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HÂBİL İLE KÂBİL KISSASI VE MİNYATÜR SANATINA YANSIMALARI

Author(s): Elif Bayrak Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2020

We learn the most accurate information on the tale of Cain and Abel from Quran. The holy scriptures of other monotheistic religions, besides Quran, also cite about the tale. The information and content that holy scriptures render form the content of the tale known and told among public. The information and content told are essentially identical while there are minor differences in details. The theme and plot of this tale have always attracted visual arts. We come up a number of works that describe the tale of Cain and Abel when investigating the works with religious motives in the art of miniature. This study involves a comparative work exploring the works of miniature depicting the tale of Cain and Abel. It has been found that these works demonstrate significant resemblances in terms of their composition layouts and constructs though they were works of different ages and styles. This can stem from the fact that the miniaturists placed the focus on the same points of information that they derived from the Holy Scriptures and stories without any fail while interpreting the tale. Another reason behind the resemblances could be the fact that the miniaturists that interpreted the tale stayed under the influence of each other and put the focal point on the same composition layouts and constructs. The miniatures involved descriptions of the origins of Cain and Abel, the narrations of Holy Scriptures and stories, the dispute between Cain and Abel, the ways to settle the dispute, their gift to God, description of crow and the murder of Cain. The study also involves the similarities and differences of the information presented in the Holy Scriptures and stories as well as the wrap-up of all information.

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Erken Ödeme İndirimi Muamelesinin Şer‘î Hükmü ve Cahiliye Ribâsı ile İlişkisi Açısından Tahlili

Author(s): Mehmet Aziz Yaşar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

The matter about whether it is permissible that there is a discount in the time loan in exchange for the advance payment is our study’s main subject. The majority of scholars accepted the aforementioned discount as the purchase of term, and accepted it as unlawful by evaluating it within the scope of interest of jahiliyyah. Some jurists thought such discount as the benefit of parties and accepted the discount as halal by evaluating it in the context of discount magistrate. The main reason of disputes about this matter is that there are two opposite hadiths. The approaches of jurists were revealed about the canonical judgment of the transaction of early cash discount in the article. In this context, the information will be firstly given about the importance of this matter, and then the subject will be tried to be enlightened as the sanad criticism is made about the aforementioned hadiths. Then, an effort was made to determine a view worthy to be preferred as the views of jurists were evaluated with their legal reasoning. In this respect, it was tried to be determined about whether there is a relationship between the aforementioned transaction and the interest of jahiliyyah.

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Hz. Peygamber’in Teşrî Nitelikli Olmayan Fiillerinin Bağlayıcılık Açısından Değeri

Author(s): Mustafa Harun Kıylık / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

In the terminology of Islamic legal theory (usûl al-fıqh), the Sunnah that is the Prophet’s words, acts and approvals, is the second source of legal provisions. The necessity of following the Prophet as a role model is deduced from the verses that remark his exemplary role for Muslims and command to obey and follow him as well as the verses, which indicate that he has duty of explaining the Qur’an. Islamic legists agreed (ijma) on that if the Sunnah is identified in certain conditions and if its source is prophethood, it is binding all Muslims. However, there are the Prophet’s humanely behaviours, such as eating, drinking, sleeping, dressing and sitting, as well as there are His experiential and non-legislative behaviours, such as trading, farming, military arrangements, opinions on war and advising a medicine for a disease. The Prophet was pointed out in the Qur’an as a good exemplary for all people. This study explains whether or not his non-legislative acts, humanly behaviours and personal experiential opinions is regarded as Sunnah and whether or not such acts would be binding all Muslims.

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Tefsirin Gayesi ve İşlevi: İbn Âşûr’a Göre Kur’an Lafızlarında Anlam Genişlemesinin İmkân ve Sınırları

Author(s): Mahmut Ayyıldız / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

Since the Qur’ān is the last divine message sent to mankind, it has a wide content that will bring those who are subordinated to it (self) to happiness in the world and in the hereafter from the day that the process of sending of revelation had been completed to the day of judgment. For, in terms of both the word and the meaning, the fact that the Qur’ān is the word belonging to Allah who knows all things whether they are in the past or future, hidden or obvious and has infinite knowledge is the clearest proof of this claim. The Qur’ān has a strong expression that will convey this content to its interlocutors in terms of language and wording. The science of tafsir, which examines the Qur’anic words in terms of the signification of meaning, aims to present this rich content that corresponds to the desire of Allah throughout the history. However, it will not be right to evaluate every information that had been declared with regard to the verses in tafsir literature within the desire of Allah. Indeed, some of these information has the aim to explain the meaning of the verse, while some of them consist of being detailed of the intention in the mind of the interlocutor from benefiting different examples of the sciences. In this context, the determinations and evaluations regarding the relationship between the meanings of the Qur’ānic words and the divinely aim will determine the function of the exegesis.

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el-Fıkhü’l-Ekber Şerhleri Üzerine Mukayeseli Bir Analiz

Author(s): Yunus Öztürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

The main assumption of the article is that sharh is a type of copyright that transcends the text rather than repeats the text. In order to base this assumption, a comparison was made between the sharhs of Abū Ḥanīfah’s Al-Fiqh al-Akbar. Abū Ḥanīfa is an important scholar who is one of the representatives of Sunnī thought. The works attributed to him have been received with interest as the bearer texts of this influence in Islamic thought. al-Fiqh al-Akbar is at the beginning of these treatises. For this reason, his treatise al-Fiqh al-Akbar was sharhed by many authors, especially during the Ottoman period. In this article, we have made a comparison between the sharhs of Abū Ḥanīfah’s al-Fiqh al-Akbar. This comparison of the Ottoman period commentators Ilyas b. Ibrāhīm as-Sīnobī, Ali al-Qārī, Abu’l-Munteha al-Magnisawī and Bahāeddinzāde were restricted. Since the analysis of four sharhs on all subjects would exceed the size of the article.

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Hâfız Kemal Batanay’ın Besteli Mevlidi

Author(s): Mehmet Öncel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

Mawlid, which has a special place in almost every field of Islamic arts, is one of the important traditions that keeps the society together. The subject of this study is the life of Hāfiz Kemal Batanay living until in the late XX. century and making significant contributions to the religious music field, and is about his music life and the notation of the first section of the Mawlid, and the musical analysis of the bahr, which he composed for the contest opened by Yeni Istanbul newspaper in 1956. Many studies have been done on the definition and history of the mawlid. Therefore, information about mawlids has been referred to related studies. The main aim of the article is to introduce this composed-mawlid, which has not been studied academically before. In this study in order to make data analysis, scanning method is applied as one of the qualitative research methods. Additionally, the data have been analyzed with content analysis method. The notation of composed mawlid was written via the programme of Finale 2014. The musical analysis of the relevant bahr was examined according to the Arel-Ezgi system.

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Öğreticilerine Göre Diyanet 4-6 Yaş Kur’an Kursları (Çorlu Örneği)

Author(s): Nuran Çınar,Muzaffer Üzümcü / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

The aim of this study is to present a picture in line with the opinions of the teachers working in these courses regarding the operation of the 4-6 Age Qur’ān Course Program. Preschool period, which contains the ground and critical points of the individual’s religious development process, has a special place for religious education studies. However, the official handling of religious education in this period coincides with a very late date in the history of education in our country compared to other educational levels. Religious education for preschool children has been officially brought to the agenda for the first time as the 4-6 Age Qur’ān Course Program started to be implemented in ten provinces - the next year, all in Turkey - in the 2013-2014 academic year. The data obtained from the application experience of the program is important to increase the quality of the program. The difficulty of exploring the world of mind of a person in that age period and getting reflective statements about any subject makes the observations and opinions of the teachers implementing this program an important source of information. Based on this importance, a focus group meeting was held in December 2018 with 27 teachers working in the Corlu district of Tekirdag. The opinions of the teachers about the courses in question are evaluated under the themes; the function of the courses, educators’ willingness to work, their educational competency, and the physical conditions of the courses.

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Soru-Cevap İlişkisi Bağlamında Hitabın Umumiliği

Author(s): Muhammed İsa Yüksek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

In the Qur’ān, it is stated in thirteen places that the Prophet was asked with the sentence “They ask you ... Say:” and answers are given to these questions. Nine of these questions are related to judgment and five of them are related to the unseen. Questions about the unseen are about past, present and future. In these verses, questions about the nature of the unseen are left unanswered, only information about how is provided. As a person who lived in the past, the question about Zulkarneyn was conveyed in ambiguous expressions and admonition themes in the Qur’ān’s own narrative style. Questions about the law consist of basic issues that determine the characteristics of Islamic society, from family law to war law, from halal food to alcohol and gambling. The answers given to these questions have escaped from particular events and turned into norms of universal law. There are also some criticisms about the questions in some answers. This study is limited to the questions and answers that come with the “They ask you ... Say:” sentence. Questions and answers are classified under the headings of law-unseen. While analyzing the related verses, the occasions of the revelation mentioned in the sources are explained. Considering the volume of the article, the subjects of the verses were considered only in terms of question-answer relationship. In this study, it is concluded that the questions pointed to by with the “They ask you ... Say:” sentence are a stylistic feature that the Qur’ān uses to pass universal answers.

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Beyhakî’nin el-Esmâ ve’s-Sıfât Adlı Eseri Özelinde Ehl-i Hadîs’in Haberî Sıfât Anlayışına Farklı Bir Yaklaşım

Author(s): Muhammet Ali Asar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

The fifth century after the Hijra is a period of time in which important figures lived whose effects on Islamic sciences reach to our time and the basic resources are compiled. At that period of time, Beyhaqī was one of the authors who wrote books on almost all of the basic branches of Islam. It can be derived from Beyhaqī’s books that he didn’t remain insensitive to present day’s matters. One of the current issues at that time was the case of attributes of Allah. The arguments related to this topic had serious effects on the history of Islamic politics and faith. Besides, the effects of these disputes are reflected on hadīth resources and it revealed a literature related to this topic. Some of the books written on this topic are named al-Asmā wa al-Sifāt. Beyhaqī wrote his book al-Asmā wa al-Sifāt to strengthen the evidences of Ahl al-Sunnah and remove bid‘ahs. In this article, Beyhaqī’s position in the history of Islamic sciences is pointed out, his book al-Asmā wa al-Sifāt is studied in terms of its content and method, Beyhaqī’s approach on habari attributes of Allah is tried to be identified. Within this scope, we are looking for answers to these concrete questions.

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İnanç Turizmi Kapsamında Aksaray Somuncu Baba Külliyesi’nin YouTube Video Analizi

Author(s): Mehmet Tuncer,Grant Altay Taşkın / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2020

Travelers are impressed by pictures, videos and writings in social media when they are choosing their holiday destination. There are a lot of religious destinations around the world and in Turkey. Thanks to the marketing power of social media, recondite religious destinations can become better known now. In this study, the aim is to find out the impact of social media on the awareness of the Islamic Complex of Şeyh Hamid-i Veli (Somuncu Baba) who spent his life mostly in Aksaray but also in Kayseri, Bursa and Malatya. In this study, “Somuncu Baba Külliyesi” is used as a keyword and the keyword is searched via YouTube. The outcome is limited by the first five video which have got viewed the most and the videos are examined using discourse analysis. Although there are many complexes dedicated to Somuncu Baba, this study only focuses on the one in Aksaray. According to the results of the research, when better video contents are created the videos will be watched more and consequently the knowledge and recognition level will increase. Thus, Aksaray will benefit from the complex much more in the context of religious tourism and cultural tourism.

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Recovering the Self from the Other: Arabs and Islam in Contemporary Arabic Translations of European Literature

Author(s): Marcin Michalski / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. Iss./2018

When a work of European literature is translated into Arabic, the language of a predominantly Islamic culture, terms referring to Arabs as a people or Muslims as a religious community, the name of Muhammad as the Prophet of Islam, etc., cease to be foreign and exotic, to become local and familiar. The present analysis of contemporary Arabic translations of Dante’s La Divina Commedia, Cervantes’ Don Quijote and Scott’s Ivanhoe, shows that these elements are not always simply returned to their native culture if the original text represents them in a negative, Eurocentric way, which can even be considered blasphemous by Muslims, but are subject to more or less significant ideologically motivated transformations. Instead of straightforward restitution to the native culture, what takes place is a kind of annexation of texts which consists in replacing the negatively portrayed “Other” by a positively, or at least neutrally, represented “We”. Such manipulations may be explicit, i.e. signalled in footnotes, or tacit. In some cases, anti-Islamic passages become even sympathetic towards Islam when translated into Arabic. In this way the authors of Arabic translations liberate the texts from the dominating Western perspective and adapt them to their own vision of the world. What appears as manipulation and censorship from the “Western” point of view may be perceived in an entirely different manner inside the Arabo-Islamic culture, for instance as a correction of obvious factual errors.

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Parenthetical Clauses In The Qurʼān

Author(s): Yehudit Dror / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

In the few traditional Arabic grammatical sources that address the term parentheticals it is usually defined as the insertion of a clause between two other clauses, or between two syntactic components, for taʼkīd “emphasis.” In this article I examine Qurʼānic parenthetical clauses in the theoretical framework of relevance theory. It transpires that the parenthetical clause is placed where it achieves optimal relevance and therfore the conveyed utterance does not require the addresses to waste any efforts trying to procees the information and correctly interpret it. Optimal relevance also means having a contextual effect. The Qur’ānic parenthetical clauses have one of the following contextual effects: They serve to affirm God’s omnipotence, indicating that only God produces suras, created heaven and earth. He is the forgiver and all depends on His will; to explain what it meant by a specific statement or to explain the reason behind a certain action; to qualify, to highlight a specific characterization, for example, one of the parenthetical clauses modify the Qur’ān as the truth from God; to provide background information, which could explain further developments in the narrative.

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Why Do Russian Women Convert to Islam?

Author(s): Izabela Kończak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The believers in Islam living in the Russian Federation are conventionally divided into two groups: autochthonous and immigrants. The first group includes Tatars and Bashkirs inhabiting Tatarstan, Bashkiria, the Volga Region, southern Ural, Siberia, and Moscow. The second Muslim zone in Russia is the northern Caucasus. Migrant Muslims are mostly incoming from neighboring states, former republics of the USSR. Their presence in Russia is based on economic grounds. Along with the abovementioned ethnic Russian Muslims, there are also Russians of Slavic origin, who have converted to Islam for various reasons. The article discusses the motivations of Russian (Slavic) females converting to Islam. The analysis is based on the quantitative and qualitative content of messages posted on two web forums: Evimturkiye.com, in a thread entitled Change of confession. I adopted Islam; and forumok.ru, in the thread A woman in Islam. The author makes an attempt to answer the question of why Russian women convert to Islam.

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The Crimean Tatar Muslim Community: Between Annexed Crimea and Mainland Ukraine

Author(s): Konrad Zasztowt / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The aim of this article is the description of the religious, cultural, social, and political situation of the Crimean Tatar Muslims both living in Crimea and outside of the Russia-annexed territory of Crimea in mainland Ukraine. The Crimean Tatar Muslims in mainland Ukraine may be divided into two categories, those who lived there before Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, and those who settled there after – internally displaced persons from Crimea. In the case of the latter, one significant reason behind their migrations is persecution against them on religious grounds. Members of the Islamic communities related to the Salafi version of Islam as well as followers of Hizb utTahrir either fled from the annexed peninsula or were harshly repressed by Russian law enforcement authorities. The mainstream group of the Crimean Tatar Muslims are adherents of Sunni Islam and Hanafi Madhab. The latter is also the main Islamic religious community in Russia, which is recognized as a legitimate form of Islam by the Russian government. However, the Hanafi Crimean Muslims are also being pressured by the authorities in occupied Crimea. The leader of their religious organisation, the Crimean Muftiat, Mufti Emirali Ablayev had to declare his loyalty to the Russian state.

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Palestinian Experiences of Shaping the Relationship between National Politics and Islamic Religious Tradition

Author(s): Magdalena Pycińska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The aim of the article is to analyse the relations between the discursive Islamic tradition and the national policy implemented in various forms by the Palestinians. I will use in this analysis the notion of the Islamic discursive tradition of Talal Asad, which emphasizes the importance of the relationship between power and knowledge. I will show how the Palestinian nationalist movement influenced the perception of the role and significance of religious tradition, and how it is experienced and practiced in different ways. Works by John O. Voll, Daniel M. Varisco, Dale F. Eickelman, James P. Piscatori and Armand Salvatore show how the current understanding of the relationship between Islam and politics is dependent on Western, top-down assumptions and political projects, and how these have distorted understanding of the processes taking place in the so-called Muslim world. My aim is to go beyond these erroneous assumptions and to reinterpret the Palestinian experience of shaping the relationship between religion and politics.

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Şehitlik Mosque and the Islamic Cemetery at Columbiadamm: Islam in Public Space

Author(s): Martin Klapetek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The issue of creating spaces dedicated to religious activities and that of the establishment of particular sections for Muslims at public cemeteries might be viewed as a single one. While researching mosques, one needs to accent the multi-functionality of the premises. The final shape of the interior and the exterior of the buildings can be understood as a result of internal and external influences. In the case of the establishment of cemetery fields, the observation of the processes of expert solutions is important. In both issues the need of community organisation is displayed. Furthermore, the long-term construction of “otherness” in the European public space is in question. The discipline of Comparative Religious studies retains the possibilities to analyse the results of the research of Muslim communities and compare them with other examples (e.g., Jewish communities, small Christian churches or new religious movements). Thus issues concerning Islam can become a part of the wider discourse concerning secularisation and the deprivatisation of religion in Europe. The paper contributes to this discussion by pointing out the interconnection of needs of the Muslim population and manifestation of uniqueness in public space.

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The Typology of Imams in the West and Imams in Poland: Past and Present

Author(s): Agata S. Nalborczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Researchers of Islam in the West have noticed that imams working since the 1950s in Western Europe or the United States assume far more responsibilities than their counterparts in traditional Muslim societies. Consequently, further research had to identify and specify the types of imams who perform their service in the West – their most complete typology is the one developed by Niels Valdemar Vinding. However, besides Finland where the Muslim Tatars have lived since the nineteenth century, the classification does not include imams from areas inhabited by the indigenous Muslims. This study is an attempt to check if the Polish-Lithuanian Tatars living in Poland who have had their imams for centuries would fit into Vinding’s typology and if this typology also would work in a diachronic perspective. Literature on the subject was the basis for the research into the situation of imams in the past. Interviews with representatives of particular Muslim organizations served as the basis for the research into the present-day situation.

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КАКО ЈЕ ОЖИВЕЛА БАРЈАК-ЏАМИЈА

Author(s): Jovana Šaljić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

There are several theories about the exact time of construction of the Belgrade Bayrakli Mosque. According to one, it was built in 1690, or few years later, as the endowment of Sultan Suleiman II, after he reclaimed the city from the Austrians for the second time. According to another theory, it was built between 1660 and 1688, while there are also some opinions that it was built in the 16th century by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, which is the least likely. In any case, since the second half of the 19th century, when the last Turkish squads left the country, after which the Principality of Serbia grew increasingly independent, it became the only active Muslim place of worship in the capital city, until this very day. Its first reconstruction, undertaken by the Serbian state, was made in 1868, and the second in 1897, after which it never stopped working, although it was restored several times more during the 20th century. Both reconstructions in the 19th century were primarily driven by higher national and political goals that focused mostly on the Muslim population, especially those of Slavic descent and language, who continued to live in those parts of the Ottoman Empire that Serbia historically and traditionally regarded as its lands and wanted to reclaim it.

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BEOGRAD I SARAJEVO: CENTRI ISLAMSKE ZAJEDNICE IZMEĐU DVA SVETSKA RATA

Author(s): Sana Migati Kozlica / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

In this article, I examine the position and role of the Islamic Religious Community (IRC) in the period after the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) until the outbreak of World War II. During this period, the Muslims in the Kingdom found themselves divided between two centers – Belgrade and Sarajevo. The central part of this article examines the polical relations between the Kingdom and the IRC, which deeply affected the status and the autonomy of IRC. In the analytical part, I apply Bourdieu’s theory of social fields, using historical sources, archival material, and demographic data. The paper attempted to contribute to a better understanding of the (dis)unity of the Islamic Religious Community in the territory of the Republic of Serbia after the collapse of the socialist Yugoslavia.

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ORIJENTALNO DOBA U KULTURI SEĆANJA SEFARDA U BEOGRADU IZMEĐU DVA SVETSKA RATA

Author(s): Ivana Vučina Simović,Marija Mandić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

After being exiled from the Iberian Peninsula (1492), large numbers of Sephardic Jews settled in the territories under the Ottoman rule, and in Belgrade after 1521, when it was conquered by the Ottomans. The administrative and political system of the Ottoman Empire made possible for the Belgrade Sephardim, as well as for other non-Muslims, to live piously and patriarchally in a separate city quarter (mahala) for centuries. They were tightly connected by family and business ties with other Sephardic communities all around the Empire, and only superficially to the members of the other ethno-confessional groups living in their immediate surroundings. The changes occurred only in the 19th century, after the modern Serbian nation-state was established, and the Belgrade Jewish community entered the process of an intensive modernization. In this article we analysed how oriental times and the Ottoman heritage were remembered in the texts describing the past of Belgrade Jews. The corpus consists of Jewish publications which appeared in Serbian language between the two World Wars. They testify to the specificity of the Jewish communicative and cultural memory which praise the position of the Jews under the Ottomans and the traditional way of life in piety and according to the patriarchal rules, but they also bear a resemblance to the discourses of the European and the Balkan orientalism, as well as of the modern Jewish authors.

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