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Odrażający i święci. Wierzenia o psiogłowcach w dawnej i współczesnej tradycji bizantyńsko-słowiańskiej

Author(s): Ewa Kocój / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 01/2017

Legends about mythological peoples constitute a vital theme of European folklore – the theme which has not been thoroughly investigated. The article presents the preliminary results of the study on beliefs related to cynocephali, i.e. people with the head of a dog and a human body, existent in folk mythology in the Byzantine and Slavic borderlands. I also show the relationship between the beliefs and the canonical and apocryphal texts of Byzantine and Slavic culture. The article is based on the qualitative research (analysis of ethnographic texts, interview, and observation) on cynocephali, while the results are presented in the perspective of historical and interpretative ethnography (sources from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries).

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Nad latinsko-cirkevnoslovanským glosárom k Bazilovičovmu liturgickému dielu

Author(s): Mária Strýčková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 01/2017

In this paper we attempt to point out the relation between two liturgical traditions and their languages – Latin and Church Slavic. These languages integrated confessional diversity of the national community and played a crucial role in identifying Latin and Byzantine-Slavic tradition and culture under the Carpathians. Such relation can be well observed in literary sources, written in parallel Latin-Church Slavic. The role of such texts will be examined on the bilingual liturgical work Tolkovanije Svjaščennija Liturgii Novaho Zakona istinnija Bezkrovnija Žertvy/ Explicatio Sacrae Liturgiae Novae Legis veri Incruenti Sacriﬁcii from 1815 by Juraj Joannikij Bazilovič, an Eastern Basilian monk, graduate of Latin schools and professor of theology and philosophy of Eastern clergy.

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Josyp Dzendzelivskyj v kontexte slovenskej korešpondencie (Na počesť 100. výročia narodenia jazykovedca)

Author(s): Mária Čižmárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 01/2021

The article provides an insight into the linguist Y. Dzendzelivsky´s personality through his correspondence in 1973 – 2002. The author sets aside four thematic units intertwined with the correspondence of the researcher: old linguistic reminiscence, interuniversity and inter-institutional cooperation, international Slavic language projects and publishing activities of Slavonic centres, interpersonal relations and family life.

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Prírodná katastrofa ako príležitosť k náprave

Author(s): Erika Brtáňová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03/2021

The paper is devoted to the textual analysis of the sermon »Sincere Encouragement to True Repentance and Prayer« (Věrné probuzení k pravému pokání a modlení), presented by Bohuslav Mezibrodský in the community of Lowland Slovak evangelicals in the village of Eška (Hungarian Öskü) in September 1749. The subject of the sermon is an unusual natural phenomenon – the arrival of locusts, which caused existential fears among the inhabitants and caused huge confusion among them. The same subject was elaborated by Matej Markovič senior in the poetic composition »The Mourning Song about the Grasshoppers« (Smutná pieseň o kobylkách, 1749), the analysis of which will serve us as a model.

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Declaration of the Best: A Sanskrit-Uigur Commentary on the Agraprajñaptisūtra – Reedition of the Text TT VIII H

Author(s): Jens-Uwe Hartmann,Dieter Maue,Peter Zieme / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The Brāhmī leaf in Sanskrit and Uigur (TT VIII H) from the Berlin Turfan collection, edited by A. von Gabain in 1954, suggests an Indian origin, although this cannot be definitively proven in its current form. The fragment appears to be a commentary on the Agraprajñaptisūtra, the sūtra that declares the triratna (Buddha, Dharma, Saṃgha) as the best. The preserved part is about the question of its origin or occasion (utpatti). The present new edition includes an introduction on the Agraprajñaptisūtra (I), the text, translation, and comments (III), along with the description of the leaf, characteristic usage of the Uigur Brāhmī script and thoughts on dating (II) and three Appendices (IV) on the Agraprajñaptisūtra, the *Ekāgrasūtra in Uigur sources, and the interpretation of etadagrikeṣu vyākr̥teṣu. Additionally, three glossaries (V) (Sanskrit – English – Uigur; Uigur – English – Sanskrit; Uigur – English), abbreviations and bibliography (VI) and plates (VII) are provided.

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WEZEZEN, WIŻENY, WIZUNY…, CZYLI RZECZ O POCHODZENIU NAZWY WIŻAJNY

Author(s): Wojciech Guzewicz,Leszek Moszczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2024

The article focuses on explaining the origin of the name Wiżajny. The origin of the nameWiżajny is not clear. To this day, there are ongoing discussions among academics, but not only,on the etymology, origin or first use of this word. The earliest mention of Wiżajny most likelycomes from the Middle Ages, from a Teutonic document describing a road leading from InsterburgCastle towards Lake Wisztynieckie and Lake Wiżajny (the name: Wezezen appears then). Othernames can be found in sources from 1549 (Wiżeny) and 1606 (Wizuny). In turn, the GeographicalDictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and other Slavic countries already gives the name Wiżajny.Although the origin of the name Wiżajny is not entirely certain, the fact that these lands wereinhabited by Yotvingian tribes is no longer in doubt. The historical past of the peoples of the Wiżajnyland is a reason for the justified pride of the inhabitants of their small homeland. Let this culturalheritage unite the local community, strengthen and build the identity of the place where you live.

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Dorpackie listy Jana Baudouina de Courtenay do Jana Karłowicza z lat 1887–1891, część I

Author(s): Maciej Rak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2024

The correspondence presented here includes four letters and two postcards from1887–1888, sent by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay to Jan Karłowicz. This correspon-dence concerns the Dorpat period of the life of Baudouin de Courtenay and his fam-ily. The main topics are: (1) the stay of the Karłowicz family’s eldest son, Edmund,as a boarder at the home of the Baudouin family; (2) scholarly and other relations atDorpat University and in Dorpat. The edition retains the original notation, includ-ing repetitions, crossings out and additions, which – as one can assume – will pro-vide insight into the idiolect of Jean Baudouin de Courtenay. The second part of the correspondence, including seven letters and fourteen postcards, will be published inActa Baltica-Slavica in 2025.

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DIFFERENTIAL CASE MARKING IN OLD IRISH: NOMINAL AND PRONOMINAL ARGUMENTS IN VALENCY ALTERNATIONS

Author(s): ELISA ROMA / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

This chapter addresses from a typological perspective case marking of different types of arguments in Old Irish, drawing on the framework of the Leipzig Valency Classes Project (Hartmann, Haspelmath and Taylor 2013; Malchukov and Comrie 2015, ValPaL) and using datasets from Corpus Palaeo- Hibernicum (Stifter et al. 2021, CorPH), supplemented by the Würzburg Glosses. Old Irish is first shown to score high for inflectional behaviour of person according to Nichols’ (2017b) typology of person marking, so that nominal and pronominal arguments are systematically kept apart as to their case marking. The Old Irish values for Nichols’ 42 data-points are given in the Appendix. The contribution then deals with argument marking in relation to valency changes, focusing in particular on alternations with a sample of labile verbs (notably ar·oslaici ‘open’, fercaigidir and londaigidir ‘get angry’ and ‘make angry’, fo·botha ‘get scared’ and ‘frighten’) and with a sample of ditransitives. The data show that a distinct labile behaviour is attested only with pronominal arguments indexed on the verb, so that this alternation comes close to a coded alternation, according to the typological distinction drawn in ValPaL. On the other hand, the promotion of the recipient-like argument to direct object is allowed only with a small set of verbs (notably guidid ‘ask for’, for·cain and múinid ‘teach’), it often combines with argument omission, and is again frequent with pronominal objects, but rather follows the Extended Animacy Hierarchy (Croft 2022). Since, however, the total number of occurrences of nominal arguments for each verb is not very high, a larger corpus would be necessary to conclude that these tendencies were in fact well entrenched in Old Irish grammar.

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PREPOSITIONLESS DATIVES IN OLD AND MIDDLE IRISH: THE INSTRUMENTAL, ACCOMPANIMENT/INCLUSIVE AND APPOSITIONAL DATIVE

Author(s): ELLIOTT LASH / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

The early Irish dative case is typically found after prepositions, but there are a number of non-prepositional usages. Three of these are explored in this chapter: the instrumental dative, the dativeof accompaniment or inclusion, and the dative of apposition. The main goal of the chapter is todescribe the syntactic distribution and features of these constructions, compare their similarities anddifferences, and ultimately to sharpen the classification of these three usages of the dative intodistinct constructions. The bulk of the chapter concentrates on the third construction, the dative ofapposition, in which the dative-marked nominal is found in apposition chiefly to a pronominal item.Because this pronominal is virtually obligatory, comparison between the early Irish appositionaldative and a typology of similar “adnominal pronoun constructions” in other languages is made. Amajor contribution of the chapter is to show that there are various number and person restrictionsthat are placed on the pronominal antecedent but these restrictions are subject to diachronicvariation. Finally, the dative of apposition is contrasted with the nominative of apposition, which isshown have a distinct syntactic structure.

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THE DIACHRONY OF WELSH SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Author(s): MARIEKE MEELEN,DAVID WILLIS / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

In many languages, independent pronouns become reduced to inflectional affixes which areultimately lost, resulting in the creation of new independent pronouns. The loss of null subjectstherefore often goes hand in hand with a loss of agreement morphology on the verb. Inflectionalmorphology has remained virtually unchanged from the Middle Welsh period up to the present day,but whereas null subjects were frequently found in the earliest period, in Present-day spoken Welshovert pronouns are generally preferred. In this article we present a pilot study of the history ofsubject pronouns in Welsh based on six annotated texts from the Parsed Historical Corpus of theWelsh Language (PARSHCWL) from three different time periods (fourteenth, sixteenth andeighteenth centuries), as well as in translated and non-translated texts. We show that null subjectsare favoured in all periods and use a mixed-effects logistic regression model to test which factorshave an effect on whether the subject pronoun is overt or null and if this distribution changes overtime.

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POSSESSIVE AGREEMENT IN INSULAR CELTIC

Author(s): Ranko Matasović / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

Possessive agreement is a pattern of NP-internal agreement in which certain features of thepossessor (usually person, number and/or gender) are marked twice within the NP: firstly, on thepossessive marker itself (e. g. a possessive pronoun) and secondly, on another morpheme, whichobligatorily agrees in those features with the possessive marker (Corbett 2006: 47). This type ofagreement is not common in Indo-European languages, but it is in Uralic and several otherlanguage families in Eurasia (Koptjevskaja-Tamm 2003). However, Goidelic and Brittonic haveconstructions falling under the above definition in which the pronominal possessor can bemarked by two pronominal elements which have to agree in person, number and (in the thirdperson singular) gender. In both languages, the first pronominal element is the procliticpossessive pronoun. In Old Irish, the second pronominal element referring to the possessor istraditionally called the “emphasizing particle, or nota augens” (Thurneysen 1946: 252–3,Griffith 2008), and it distinguishes the same categories as the possessive pronouns. The secondpronominal element in Middle Welsh is identical to the stressed simple personal pronouns. Thispaper investigates the phenomenon of possessive agreement in Insular Celtic by examining thefrequencies of possessive constructions with agreement in selected Old Irish and Middle Welshtexts, and seeking to establish the pragmatic functions of these constructions. Additionally, bylooking at the earliest attestations of constructions with possessive agreement it will be shownthat it is unlikely that they should be reconstructed in Proto-Insular Celtic (or even Proto-Celtic).Rather, it is argued that possessive agreement in Insular Celtic developed as an areal phenomenonwhich arose in situations of intensive language contact that occurred in Britain and Ireland duringthe Early Middle Ages (Matasović 2007).

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GRAMMATICALIZATION AND THE ETYMOLOGY OF OLD IRISH OCUS ‘AND’

Author(s): AARON GRIFFITH / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

This paper integrates a philological investigation of Old Irish coordination with cross-linguisticaccounts of the phenomenon in order to offer an etymology Old Irish ocus ‘and’. It is suggestedthat Pre-Irish employed ocus in a comitative coordination strategy (i.e. ‘A with B’). This started outas a nominal and adjectival coordinator. Late in the prehistory of Irish, this coordinatorgrammaticalized as the all-purpose ocus ‘and’ (i.e. ‘A and B’) that is found in Old Irish texts.

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ON THE SYNTAX OF THE LIGHT-HEADED NOUN PHRASES IN THE OLD IRISH GLOSSES: DEALING WITH MISSING DATA IN CORPUS LINGUISTICS

Author(s): CARLOS GARCÍA-CASTILLERO / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

The Old Irish glosses in contemporary manuscripts are the most reliable evidence for Old Irishsyntax. These glosses convey discontinuous utterances that depend on the Latin text to which they are attached. One of the most obvious consequences of this discontinuous and textually dependentcharacter is that the glosses very often convey what we could consider incomplete utterances, i.e.linguistic units that do not have the status of an independent clause or sentence.When it comes to the study of NPs and their syntax, we face cases in which a gloss consistsonly of a bare NP. This paper deals with these isolated NPs, in particular, with those that areintroduced by the light heads intí, aní and aN, and defends the idea that these NPs constituteutterances that may be considered as complete, as against the initial impression, and therefore, thatthey may be considered for an inquiry on the syntax of Old Irish NPs.This paper covers the following points: a basic quantitative description of the distribution ofisolated light-headed NPs and the introduction of the notion of ‘missing data’ (cf. Osborne 2013:128‒129); a discussion of the notion of ‘free NPs’, i.e. apparently incomplete but meaningfullinguistic units; an overview of the linguistic features of isolated NPs, in particular animacy, whichis a statistically significant factor explaining the difference between isolated/dislocated light-headedNPs, which are more often animate, and intraclausal light-headed NPs, which are more often neuter;an outline of a wider investigation of all OIr. NPs in order to check if the above-mentioned statisticalskew is in fact more general, i.e. that animate NPs are more likely in general to appear as free NPs.

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ON THE RELATIVE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES IN OLD IRISH

Author(s): PATRICIA RONAN / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

This study examines the relative order of adjectives in Early Irish and seeks to determine thepreferred order of adjectives in the noun phrases in a corpus of Old and Middle Irish. To date, toolittle research exists on this topic in Early Irish: grammars of the language typically determine theoutline of adjective use, and some recent research investigates factors determining pre- or post-modification (Linnemeier, 2024). Yet so far little is known about the distribution of adjectives incorpus data and which factors influence distribution. In particular, the question which role is playedby date of composition or text category has not received enough attention.Thus, the current study uses a corpus-linguistic approach to determine the distribution ofadjectives in a tagged corpus of Old and Middle Irish, the POMIC corpus (Lash 2014). To do so,the corpus search interface CorpusSearch 2 (Randall 2009) is used to detect complex noun phraseswhich involve one or more adjectives. The study provides some evidence for diachronic variationin the use of adjectives in Old and Middle Irish corpus data, but larger databases are needed todetermine the relative influence of genre and time of composition. There are some indications,however, that previous mention of a concept and the use of parallel structures in other languagesmay influence prefixed or postnominal position of adjectives.

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OUT OF SCOPE? – INDEFINITE NOMINAL SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS PRECEDING THE NEGATIVE MARKER IN MIDDLE WELSH

Author(s): RAPHAEL SACKMANN / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2024

While the diachronic development of negation in Welsh has been subject to extensive research(see Willis 2006, 2013, in particular), Middle Welsh negative (matrix) clauses are under-researchedin a synchronic perspective (Poppe in press). There is no consensus on syntactic analyses of verb-second negative matrix clauses, especially those with subject-verb and object-verb order.In (Modern) Irish, native speakers generally interpret comparable “Narrative Fronting”constructions with scope of negation over a fronted indefinite. However, in Middle Welsh, instancesof wide-scope indefinites can be found, while scope relations are potentially ambiguous in others.For object-verb clauses, matters are further complicated by the occasional presence of an additionalobject clitic. This chapter draws attention to such arguably challenging Middle Welsh examplesand discusses possible interpretations of indefinites with respect to the notion of topicality, as wellas complexities of their related syntactic analyses. With an attempt to relativize apparentlyconflicting views in previous research, potential syntactic structures are specified, primarily withrespect to non-topical indefinites that, at least on the surface, appear to be out of scope. For these(and other phrases occurring in this construction, occasionally also definites), a syntactic derivationis formulated, which can arguably be compared with certain Focus Fronting constructions in otherlanguages.

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Українське мовознавство 1920-х років та совітська українізація (на матеріалі “Записок Історично-філологічного відділу ВУАН” [1923–1931])

Author(s): Julia Rysicz-Szafraniec / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 16/2024

Since the adoption of the Law on Language in Ukraine in 2019, the direct taskof which is to ensure the state status of the Ukrainian language, unprecedented measureshave been taken to resolve still very painful issue – strengthening the status of the nationallanguage in an independent Ukrainian state. These measures have been compared by manyscholars with the Ukrainization of the first quarter of the last century. Despite the consider-able achievements of Ukrainization at that time, it culminated in repressions against manyUkrainian linguists, whose research was banned for the next half century. The resumptionof the demand for previously silenced scientific works is one of the urgent tasks in modernUkrainian linguistics. Our analysis is also aimed at the implementation of the latter, the main purpose of which is to illustrate the scale of the 1920s. reforms of Ukrainian linguistics (onthe example of the leading scientific journal „Записки Історично-філологічного відділуВУАН”). A cursory goal is also to show in which linguistic niche the Ukrainization intro-duced by the Soviets contributed the most.

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Да 100-годдзя “Граматыкі беларускай мовы” Браніслава Тарашкевіча

Author(s): Larysa Hedzimin / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 2/2018

Article is devoted to Branislau Tarashkyevich and “The Belarusian Grammar” which cele- brates 100 years of age this year. Branislau Tarashkyevich was a highly educated citizen, a staunch patriot, a big organizer, one of the main politicians of his time, a devoted publicist and a talented translator. He is famous for writing the first book on Belarusian grammar. “The Grammar...” that was published in Vilnius covers the main language levels (phonetics, morphology, syntax, derivation, spelling) and highlights the distinctive features of Belarusian. “The Grammar...” was the first book where the spelling and grammar norms of Belarusian were formulated. It contributed to the development of publishing and school education as well as laid the groundwork for future handbooks on the Belarusian language. “The Grammar…” wasbanned for quite a long time that’s why it is since 1960 that its research has begun. Historically modern Belarusian has two spelling traditions, which does not contribute to the established spelling. That’s why more linguistic work is needed.

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Słownik historyczny terminów gramatycznych online jako baza materiałowa do badań nad kształtowaniem się polskiej terminologii gramatycznej

Author(s): Wanda Decyk-Zięba,Izabela Stąpor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2024

This article is focused on the first online Historical Dictionary of Grammatical Terms, which is being created by the Department of the History of Polish Language and Dialectology at the University of Warsaw and the Laboratory of the History of Language at the University of Warsaw, and is funded by the NPRH project. The authors of the dictionary aim at collecting terms from as many sources as possible and to create a database that would enable researchers to rewrite the history of Polish grammatical terminology but also to show its formation contextualized across different time periods. Additionally, we hope that the material will allow us to estimate the contribution of individual grammarians to codifying Polish grammatical terminology. The article presents the general idea of the lexicon, its design, and the structure of the dictionary, which allows multifaceted queries of the database.

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Development of Slovenian Linguistic Terminology in Grammars of Slovenian

Author(s): Mitja Trojar / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2024

This article presents the main stages of the development of Slovenian linguistic (grammatical) terminology in Slovenian grammars. The overview covers the most prominent Slovenian grammars written in different metalanguages between 1584 and 2017, from Adam Bohorič’s first grammar of the Slovenian language Arcticae horulae succisivae de Latinocarniolana Literatura (1584) to Kozma Ahačič’s most recent grammars Kratkoslovnica and Slovnica na kvadrat (2017). The outline is followed by the results of an analysis of the terms that denoted key grammatical concepts in the period 1768–1916, which demonstrated that most of the terms for the concepts in question had been stabilized by the end of the 19th century.

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Gwarowe dopowiedzenie juści / a juści jako przykład leksykalizacji dawnych struktur składniowych

Author(s): Kazimierz Sikora / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2024

A significant part of the Old Polish heritage in terms of lexis typical of spoken language, confirming the primary nature of Old Polish, has irretrievably disappeared in modern Polish, which has been shaped under the overwhelming influence of writing and patterns of indirect communication. This generally known fact is confirmed by Krystyna Kleszczowa’s research (Kleszczowa 2015; Kleszczowa, Szczepanek 2014) on the genesis of particles and the contents of the “Dictionary of Forgotten Functional Expressions” (Pawelec 2015). In this situation, the researcher can turn to dialects which often better preserve lexical mementos of past ages. This is also the case with the dialectal affirmative complement (and particle) juści/a juści. The author of the presentation attempts to establish the genesis, semantic structure and categorical value of this unit, which shows functional similarity to the standard Polish expressions: a jakże, oczywiście, właśnie, no pewnie, etc.

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