Ze staročeské „kuchyně“ – k původu slova kuchař

Author(s): Štěpán Šimek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2017

The article discusses the origin of the Old Czech word kuchař ‘cook’. The analysis suggests that the word was probably neither derived from the non-recorded Old Czech word *kuchati ‘to cook’, nor from the attested Old Czech verb kuchati ‘to eviscerate’. The semantic and wordformative analysis of the Old Czech word-formative group containing words based primarily on the lexical item kuchyně ‘cuisine’ shows that the word kuchař is most likely a loanword from Middle High German adapted to the Old Czech lexical system, specifically to the group of lexemes containing the suffix -ař (comp. Old Czech rychtář from Middle High German rihter etc.).

Salvete plus decies v rukopise 34/42 svatojakubské knihovny v Archivu města Brna

Author(s): Irena Zachová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 44/2014

This article deals with Codex 34/42 of the Brno St. James Library held by the Brno Municipal Archive. The manuscript contains the complete text of the New Testament, pericopes ofthe Gospels and Epistles, a short Latin-Czech dictionary of „difficult words“ of the NT, anda part of the Old Testament. Verses reading Salvete plus decies may have been added to themanuscript shortly after it originated. It has been found that these verses are not one whole –they represent two medieval poems – a greeting and an elogium dedicated to the priesthood.The Brno wording is rather rare; hence, the article brings an edition of it as well as a translationinto Czech.

Josef Truhlář a česká středověká literatura

Author(s): Jindřich Marek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 44/2014

This article is devoted to the work of the Custodian of the Prague Imperial-Royal University Library (now the National Library of the Czech Republic) Josef Truhlář (1840–1914, at the library 1865–1907), who is known as the author of still used catalogues of manuscripts and monographs on humanism in the Czech Lands. The study focuses on Truhlář’s less known scientific work he carried out as a literary historian and editor in the field of medieval Old-Czech and Latin literature.

Slovenský etymologický slovník

Author(s): Jiří Rejzek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2018

De la conceptul de sens la tipologia textuală

Author(s): Iulia Mihaela Tămaş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

This article approaches the subject-matter of meaning, respectively the correlations arising between the sign- both as signifier and signified-and the referent, by means of surpassing the constraints of sentence- statements, the characteristics of meaning and the networks that the latter determines in the organization of the text, the manner in which the meaning is created within the text depending on the the updating process of all the types of relations: pragmatical, semantic and syntactic,as well as the extent to which the semantic-syntactic features of the text become strategies of textual typology.

GRAMMATICAL ORIENTATION CORRELATED WITH REGISTER: AN ANALYSIS FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Junichi Toyota / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Languages can be classified into three types, e.g. situation-oriented (e.g. Russian, Chinese, etc.), speaker-oriented (e.g. Bulgarian, Turkish, etc.) and hearer-oriented (e.g. English, Danish, etc.) (Durst-Anderssen 2005, 2006, 2008). In this paper, it is argued that the difference in spoken and written discourse can be compared to different patterns in these classificatory types, and historical changes in register can be explained through changes in these types. Due to gradualness of changes, one can find overlap in features, but orientation types presented here can be a useful indicator of register, especially from historical perspectives.

Functional Transposition of ‘ON’ from a Diachronic Perspective

Author(s): Yurii Kovbasko / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2022

The paper represents a distinctive attempt to trace the development of the preposition and the adverb ‘on’ as the initial and transposed categories. The study focuses on their evolution throughout 16 historical time spans – since 850 and up to the present time. The research is based on 7 954 Old English, 2 368 Middle English, 4 251 Early Modern English examples, which have been obtained from the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts and analyzed without applying any corpus software; 174 581 examples of Late Modern English from the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, which have been processed by means of the Lancsbox software tool; and the statistical data on 7 118 454 examples of Present-Day English retrieved from the Corpus of Historical American English and the British National Corpus. The paper attests that ‘on’ is formed at the first stage (before 850) of the Old English period as the preposition and at the next stage (850–950) is transposed into the category of the adverb, which is characterized by a further slight increase in the statistics and stabilization of its correlation with the preposition ‘on’. Correlation between the categories had remained stable up to the Early Modern English period, when the category of the adverb has started its sustainable growth, which is currently being observed in the English language. The paper proves that in Early Modern English the process of functional transposition is superseded by an utterly new stage of lexicalization which leads to formation of phrasal verbs.

A paradox of the linguistic research of Neo–Latin. Symptoms and causes

Author(s): Šime Demo / Language(s): English Issue: 93/2022

A vast majority of Latin texts available to us have been written after the Middle Ages. These writings are very diverse, culturally relevant, and interesting for linguistic research. Yet, this is not reflected in the scholarly attention given to post–medieval Latin. The research dealing with it is neither systematic nor up to date with the modern theoretical and methodological advances in linguistics. As nearly all linguists interested in Latin limit their investigations to the classical and medieval periods, the vast bulk of the texts written in Latin is severely under–researched. In this paper it is argued that the marginal position of post–medieval Latin in the research is caused by the preservation of traditional paths of work and that it is not tenable on the grounds of valid scientifi c reasoning. First, a definition of Neo–Latin is presented and the quantity of its texts is compared to the size of the ancient Latin literature. Then, a quantitative meta–analysis of several major publications in the fields of Latin linguistics and Neo–Latin studies is performed in order to determine the presence of linguistic research of Neo–Latin in them. In the following section, some important reasons why it is under–represented are singled out and contextualised within linguistic methodology and the history of the classical studies. By questioning their validity, a case is made for a full and consistent integration of the linguistic research of Neo–Latin into Latin linguistics.

Zum Wert von Interdisziplinarität bei Forschung zu Sprache und Geschichte. Dargestellt an Namenformen bei Thietmar von Merseburg

Author(s): Karlheinz Hengst / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Bishop Thietmar von Merseburg mentioned many times in his chronicle the name of a castle; Cziczani; the last time was with respect to the year 1018; in connection with the battles between Emperor Heinrich II and the Polish Regent; Bolesław Chrobry. The different texts are analysed linguistically and historically in this article; and the graphic differences are explained. Older attempts to link this Old Sorbian name for a fortification to a place name in Lusatia are examined critically. After a detailed consideration of grapheme-phoneme relations in the forms; which have been handed down; the linguistic-historical results are compared with previous archeological and historical findings. It becomes noticeable that an original settlement was fortified somewhat later; and; because of its geographical situation; was able to offer particular protection. This interdisciplinary study shows furthermore that the original Slavonic name was already abandoned in the Middle Ages and replaced by a German toponym.

Notulae etymologicae Lemkovianae

Author(s): Ľubor Králik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2022

The study was inspired by the recent monograph Lemko Etymologies (Fałowski, Hojsak, 2020) which analyses more than 520 words from the Lemko ethnolect, mostly lexicon of unclear and unreliable origin, lexicon for which new explanations may be proposed, as well as rare lexemes which had not yet been interpreted etymologically. The present article consists of 18 etymological notes in which the author discusses a fragment of the lexicon included in the monograph (additional arguments in favour of the proposed etymologies, alternative etymological explanations, attempts at interpretation of obscure lexemes). Against the background of recent advances in Slavonic etymology (more emphasis on etymological research into dialectal lexicon), the author also expresses his unequivocal support for the intended project of a comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Lemko ethnolect.

Lucjan Malinowski jako historyk języka

Author(s): Bogusław Dunaj,Mirosława Mycawka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2022

The main merit of Lucjan Malinowski is the initiation of scientific linguistics in Kraków. His research was related to dialectology and history of Polish language. The authors of the article discussed his historical and linguistic analyses. They referred to: a) publishing Old-Polish texts; b) publishing materials excerpted from the old texts; c) collecting materials for the dictionary of the Old-Polish language; d) lexicographic studies; e) language of writers.

Studiu lingvistic asupra manuscrisului Sandipa. Sintaxa (4.2.). Sintaxa propoziției (2)

Author(s): Galaction Verebceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2022

The article describes the syntactic processes that occur at the level of sentence parts. The characteristic features of complements traditionally grouped into non-circumstantial complements and circumstantial complements recorded in the text of the popular novel Sandipa, a manuscript copy dated at the end of the 18th century in the northern part of historical Moldavia and kept at the Russian State Library, Moscow (ms. Rom. 824, Grigorovici fund). Of these, I draw attention first of all to those complements that were currently used in texts belonging mainly to the 16th century, some of them retaining their properties until the end of the old period, but strongly competing, as we advance in time, by the complements later accepted, as a structure, by the current Romanian norm. Syntactic phenomena are also researched from the point of view of their presence in contemporary writings with the manuscript we are dealing with, referring, as appropriate, to the situation in the current literary language.

Actos de habla directivos y cortesía ritualizada en español medieval

Author(s): Gabriela Cruz Volio / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

The goal of this paper is to examine the relationship between politeness and directive speech acts in medieval Spanish. The analysis, which is eminently descriptive, is based on fictional literature from the13th and 14th centuries, although there are also examples taken from historical corpora. The focus first falls on the pragmatic space of directive speech acts with regards to their formal properties, contextual cues and interpersonal features. The pragmatic modifiers that either soften or strengthen the illocutionary force or affect in some way the relationship between speaker and hearer are then taken into account. Finally, it is contended that politeness in medieval Spanish has a ritual component that helps maintain the social order and construe interpersonal relationships.

Actos directivos en la comedia burguesa de costumbres del siglo XVIII: ¿hacia patrones lingüísticos y de uso modernos? I. Formulaciones directas

Author(s): Silvia Iglesias Recuero / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

This paper is meant as a contribution to the Spanish historical pragmatics. It consists of a pragmalinguistic analysis of directive speech acts from five plays of the so-called bourgeois comedy of customs introduced in Spain by Enlightenment authors in the second half of the 18th century. The different linguistic expressions of these acts, their illocutionary values and their conditions of use are studied in detail.

Formas verbales aspectuales en enunciados directivos (siglos XII‒XXI)

Author(s): María Eugenia Vázquez Laslop / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

It is described the use of Spanish aspectual verbal constructions in directive utterances between the 12th and 21st centuries. It is argued that, in addition to their aspectual values, these constructions fulfil some pragmatic functions in formal registers, especially some politeness verbal strategies in legal and administrative discourse, as well as the expression of instructions in procedural discourse. Some other illocutionary functions are found in dialogue. These non aspectual functions are documented from classical Spanish to the 20th century.

«No se dice “¿qué?”, se dice “¿mande?”». Origen y evolución de la fórmula “mande” en español

Author(s): Andrzej Zieliński / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

The objective of the study is to delve into the origin and the process of pragmaticalization of the expression mande, from a directive act of speech. Although its use is currently typical of Mexican Spanish, where with interrogative intonation mande is used to respond to the addressee‘s call or to ask the recipient to repeat the message that the sender has not understood or has not heard well, its uses are well documented in peninsular Spanish from the 16th century. With the help of discursive proximity texts (comedy, dialogue texts, etc. from 16th to 20th centuries), the author tries to find the socio-pragmatic contexts that contributed to the creation of the formula mande.

Polish Etymology: Past, Present, Future

Author(s): Jadwiga Waniakowa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The aim of the article is to describe and analyse the tasks and perspectives within contemporary etymological research in Poland. The article begins with a brief outline of the first Slavic etymological dictionaries. Next, contemporary etymological dictionaries in Poland and the contemporary methodology of etymological research are briefly discussed. Then the author refers to the digital breakthrough in etymological research and describes the present-day model of linguistic education in Poland. A sharp decline in the number of specialists in etymology is argued to be a result of the withdrawal of historical-linguistic and historical-comparative subjects in university curricula and the author suggests various ways of encouraging students to study etymology. The article finishes with a discussion of the challenges facing etymologists, including research into the roots of ancient, dialectal, colloquial, and sociolectal vocabulary, as well as the origins of the vocabulary of endangered languages, followed by suggestions for how these can be overcome in the future.

Kresy, ukraina i przyimki

Author(s): S. D. / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2022

Nazwa własna Kresy ma już dziś charakter czysto historyczny i nostalgiczny. Pochodzi odrzeczownika pospolitego kresy oznaczającego ‘część kraju leżącą blisko granicy; pogranicze’.Jest to rzeczownik bez liczby pojedynczej (plurale tantum), utworzony od rzeczownikowejpodstawy kres oznaczającej książk. a) ‘moment ostateczny, koniec jakiegoś okresu, trwaniaczegoś’ lub b) ‘granicę czegoś, jakiejś przestrzeni; kraniec’. To hierarchicznie drugie znacze-nie nawiązuje do głównego znaczenia podstawy etymologicznej leksemu kres, którym jestśr.-d.-niem. krēs ‘krąg, okrąg, obszar określony granicą kolistą’ (por. USJP 2003, II: 503, 502).Przy zapożyczeniu tego wyrazu możliwy jest także współudziałśr.-w.-niem. kreiz, niem. Kreis.

Najnowsze dzieje języka polskiego (1918-2018)

Author(s): Stanisław Dubisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2022

The latest history of the Polish language (1918–2018) consists of four phases (1918–1939, 1939–1945, 1945–1990, after 1990). In the area of extra-linguistic phenomena and sociolinguistictrends, the Polish language has evolved from the status of an elite language to a democratised code and from the double division of communication varieties (common language : dialects) tothe triple division (common language : folk dialects : mixed codes). In the area of intra-linguisticphenomena, the trends of economisation and completion of linguistic devices dominatedthroughout the history, while preserving the uniform dynamics of other trends (unification,repartition, nobilitation). These processes and specific language changes have affected allstructural layers of the Polish language system in a proportional manner, which proves theeffectiveness of optimisation processes.

The competition of languages in the Linguistic landscape of Transcarpathia in Czechoslovak Republic (1919-1939): a partial analysis

Author(s): István Csernicskó ,Csilla Fedinec / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

The study analyzes the linguistic landscape of Transcarpathia in the historical context of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republics. By analyzing a few historical photos and documents, the changes in the political and linguistic relations of the region are examined and language dominance is explored. We show that qualitative analysis can provide useful information on the different situations of languages and their speakers in the community.