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Juraj Dolník a slovenská lingvistika 20. – 21. storočia

Author(s): Oľga Orgoňová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: XXXII/2023

Juraj Dolník (born on 20 August 1942) ranks in the number of top Slovak linguists. He is a scholar in general linguistics, Slovak studies, and German studies. Within synchronic Slovak studies, he has devoted special attention to lexicology and to the aspects of cultural stylistics, social linguistics, and linguistic pragmatics. His ideas about language culture have become significant stimuli for the Slovak linguo-cultural theory and language-advisory use. He laid the foundations of linguistic otherness studies in the Slovak linguistic environment. The introduction presents Dolnik’s basic biographical data, professional and professional development, characterises the main areas of his scholarly, broadly interdisciplinary work, and highlights his focus on the practice of language use. The second part characterises Dolnik’s interdisciplinarity and deep orientation in philosophy, psychology and sociology in relation to the linguist‘s knowledge of language and its functioning in contemporary communication.

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Double Negation as a Verum Focus Effect in a Negative Concord Language

Author(s): Mihaela Cristescu,Emil Ionescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (39)/2024

The paper proposes an answer to the question of how a language of (strict) negative concord may evince double negation reading in negative clauses with N-words. The question is justified, because according to Giannakidou (2006), languages of strict negative concord cannot express double negation.Romanian is a language of strict negative concord and no consensus exists among researchers, as far as the double negation reading of negative clauses with N-words is concerned. For this reason, we designed and conducted an experiment which shows that double negation is an interpretive option in negative clauses with N-words, even if it is not recognised by all the native speakers. Our experiment also reveals that speakers’ interpretive options with respect to this topic are very diverse. In order to account for them, we propose a theory that explains the duality negative concord/double negation. The theory consists of a number of rules which pairs the prosody of the N-words with their meaning and use. The theory relies on two theses: (i) N-words in Romanian are universal quantifiers sensitive to negation and scoping above it; (ii) emphatic accent on N-words in Romanian marks either the wide scope of the N-words with respect to negation, or the speaker’s verum attitude (Höhle 1992) towards the interlocutor’s utterances. In the literature, the verum attitude is called Verum Focus. When emphasis expresses verum focus, it means agreement or disagreement of the speaker with the truth of the utterance held by the interlocutor. Disagreement amounts to rejecting the truth commitment. If the interlocutor’s utterance is negative and contains N-words, rejecting the truth commitment is asserting its opposite. This yields the double negation effect.In the final section we compare our approach to other solutions already proposed in the literature, and prospect the chances of extending it to other negative concord languages.

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La centralité du langage et la lecture

Author(s): Christian Tremblay / Language(s): French Issue: 1 (39)/2024

We’ve set out to explore the notion of “language centrality”, a notion virtually non-existent in linguistics, whose theoretical implications, at linguistic, semiotic and philosophical levels, deserve to be explored, but whose consequences for educational policies seem to us of the utmost importance.On a theoretical level, the notion of “centrality” leads to a radical change of perspective, and an absolute challenge to the semiotic triangle as a mode of representation of the relationships between the real world, ideas and words, a mode of representation that is so well established in people’s minds as to be common sense.At the political level, analysis reveals that many educational policies, by neglecting the importance of language skills in the child’s development process, are in fact dead ends, leading to disastrous social consequences. Decades of effort are needed to reverse the trend and correct errors that have been widely highlighted by advances in neuroscience.

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Uwagi wstępne na temat mongolskiego rękopisu „Opowieści króla Bikramidżida i króla Kisny” ze zbiorów Muzeum Azji i Pacyfiku w Warszawie

Author(s): Ireneusz Roszczypała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2023

The article contains introductory remarks on the Mongolian manuscript „The Tales of King Bikramijid and Kisna” (mong. Boγda Bikramiǰid qaγan Kisna qaγan qoyar-un üliger), from the collection of the Asia and Pacific Museum in Warsaw, cataloged under the number MAP 9025. The manuscript is unique, as it is probably the most comprehensive collection of Mongolian stories related to the Indian king Vikramaditya (Skt. Vikramāditya, Mong. Bikramiǰid). It seems that the creator of the manuscript wanted to collect in one work all three cycles of stories connected to the king Vikramaditya, i.e. the stories of Bikramijid, Arji Borji and Kisna. Other available manuscripts contain only one of these cycles or even a part of them. The article discusses the current state of research in the field as well as information on the Mongolian, Oirat and Tibetan manuscripts gathered in Western and Asian collections.

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Le lexique de l'espéranto : origine, stratégie et évolution

Author(s): Philippe Planchon / Language(s): French Issue: 47/2023

À partir d'une classification générale des langues construites (langues auxiliaires internationales ; langues a priori ou a posteriori ; schématiques ou naturalistes), l'article envisage la situation particulière de l'espéranto, qui est passé de l'état de projet de langue à celui de langue vivante. La prise en compte du domaine lexical permet de voir les choix opérés par le concepteur initial de la langue, notamment en termes de convergence et de divergence étymologique, et par suite, de comprendre les potentialités d'évolution offertes aux locuteurs. Nous proposons d'interpréter cette incomplétude initiale de façon positive, comme le résultat d'une stratégie pensée afin de rendre possible l'évolution ultérieure de la langue. Les tendances qui s'efforcent depuis lors de réorganiser le lexique (afin d'augmenter la régularité interne de la langue, ou bien de préserver la fidélité aux langues sources) sont le témoignage de cette position d'équilibre instable initialement souhaitée par le concepteur de la langue.

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Variante të hershme doktrinare në një kontekst të historisë së letërsisë së shkruar shqipe

Author(s): Evalda Paci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2018

The doctrinal versions as a subject of this article are works that mark real important achievements in the history of Albanian writing and book culture in Albanian. These are catechetical handbooks that chronologically follow the publication of Gjon Buzuku’s book (1555), while making it possible to trace other reference models that have served to compile or adapt such works. Six hundred, the century/ of the publication of the doctrine of the Covenant of Pjeter Budi (Rome, 1618) is impregnated with events associated with fundamental changes both in the conception of the transmission of doctrinal notions and in the self-publishing of books representing Roman ritual, breviary etc. It is also noted in this article the importance of studying the publications and reprints of specimens related to the Christian faith and the daily liturgy, as well as the continued use of a specific terminology for the daily practice of this liturgy. Of particular interest is the contribution of Gjon Nikollë Kazazi (1743), but also the efforts of other authors despite they compiled their modest works some centuries later, retained in general the essential elements of a time-initiated liturgical and theological lexicon before.

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Kształtowanie się pojęcia przyroda i jego odzwierciedlenie w polszczyźnie – leksemy: przyrodzenie, przyroda i natura

Author(s): Beata Raszewska-Żurek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

The article is devoted to the history of the notion przyroda (ang. nature) on the basis of a diachronic ana- lysis of the meanings of the lexemes przyrodzenie and natura. Both are polysemic and refer to the notion only in part. It seems that the term przyroda developed slowly in the minds of Polish speakers. Its first, single traces can already be seen in the Old Polish language, but until the 18th century there are few attested traces. Howeever, it can be said that at the end of the 18th century, the term przyroda took the shape it is known for today, following which, in the 19th century, it gained a new linguistic representative – the borrowed word przyroda. The reasons for the slow formation of the notion przyroda are probably complex. They may be linguistic – lack of a specialized, own exponent but also extralingual – cultural and axiological.

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Słownictwo rzemiosł skórzanych w XIX-wiecznych ukraińsko-niemieckich słowniczkach Ilki Magury

Author(s): Agata Skurzewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2024

The aim of the article is to present the lexicon of leather crafts recorded in Ilko Magura’s Ukrainian-German dictionaries dating back to the 1860s. The Ukrainian language ma- terial came from the Zhovkva district, within which the author’s hometown, Uhniv, was located. The inhabitants of this village had been engaged in leather crafts for centuries, primarily tanning and shoemaking. The 19th-century shoes called uhnivtsi were popular and famous throughout Galicia. Dictionaries are dominated by vocabulary related to the process of leather tanning and the subsequent production of shoes. It includes the names of craftsmen, tools and devices, shoe parts, materials and substances, for example, as well as activities. Through these records we learn the specialist vocabulary of leather crafts presented in the linguistic reality of the largest shoemaking center in 19th-century Galicia.

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Pesty Frigyes helynévgyűjteménye

Author(s): Csilla T. Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: XI/2024

In this study the author presents the toponym collection-movement initiated and organized by Frigyes Pesty in 1864-1865, and the results of this movement. The author reviews the antecedents of the toponym collection-movement, the emergence of scientists’ interest in toponyms, and the announcement of the first scientific plans to systematically collect toponyms. These drew Pesty’s attention to the collecting of toponyms, and ‒ as an important scholar of the era, with the qualities of a good organizer ‒ he managed to gather the first collection of synchronic toponyms from the territory of the entire country more than one and a half century ago. The result was more than sixty volumes of manuscripts, the largest collection of synchronic toponyms up to the present. The second part of the study refers to the impacts of this scientific achievement, the consequences it had, the use of the collection and the editing of the volumes that have been preserved as manuscripts until now.

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The etymology of the Turkic ev, eb, üj etc. ‘house’

Author(s): Jakub Łukasik / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

This paper collates and reviews previously proposed etymologies of the Turkic word ev, eb, üj etc. ‘house’. Moreover, as the etymology of this lexeme is still uncertain, it aims to once again analyze the available material and attempts to establish a convincing etymology. Another important aim of the paper is to clearly demonstrate which issues connected with the topic can be considered established and which require further study.

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„Přitahují mě bílá místa“. Rozhovor s prof. Janou Pleskalovou

Author(s): Michaela Boháčová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

Interview with prof. Jana Pleskalová

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Vlad II Dracul: An Ottoman Turkish Name in Book VI of Hašt Bihišt

Author(s): MUSTAFA DEHQAN / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 2/2023

It has been recognized that the Ottoman chronicle of Idrīs Bidlīsī (1457–1520), the Hašt Bihišt, was replete with religious concepts, imagery, and allusions from outside the “Persian language” of Idrīs’ Hašt Bihišt in which many non-Persian forms and expressions had found their natural place. Idrīs had no hesitation to use Arabic words, terms, and quotations for especially those cases where the structure of the text (as a sophisticated and hyperliterate text) would not fit in any paradigm of classical Persian. It is only the Ottoman Turkish language that he strongly refused to use. The present short note deals with an Ottoman Turkish name in Idrīs’ Hašt Bihišt VI, indicating that because the Ottoman Turkish language (as the main language of his sources) was so rich and vast, despite his deliberate efforts he could not escape its influence.

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Aspecte ale cercetării limbilor relicte paleobalcanice şi a idiomului trac

Author(s): Ecaterina Pleșca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (323)/2024

This article deals with some aspects related to the relict languages from the Paleo-Balkan cultural and linguistic space, highlighting some defining features of the studied area. Aspects are revealed about the place occupied by the Thracian language and Paleo-Balkan idioms are revealed following the dismemberment of the Indo-European linguistic domain. Special attention is paid to the Thracian idiom and the place it occupies among the relict languages of the Paleo-Balkan area. The article emphasizes the Indo-European and Paleo-Balkan character of the Thracian idiom, of its northern branch, Thraco-Dacian, and its participation, along with Latin, in the formation of common Romanian/of the Romanian language. For the most part, the article presents a synthesis based on some important works in the field concerned.

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THE LEMMAS AND INFLECTIONS OF OLD ENGLISH L-NOUNS

Author(s): LAURA MARTÍN DE LAS PUEBLAS YANGUAS,ANA ELVIRA OJANGUREN LÓPEZ / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this work is to lemmatise the inflectional forms of the Old English nouns beginning with the letter L. This aim entails the classification of inflectional forms by declension type. The sources of the study comprise dictionaries and corpora of Old English, including the York corpora as well as ParCorOEv2. An open access annotated parallel corpus Old English-English. The methodology relies on database software, used for gathering and classifying information, which is structured, standardised, and made available for searches and information retrieval. The data include 1,657 inflectional forms, 1,639 of which are lemmatised with this method. A total of 1,149 inflectional forms are classified by type of declension and assigned to 435 lemmas. Most of them are declined according to the as-declension and the a-declension. The main conclusion of this study is that the lemmatisation method comprising linguistic analysis with lexical databases as well as a combination of lexicographical and textual sources of Old English produces solid results. From the methodological point of view, the master lemma list of ParCorOEv2 is adequate for lemmatisation, as lemmas from this list have been assigned to all inflectional forms except 17. On the descriptive side, three new lemmas must be added to the current inventories to lemmatise the nouns beginning with the letter L.

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О промени сјеничких ходонима са ономастичког и социолингвистичког аспекта

Author(s): Tamara Tubic / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2024

From the onomastic and sociolinguistic aspect, this work examines the way of changing of hodonyms of Sjenica, considering the decision which was made in this city in 2019. which said that each street should have its own name (unlike the previous situation which meant that several different sections of space, that could be called streets, had the same name).The result of that was the increase of hodonyms in Sjenica from 51 to 204. By using on the spot work and analytical statistical method (which included the examination of material obtained on the spot), it was obvious that there were 24 hodonyms left, and on the other hand, 180 of 204 new names were completely new hodonyms. Considering that Sjenica is a multinational environment, it was important to notice the role of Serbian on one and Bosnian-Muslim provenance on the other side. It is very important to say that when we think of the issue from the linguistic point of view, it was examined to what extent the hodonyms of toponymic and anthroponymic origin are represented. It was also examined into which sphere of history and life we can place street names of anthroponymic origin.

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HAMARTIA : An error of judgement or a character flaw?

Author(s): Nastas Jakšić / Language(s): English Issue: 52/2023

What is the meaning of ἁμαρτία in Aristotle’s Poetics (1453a7-22)? It is generally interpreted either as an error of judgement or as a character flaw, although no firm conclusion has yet been reached. The principal investigative problem lies in the fact that Aristotle offers no definition of ἁμαρτία whatsoever, for in the Poetics it is merely stated that the demise of the tragic hero comes to pass neither through badness (κακία) nor villainy (μοχθηρία) of his own, but rather due to some error (δι ̓ ἁμαρτίαν τινά). In order to overcome the interpretative limitations imposed upon us by the lack of relevant textual evidence in the Poetics, we intend to analyse Aristotle’s use of the cognate word ἁμάρτημα in the Rhetoric as well as the Nicomachean Ethics, and thereby construct an exhaustive definition of ἁμαρτία itself. Ultimately, it shall be demonstrated that ἁμαρτία is indeed an error of judgement.

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О адаптацији имена грчког порекла у српском језику (на корпусу ексцерпираном из извора од XIV до XXI века)

Author(s): Jugoslava Rakić-Mladenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2024

The paper examines the adaptation of names of Greek origin in the Serbian language. Names taken from the Greek language, passing from one language to another, had to go through a certain type of adaptation. Adaptation of names took place in different ways, first of all by adapting to all the phonetic laws of the language they enter and by adapting to its grammatical structure. The analysis was done on a corpus extracted from historical monuments and from statistical data of the Republic Institute of Statistics until 2012 (for the period from 1940 and earlier until 2011), from which a selection of the most frequent Greek and Greekized names in the Serbian language was made out of 14th to the 21st century. Characteristic phenomena in the process of adaptation of names of Greek origin and those that entered the Old Slavic language through Greek were analyzed from the phonetic and morphological aspects with adequate examples of names in which these phenomena occur. The adaptation of the name is presented through the forms given first in the Old Slavic language, which were then transmitted in the same form or further adapted in editorial literacy—in the Serbo-Slavic language (post-Lere Sava norm) and finally in the modern Serbian language. In the tabular representation, the forms of the names in the Greek language are also given in order to gain a better insight into the adaptation process.

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T1G2 in the Ongi Inscription

Author(s): Li Yong-Sŏng / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The word T1G2 occurs three times in the Ongi Inscription. The sentences containing T1G2 have been interpreted in a variety of ways, with no single reading thus far being deemed satisfactory. A notable aspect of the Old Turkic script is the presence of two distinct characters for the majority of consonant sounds, one representing a back-vocalic and the other a front-vocalic sign. Given that T1G2 occurs on three occasions, it is plausible that the individual(s) responsible for inscribing the text may have deliberately employed this format. The author hypothesizes that T1G2 in question represents the Turkic rendering of the Chinese character dí 敵, which translates to “enemy; hostile.”

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