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This article surveys the Anglo-Norman vocabulary. We will focus on the enrichment and change of the English vocabulary brought about by the contact with Norman French after the Norman Conquest. We will provide examples of lexical imports from French, to show the extent of the borrowing phenomenon and how the English language survived the French linguistic invasion.
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Known in the evolution of Romanian society as a crucial moment of transition from feudalism to capitalism, the year 1848 marks, alongside the bourgeois-democratic revolution, important changes in the study of Romanian grammar. It is a moment for research, for effervescence and philological controversy which, taken together, had to find ways to modernize the literary language.Five grammars are published in 1848, of which the most important are those of Nicolau Bălășescu și P. M. Cîmpeanu. They fall into the category of those works which aim at popularizing grammatical concepts and represent a significant step in determining specialized terminology.
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The obituary in honour of Professor Nicolae Felecan, a leading figure of the Romanian higher education and the scientific world, has got two parts. The unconventional part evokes the human side and the personal relationship between the author and the honoured professor, while the conventional one illustrates his research and teaching activity for over half a century. The first section takes the form of an essay because of the connection the author had with the deceased, which goes beyond a strictly professional relationship by turning it into an emotional one, due to the degree of kinship.
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The paper deals with the first studies of the Slavonic-Serbian lexis. Although beginnings in the study of the Slavonic-Serbian language, including the lexis of the given period, are tied to the 1960s, Serbian linguistic scholars often disregard the fact that research had occurred even before. In relation to this, the author puts emphasis on the positions and thoughts on the Slavonic-Serbian lexis of these first linguists, as well as first literary critics and historians during the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Special attention is given to their relationship to the non-popular lexis – lexical slavisms, on the one hand, and to foreign and loan words coming from non-Slavic languages, on the other hand.
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Having in mind the fact that the research of Serbian literary linguistic idiom from the 18th and 19th century indicates that slavenisms were not used only when it was necessary to fill in the so-called onomasiological gaps, but their use had a particular stylistic function, the central issue of this paper is the issue of the functionalization of slavenisms and their relationship towards the genre (literary artistic, publicistic, administrative and scientific), primarily in Slavic Serbian texts, with a short introduction regarding various interpretations of this concept in Serbian studies. Having in mind the fact that the research of Serbian literary linguistic idiom of the 18th and 19th centuries has been fragmentary, the paper offers both a synthetic view of what has been established in the field so far and it also indicates possible future tendencies in those genres that have so far not been the subject of a more detailed analysis.
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The Sinti are a minority of the Gypsy population in Hungary, but their cultural, linguistic and social characteristics make them a well-identifiable group among other Romani-speaking Gypsy groups, different from the majority. In the first part of this paper, we present the sources dealing with the Sinti from a scientific-historical perspective, mainly from a linguistic point of view, from the 16th century to the present day, describing the different names of the Sinti and the historical and etymological dilemmas related to them. Then, drawing on our fieldwork data, we analyse the external and internal ethnonyms, surnames and related strategies that are important tools for the social and linguistic (self-)identification of the Hungarian Sinti.
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The Senian Lent Book (1508) is the Croatian translation of the "Quaresimale" (1474), the collection of Lent preachings delivered by the Italian Franciscan Roberto Caracciola (1425-1495). The Senian Lent Book was translated on the Croatian from the Italian by Senian canons Pero Jakovčić and Silvestar Bedričić and afterwards printed in the Senian glagolitic printing-house. Until recently the Senian Lent Book was exceptionally scantly referred in literature. Some cultural and historical informations, like the place and time of its printing, typographers, description of the translation, used to be found in the works of P. Kolendić, A. Nazor, Z. Kulundžić, M. Bogović and some other authors, while its language was treated with rather superficial judgements, such as by emphasizing its belonging to the national (Croatian) language, without entering deeper into its structure. The author's intention, however, was not the analysis of the Senian Lent Book language on the levels, but he just took the adjectives as a subject of his linguistic analysis, primarily from the morphological point of view. So, he gives a list of the suffix morphemes and the situation in the Senian Lent Book compares with that in the Croatian Glagolitic non-liturgical texts of the 15th and 16th c. The morphological analysis has clearly displayed its belonging to the Croatian morphological system, the stylized chakavian dialect basedthe chakavian idiom of Lika and Senj, and some Old Slavic expressions, otherwise very rare, appear most frequently in stable sintagmatic words.
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View, Knowledge, Word: The Container Image-Schema Applied to a Case of Proto-Indo-European Polysemy. The present discussion aims at reconsidering the theoretical process of knowledge in some ancient Indo-European languages in the light of the prerequisites offered by cognitive linguistics and prototype theory. Thanks to the dynamic pattern of the Container Image-Schema – which is a primitive mental structure – some historical outcomes of a polysemic Indo-European root will be discussed in order to place them within the continuum of the semantic space in which the container is located.
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La contribution traite de la composante phytonymique dans le dictionnaire manuscrit latin-illyrique (croate) de Pavao Vitezović (1562-1713). On s'est propose d' etudier les noms des plantes qui n'ont pas trouve leur place dans le grand Dictionnaire de l'Academie croate de Zagreb et qui par cela temoignent des phytonymes aujourd'hui oublies ou des variantes des noms dejä existants. En outre on donne des phytonymes ä valeur synonymique qui illustrent la tächa s'est proposee Vitezović d'englober les trois parlers qui, selon sa profonde conviction, constituent la langue croate (les dialectes čakave, käi'kave et štokave).
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Ivan Milčetić (1853-1921) ist einer der bedeutendsten kroatischen Philologen am Ende des 19. und dem Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er war ein hervorragender Ethnograph, Literaturhistoriker, einer der bekanntesten Forscher der kroatischen Glagoliza und — Philologe. In dieser Abhandlung wird über seine philologischen Ansichten gesprochen: über seine Rolle in den Standardisierungsprozessen der modernen kroatischen Schriftsprache, über seine Stellungnahme gegenüber den Dialekten und einigen Beiträgen in der Forschung von kajkavischen und čakavi-schen Dialekten. Es wird besonders auf seine prinzipiellen Ansichten in der Erforschung des Sprachphenomens und auf die Präsentation der Sprachproble-matik in den Schulbüchern hingewiesen.
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In the article the author analyzes the distribution of psalms in Lobkovic's psalter of 1359 (Lob) on certain services of days and weeks. The psalms are usually preluded by the oldest psalm antiphonies. Appart from these two most stable constituent elements of every hour Lob does not register other parts which form the physiognomy of the hour as: hymns, responsories, capitularies and orations, which were found in separate collections. The division of psalms on hours correspondsto their distribution in liturgy books of the Western church from the sixth century on. Lob is written over the whole page. This is characteristic for the old way of codex writing. Large initials mark the beginning of psalms, their traditional ornaments remind us of the Romanic decoration of Latin codices thus giving Lob the patina of great antiquity. In Lob codex the psalms are divided into common services for holidays of saints of all categories. They contain all elements which form a corpus of certain hours so that part of Lob, f. 99v-159v Commune sanctorum, shows the Franciscan redaction of the breviary of 13th century, in which all old collections of elements of certain hours were integrated. Ps 113 is replaced by Ps 116 on I. Evening, the ninth responsory of the Morning is replaced by the hymn Te Deum while all hours have only one final oration. Such a structure is seen in 17 services in Lob, in the services which honour saints who have no office of their own. Nevertheless the service in the honour of Saint Trinity differs from others as it has an older composition of hours with three long hours: I. Evening, Morning with laudations and II. Evening. These hours have their own orations. Two of them, the first and the third have been extinguished. The first and the second have been recorded by old Roman and Ambrosian sacramentaries of 9th century. Saint Trinity office contains language rarities such as: Spasb instead of Isus, prefix vi instead of iz, p repositioning instead of po. This implies that Lob belongs to the oldest Krk i. e. Vrbnik cycle of Glagolitic liturgic codices. More Glagolitic fragments of the breviary of older redaction with many extinguished orations (Vrbnik and Trst fragments of 13th century) originate from this cycle. These prayers obviously connect Croatian Glagolitic liturgic codices with Cyrillo-Metho-dian literary liturgic fond of 10th or at the latest 11th century when a translation of Old Church Slavonic sacramentals, the books of the oldest mass prayers common to Old Church Slavonic liturgy books, existed.
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Zwischen den seltenen Feiertagsnamen, die durch den romanischen Adjektiv san(c)tu(s) und dem Namen eines Heiligen gebildet werden, ist auf den Apsyrditen der Feiertagsname Sutvija bestätigt. Der Autor leitet es auf diese Weise ab: *santu Vidu > *SQtvid + -ja > *Sutvidđ > Sutvija. Die Anpassung dieses Namens verweist auf eine romanisch-kroatische Sprachsymbiose, die bis zu Ende des X. Jahrhunderts stattfand. Sie bestätigt indirekt die friihe kroatische Anwesenheit auf dieser Inselgruppe. Die alten Bestätigungen der romanish-kroatischen Sprachsymbiose findet der AUtor auch in anderen Toponymen diesen Typs auf dieser Inselgruppe. Es wird besonders über den Kultus des St. Vid diskutiert sowie über die Bräuche verbun-den mit der Verehrung dieses Heiligen und seines Feiertages — Sutvija-.
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Reflecting on the work of linguist Anna Wierzbicka about words and meanings, this paper invites not only specialists but also the common reader to ponder over the dead-ends to which some ethnocentric approaches have so far led and to consider the need for a new theoretical framework that will open new vistas. We seek to promote a new, meaning-based approach to the study of Macedonian language, as a historically shaped universe of meaning and to reveal Macedonian’s cultural underpinnings and their implications for the modern world. This reflection speaks out openly and firmly in defense of the notion of culture and the need for culture theory to describe culture-specific conceptual and behavioral patterns characteristic of a particular culture.
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The article presents the results of a phonemic-graphemic analysis of German official job titles in the Latin proscription entries from the turn of the 15th century, which come from the Book of the proscribed people from the New City of Thorn/Toruń, and were written down in the Silesian dialect of Early New High German. Due to the analysis, it could be proved that the text contains the majority of the standard Early New High German features as well as the dialectal structures and the sound changes which are characteristic for the Silesian dialect, which spread in Central, Eastern and Southeast Europe within the context of German Eastwards Expansion. All the results of the exploration are supported with appropriate examples.
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The paper deals with the analysis of synonymous words of Protoslavic origin that distinguish different Serbo-Croatian dialects (the lexemes are excerpted from The Questionnaire for the Serbo-Croatian Dialectological Atlas). Some of these lexemes have strict geolinguistic characteristics and are connected with certain areas, which allows for the assumption that they performed the same differential function in the Proto-Slavic language. The areas of the other lexemes are often diffuse, and sometimes synonyms of this type co-exist in the same dialect. Therefore, we can assume that these words may have been synonyms found in the same lexical system in Proto-Slavic as well. Most synonyms were created by semantic or lexical innovations that replaced archaisms, while the rest probably consist of parallel creations.
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In an attempt to relate Pavle Solarić, a somewhat marginalised and forgotten fi gure in the history of the Serbian language standard, to an actual place, this paper analyses the foundations of the language standard he established in a wider cultural and philological context. It puts special emphasis on his philological, grammatographic, and etymological principles, as well as on his views about the structure and orthography of the future Serbian language standard. Being a representative of the Enlightenment among Serbs, with his remarkable erudition, wide range of interests, confi dence and philological precision, inspired primarily by Dositej Obradović’s tenets of the standardised Serbian language, Pavle Solarić established a model basis for the future reformative interventions. Therefore, he should undoubtedly be considered one of the fi rst in a long line of scholars whose ideas contributed to the eventual constitution of the standardised Serbian language.
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This article examines a fragmentary Christian text from Turfan written in Uyghur which contains an embedded Syriac magical text intended to be used for corralling a horse. Aft er giving a transcription and translation of the Syriac passage and setting it in its literary context, including the role of amulets and other magical texts in the history of Syriac Christianity, the article discusses the angelic name Saraqael found in the Syriac extract, in an effort to trace the origins of the text. Excurses are given on the book of I Enoch and the Book of Giants, the first because the angelic name is found in it, the second because of its connections with the Aramaic and Central Asian cultural zones. The article then examines another text where the angelic name occurs, the Pishra de-Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa, before discussing possible links to other Syriac amulets and incantation bowls.
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The paper presents the linguistic elements, more exactly the characteristics of phonetical, morphological, lexical elements and the poetic form in Mihály Vörösmarty’s translation (1839) of the tragedy Julius Caesar written by William Shakespeare. Analyzing Vörösmarty’s translation we can also observe the richness of the literary language of the Hungarian reformist era.
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The present study aims at approaching the way in which a translator’s “working memory” (Kosma 2007) is grafted onto pre-existing specialized “library” competences, contributing to the enrichment of what we shall call lexicographical memory, in the process of creating a second revised and augmented edition of a Bilingual Dictionary of Orthodox Christian Terms, both Romanian-French and French-Romanian (Dumas, 2020) whose first edition was published ten years ago. This specific memory retrieves words from the common lexicon of the source (and target) language, transformed into specialized terms via their use in the discursive contexts of religious, Orthodox Christian, terms that we shall analyze in this article. Thanks to its permanent, formative evolution, in diachronic as well as in synchronic backgrounds, it activates, engenders, establishes and constructs the lexicographical memory we elaborate on in this research paper. At the same time, we shall define usage as a form of language memory being actualized at the level of discourse through the linguistic and terminological options of the authors and translators of spiritual, theological and liturgical texts pertaining to a religious Orthodox type of discourse, as we have named it elsewhere (Dumas, 2018).
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This paper, which transfers the terms Germanus – Romanus from Western to Southeastern Europe, with a particular focus on Romania and Hungary, proposes an etymological analysis of the Hungarian ethnonyms német and oláh and the Slavic ethnonym vlah while documenting their emergence in surnames from Romania and Germany. The Germans call themselves Deutsche and their language deutsch, from the Germanic *theudiska, Middle Latin theodiscus, diutiscus (meaning ‘pertaining to one’s own people’), Old German diutisk, and Middle German diut(i)sch, tiutsch. Other peoples gave them names that referred to their tribes (e.g., French allemands, Finnish saxa, Serbian bavaraci) or their behaviour (e.g., Slavic nemcy, which initially meant ‘foreigner, speaker of another language, one who does not speak Slavic, dumb’ and later also acquired the meaning of ‘German’). In order to differentiate themselves from the Romanic peoples and their languages, the Germans started using the word welsch (Old German wal(a)hisc, 11th century) to refer to anything ‘Romanic’; later on, during the 14th century, the term acquired the figurative meaning of ‘foreign, incomprehensible’. The Old German noun wal(a)h(a) (meaning ‘Roman’), Middle German walch, walhe, comes from the name of the Celtic tribe Volcae, which lived in the vicinity of the Germanic peoples (Latin Volcae, Germanic *Walhos).In Eastern Europe, the ethnic Germans colonized during the 12th century were called němici (Russian nemetz, Bulgarian němec, Albanian nemets) by the Slavic population, the word bearing the same meaning as in Western Europe, i.e., ‘foreigner, incomprehensible, barbarian, dumb’, and later ‘German’. The Romanians were named with the Slavic term vlah(u), Hungarian oláh, Transylvanian Saxon dialect Bloch, meaning ‘pertaining to the Romanic peoples and Romance languages’, which in turn is a loanword from the Germanic languages – see Old German terms wal(ah)isc (Romanic) and walhos (Roman) that reached the Slavic peoples of the Balkans through the language of the Goths.A close examination of the surnames Nemet(h), Olah, and Vlah listed in the Romanian Telephone Directories from 2009–2010 confirms their geographical spread throughout the Romanian-Hungarian border regions, as well as in Transylvania, Maramureș, Crișana, Banat, and Bucharest. The final part of the paper analyzes the corpus of the names Nemeth, Olah, and Vlah and their variants, as listed in the onomastic database of the German Surname Atlas. With the help of a special electronic program, we managed to map the names and thus obtain the geography of each of the types of names mentioned above. The map reveals that all three types of surnames are concentrated in the same regions of Germany, namely in its southern, south-western and western territories, in the heavily industrialized areas of Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Düsseldorf–Dortmund–Duisburg, Nuremberg, and Munich.To conclude, it can be stated that surnames represent a linguistic treasure that preserves states of the languages from the Middle Ages. They can also provide important information on the migration of peoples. The contrasting pair of terms Germanus versus Romanus from Western Europe, mirrored in the pairs of surnames Niemietz, Nimsch, Nemetz versus Welsch, Welscher, Wallisch has a corresponding pair of Hungarian, Romanian, Slavic and Greek names in Eastern and Southeastern Europe: Nemeth versus Olah and Vlach.
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