest rate were collected Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The findings indicates that government capital spending (𝛽𝛽=-0.778665, t=-10.1298, p<0.05) exert a significant negative effect on monetary inflation in Nigeria, money supply (𝛽𝛽=1.556819, t=2.7021, p<0.10) exert a significant positive effect on monetary inflation in Nigeria. However, government recurrent spending (𝛽𝛽=-1.0005, t=-0.1970, p<0.10) exerts no effect on monetary inflation in Nigeria. The result suggests that inflation do not grow with the growth in fiscal spending a results which implies that government fiscal spending has not reach a level that it can stimulate inflation and that, inflation is indeed monetary phenomena in the country. Therefore, government needs to discourage all non-productive expenditures since fiscal spending has been shown to be ineffective neither in raising aggregate demand nor stimulating inflation. Also, contractionary monetary policy as well as economic diversification and import reduction policies that can bring about stable inflation rate should be revitalised.

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Theoretical Foundations of the Dependent Monetary Regimes

Author(s): Nikolay Nenovsky / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

The purpose of the present article is to present a comprehensive framework to analyse main characteristics and institutional forms of the dependent monetary regimes. A country’s monetary regime is an extension of its geopolitical and geo-economic place in the international system. The dynamic monetary dependence/independence of a particular country is a direct continuation of, as well as ‘serving’, the (geo) political and economic dependence/independence of that country. That dependence does not mean that small countries do not benefit from this type of monetary and political regimes; on the contrary – in most cases it is the most appropriate, so to speak, “optimal” form which, if skilfully managed, minimises losses under a given external structural constraint. As a rule, in dependent countries, external sources of money supply dominate domestic sources. Peripheral and dependent countries cannot borrow on international markets in their own national currencies. They borrow in major world currencies and become vulnerable to currency (exchange rate) risk. The inflow of external capital, in turn, requires a corresponding stable institutional and political environment. Therefore, the external equilibrium (external stability), i.e., the state of the balance of payments and especially its financial (capital) account, as well as the dynamics of the exchange rate, become central parameters for the development of the peripheral countries. It is interesting to add that the imposition of a dependent regime in small and peripheral countries is accompanied by the imposition and dissemination of economic views, theories and ideas (“economic narrative”), which legitimise this new monetary regime and prepare the imposition of a certain economic development model.

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CAUSALITY ANALYSIS OF INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE, CAPITAL EXPENDITURE AND FISCAL STRESS IN THE NIGERIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Author(s): Gbenga Babarinde,James Olatunji Ajao,Olusegun Adegoke Adewusi,Haruna Hassan / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2022

Fiscal stress is the difference between internally generated revenue and the total expenditure. Whether internally generated revenue, and capital expenditure of government explain the phenomenon of fiscal stress still remains a puzzle particularly in the Nigerian public sector. This study investigates the causal link between internally generated revenue, capital expenditure and fiscal stress in the Nigerian local government between 1993 and 2020. The Toda and Yamamoto Granger non-causality test was applied to the annual time series obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria’s statistical bulletin and the results indicate that capital expenditure has significant effect on fiscal stress in the Nigerian local government, with a unidirectional causality running from capital expenditure to fiscal stress. However, there is no causal relationship between internally generated revenue and fiscal stress in the Nigerian local government in the study period. It is therefore concluded that capital expenditure is a determinant of fiscal stress in the Nigerian local government. There is therefore the need for the Nigerian local governments to properly harness its capital expenditure and resources towards boosting their revenue-generating capacity. In managing fiscal stress, particular attention should be paid to the capital expenditure incurred by the local government in Nigeria.

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Marketing Ethics on the Market of Mobile and Banking Services in Bulgaria

Author(s): Teofana Valentinova Dimitrova,Trayan Yosifov / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

The main purpose of this paper was to present part of the results of a survey of end consumers’ perceptions regarding ethical marketing behaviour on the market of mobile and banking services in Bulgaria. Some of the most important findings of the survey were that the banking sector demonstrated better performance in terms of the marketing ethics applied to clients compared to the telecommunication sector; the instances of unethical marketing behaviour ranked among the top three reasons for consumers’ decisions to change their mobile operators or terminate their relations with a banking institution; the respondents’ age affected their level of agreement with the statements related to marketing ethics. Furthermore, a brief analytical review was made of the situation in the two sectors studied.

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Does Discretionary Spending and Ethical Responsibility Guarantee Customer Loyalty

Author(s): Babalola Oluwayemi Oginni,Kolawole S. Ajibola,Bayode Olusanya Babatunde,Florence B. FAMOLU / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

Customer loyalty is still a major concern to organizations despite the various activities of manufacturing firms in their various host communities. Given this, this paper examines the relationship between discretionary spending, ethical responsibility and customer loyalty. The descriptive survey research design was adopted in the study. The unit of analysis was International Breweries and a purposive sampling technique was used to select sample for the study from the target population. The stakeholder theory was the underpinning theory. The result revealed that there exists a strong significant positive relationship between discretionary spending, ethical responsibility and customer loyalty. Based on the findings, it was recommended that organizations should have a standing committee to oversee the proper implementation, monitoring, control, and evaluation of their discretionary spending and ethical responsibility activities.

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Customers` Service Skills and Customers Loyalty: Evidence from Selected Deposit Money Banks

Author(s): Abideen Olayinka Shodiya,Joseph Olushola Ojenike / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

The study examines the impact of customers’ service skills on deposit money banks’ customer loyalty in the Abeokuta metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study specifically examines the effect of problem-solving, verbal and non-verbal communication skills on customers’ loyalty. A survey research design was adopted for the study with an infinite population from three leading deposit money banks. A sample size of 384 was determined using Cochran’s (1977) sample size formula, and the convenient sampling technique was used to select 128 respondents from the designated banks. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from the respondents, which was analysed using descriptive statistics and Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM). The result revealed that problem-solving skills and verbal communication skills had a significant effect on customer loyalty. Non-verbal communication skills had an insignificant effect on customer loyalty. The study concluded that customer service skills significantly influenced banks’ customer loyalty. It was recommended that the banks’ management intensify effort towards building customers’ trust, train staff on how to deal with different customer types and ensure they are committed to doing whatever it takes to satisfy customers.

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Financial Inclusion and Growth of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: Evidence from Nigeria

Author(s): Olusola Enitan Olowofela,Olawale Erioluwa Kuforiji,Olalekan Daniel Odekeye,Kehinde Isiaq Olaiya / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

Financial inclusion involves decreasing the number of unbanked population through series of activities that will enhance the participation in the financial system. The objective of this study is examining financial inclusion and its implications on growth of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria from 1992 to 2020 using data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The study used the classical linear regression model using Ordinary least square (OLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) to analyse the data. The outcome of the analysis revealed that the growth of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria is positively and significantly influenced by financial inclusion. The findings further revealed that government needs to steer up efforts in ensuring the dissemination of all banking services to reach everyone at affordability fees regardless of income group and location.

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Firm Performance Attributes and Quality of Financial Reporting of Listed Non - financial Firms

Author(s): Johnson Kolawole Olowookere,Jimoh Ibrahim,Oyewole Oladunni AJIBOYE / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

This study examines the influence of firm performance attributes on the quality of financial reporting of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria within the range of 2012 and 2020. The research design adopted was an ex post facto. A sample size of 72 firms was selected to make up the 648 observations. Descriptive statistics and fixed effect panel regression were used to establish the link between the identified independent variables and the quality of financial reporting. The outcomes reveal that return on asset is connected with the quality of financial reporting positively and significantly while revenue growth influence the quality of financial reporting negatively and significantly. In line with the outcomes, this study suggests that the management of Nigerian non-financial firms should maximize the benefit of their revenue growth chances to issue standard accounting information which will precisely avail expanded chances for the growth of the business.

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Role of Female Labour Participation in Reducing Income Inequality in ECOWAS Sub-Region

Author(s): Emmanuel Aderinola Adegun,Sunday Festus Olasupo,Ishola James Aransiola,Toluwani Grace KALEJAIYE,Timothy Ayomitunde Aderemi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This study examined the nexus between female labour participation and income inequality in ECOWAS sub-region between 1990 and 2019. Consequently, Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares and Pairwise Panel Causality techniques were used to estimate the objective of the study. The findings from this study are summarized as follows; two (2) of the three (3) indicators of female labour participation- labour participation rate and female employment in service showed a positive and significant relationship with income inequality in ECOWAS sub region. In addition, no feedback relationship exists between any indicators of female labour participation and income inequality in ECOWAS sub region. Meanwhile, a bidirectional causality exists between female educational enrolment and female employment in the service sector. Also, female educational enrolment Granger causes female labour force participation. In the light of the above findings, the following recommendations were offered for the policy makers in ECOWAS sub region and African policymakers, at any time the goal of these policymakers is reduction of income inequality, the labour market policy should be structured in such a way that will give preference to women in the recruitment process. Also, the policymakers should prioritize giving of scholarship to female folks, this will drive a rise in female education enrolment. As such, more educated women will participate in the labour market and consequently earn more income, thereby leading to the reduction in income inequality.

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CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING

Author(s): Marilena Doncean,Gheorghe Doncean / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2022

The intermediate results of this study supplement the rather narrow research in the field, which has sought, based on theoretical and practical approaches, to contribute to shedding light on the mechanisms of modern practices in managers’ creative thinking and the related principles and values. As we are nowadays heading towards a liberal knowledge-based economy in which the role and significance of scientific and technological knowledge for economic activity has changed radically, there are increasingly more opinions supporting the need to redefine theoretically the concept of creative thinking and place it within a more complex system than the traditional one. Creative thinking is essentially a complex mental activity that results in a particular product, it is the mental capacity of the human individual to achieve new things, in different forms: theoretical, scientific, technical, social, etc., to reveal unknown facts about reality, to develop original approaches and solutions to solve problems and to express them in unique personal forms. The research conducted as part of the present study has identified a current need for creative practices, highlighting the personal capacity to identify and manage effectively one’s own skills, abilities, and qualities in relation to one’s personal goals (career, family, education, etc.). The approach ranges from the conceptual to the methodological dimensions to explore the experimental field, which includes: information, comparative analyses, inductive and deductive testing of the ideas and interpretations supported by real situations. This study of great topicality and originality can be considered a concrete support for researchers, academics and managers in what is an interesting field of economy.

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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE PROMOTION OF FEMALE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGERS TO SENIOR POSITIONS

Author(s): Iris Ron / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2022

The qualitative research was conducted through personal interviews with female HR managers working in the high-tech industry in Israel. The questions are designed to understand the barriers to the career advancement of human resources females to senior positions in the organization. Women mostly staff the human resources field in Israel and the rest of the world. As women took a larger share in human resource management in high-tech companies, they remained at the rank of middle management, which did not correspond to the extensive scope of their positions. The question arises as to why the department responsible for human capital does not have enough representation at the top. The organization's management and are not part of the policymakers in the organization? This study examines socio-demographic factors such as age, motherhood, education, and professional factors such as years of seniority and experience in relevant tasks, as well as their perceptions regarding the importance of the human resources profession in the organization. The conclusion regarding motherhood and children in all age groups was unequivocal that they are not a barrier to career advancement but quite the opposite. In the professional aspect, human resources females advance to senior positions when their attitudes towards themselves are positive, and they are confident in their ability to fulfill the role of vice president in the best way.

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