Jedan primjer sprovođenja agrarne reforme (1918-1941) u bjelopoljskom kraju

Author(s): Avdija Avdić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 91-92/2023

Naslijeđeni agrarni odnosi Osmanskog Carstva zadržali su se na prostorima Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca sve do sprovođenja agrarne reforme (1918-1941). Regent Aleksandar je 6. januara 1919. godine izrazio odlučnost na rješavanju ovog pitanja kojim je trebalo ukinuti kmetstvo i velike zemljišne posjede. I pored nastojanja da se agrarna reforma što prije započne i sprovede, ipak se, zbog stranačkih dogovora, njeno ozakonjenje proteglo sve do 1931. godine kada je donesen Zakon o uređenju agrarnih odnosa. U ovome radu posjedi Mahmuta i Huseina Batilovića i njihovih naslednika koji su bili predmet sprovođenja mjera agrarne reforme uzeti su kao primjerove problematike u bjelopoljskom kraju.

Ономастикон драматичної поеми «Бояриня» Лесі Українки

Author(s): Tetyana Krupenyova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2018

LES ÉCHELLES SPATIO-TEMPORELLES DES PRATIQUES DE LA FRONTIÈRE. MOBILITÉS, MÉMOIRES, ET DÉVELOPPEMENT URBAIN DANS LE BANAT ROUMAIN (JIMBOLIA)

Author(s): Bianca Botea / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

I propose here to look at the transformations of a border landscape of a small town (Jimbolia, Romania), in a context of border opening after 1989 and industrial crisis. I focus my attention on the role of the border in the social configurations of the city, both at the level of the daily practices of its inhabitants (and tourists), and at the level of the urban renewal. I also examine the extensible social spaces that are created around the use and crossing of this border and I show the time-space scales of these territories of circulation. I show that they mobilize networks of kinship, language and more broadly ethnic, as well as the memory processes. The text opens up to methodological and epistemological aspects concerning the “multi-site ethnography” of borders.

ENTRE BONS USAGES ET NOUVEAUX VOISINAGES. PATRIMOINE(S) ET FRONTIÈRE(S) DANS LA RÉGION DE STRANDZHA (BULGARIE)

Author(s): Olivier Givre / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

Focusing on the Bulgarian side, the article addresses the post-socialist heritage dynamics which value the border dimension of the Strandzha area, shared between Bulgaria and Turkey since 1913. Strandzha’s location at the south-eastern edges of Bulgaria, and on the delineation of the former iron curtain, has shaped the idea of an isolate, but also a natural and cultural “conservatory”, to be protected from external harms. The image of Strandzha oscillates between the two poles of a shelter-territory and a movement place, a space of autochthony and anchorage. The border symbolizes thus a spatial and cultural rip, calling for the reassertion of the “qualities” of a marginalized space. The article scrutinizes the building of a “sense of heritage” in this border area, laying on the ambivalent feelings of the loss of its geographical and cultural unity, and of its preserved authenticity against all odds. This heritage dimension resonates with the assessment of an uninterrupted decline, delayed by the state interventionism during the socialist period, but worsened by the post-socialist upheavals and posing sharp interrogations about its future.

LE RETOUR DES PÉLASGES. INÉGALITÉS ET IMAGINAIRE NATIONAL SUR LA FRONTIÈRE ENTRE LA GRÈCE ET L’ALBANIE

Author(s): Gilles de Rapper / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

The revival and popular success of theories on the Pelasgian origin of Albanians since the late 1990s is a significant phenomenon of post-socialist identity processes, yet relatively neglected by the scientific literature. The now well-established neo-Pelasgian discourse sees Albanians as direct descendants of the Pelasgians, a prehistoric population conceived as the origin of all civilizations in the ancient Mediterranean. The aim of this article is to provide a first picture of this quest for origins and to propose an explanation. The argument is that neo-Pelasgianism can be seen as the result of a combination of the history of ideas about the origins of Albanians since the nineteenth century, on the one hand, and of the dynamics of identity linked to the opening of Albania’s borders at the beginning of the 1990s and the massive migration of Albanians to Greece, on the other. The demonstration is based both on a review of the neo-Pelasgian literature and on fieldwork conducted in southern Albania. It aims to show that far from being limited to the reveries of amateurs, discourses on imagined origins, of which neo-Pelasgianism is an example, have real effects on societies and territories.

DE L’ÎLE DE COS À BODRUM ET AU DELÀ : REPRÉSENTATIONS DE L’ALTERITÉ ET PRATIQUES FRONTALIÈRES ENTRE LA GRÈCE ET LA TURQUIE

Author(s): Kira Kaurinkoski / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

This paper discusses perceptions of alterity on the Greek island of Kos and analyses border crossing practices at the Greek-Turkish border in the Aegean. The paper differentiates between different categories of locals according to their ethnic and religious belonging (Greek Orthodox and Muslim Turks in Kos, and “mainland” Turks and Kos Turks in Turkey). In Kos, distancing strategies can be explained by competition for limited resources, as well as identity and visibility politics. Perceptions of Turkey and border crossing practices also differ according to ethnic lines. For ethnic Turks, Turkey represents a second homeland; for Greek Orthodox, a powerful neighbouring country with whom historical and political relations are difficult. As this paper shows, lived and shared experiences can, however, nuance the perception of others. The paper is based on ethnographic field research and interviews conducted by the author on the Greek island of Kos, and in Bodrum, Izmir and Ceşme in Western Turkey.

FRONTIÈRES GÉOGRAPHIQUES, SOCIALES ET MÉMORIELLES : CIRCULER ENTRE LA TURQUIE, LA GRÈCE ET LA BELGIQUE

Author(s): Katerina Seraïdari / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2023

The article examines the life story of a Greek Pontic, who migrated from central Macedonia (Greece) to Belgium in 1965. The account of his life starts with his father being born and living in the Samsun province (Ottoman Empire), that is before the exchange of populations in the 1920s and his arrival to Greece as refugee. This dense and precise life history narrative not only allows us to revisit major events of Greek history, but also to follow the social and geographical transitions and trajectories that a family made during a century. Socialization processes, appropriation and loss of economic resources, political choices, transmission of stereotypes are some of the issues discussed here. The analysis of this material is inspired by cognitive anthropology: one of the aims has been to examine how « analogic thinking », through the connections and the correspondences it establishes, leads to exegetical reflections that facilitate the process of understanding and coping with novel situations. In this framework, analogies not only play a heuristic role, but also give the impression of intimately knowing not lived situations and experiences of the past. By listing similarities and differences, analogical arguments become an adaptation tool in migratory contexts as the one analyzed here.

Les efforts de la Bulgarie pour surmonter les restrictions à ses échanges avec le Marché commun dans le cadre des relations CAEM – CEE (années 1960 – années 1980)

Author(s): Irina Grigorova / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2023

The study presents Bulgaria’s business relations with the European Economic Community during the Cold War. The reasons for establishing informal contacts and negotiating more favourable commercial terms are explained. The presentation reveals that the Bulgarian foreign economic policy aimed to protect the national interests, at the same time by maintaining the image of the most loyal Soviet ally as well as by borrowing from other Eastern European countries advantageous practices in the trade with the Community. Their implementation was adjusted and altered according to the varying attitudes of the Soviet leadership – through open or confidential actions.

Subcultures as Active Participant in the Transition: the Bulgarian Case in the 1980s – 2000s

Author(s): Alexandаr Karakachanov,Nina Debruyne / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The object of research presented in the article is the transition from a totalitarian to a democratic society in Bulgaria from the 1990s and the 2000s, and its subject is the contribution of the subcultural communities formed in this period, to the implementation of various social changes. The main research hypothesis is that at the end of the totalitarian regime and in the beginning of the transition in the political, economic and cultural life in Bulgaria, there were formed several main subcultures with various degrees of critical influence over the development of social processes in the country. A main mechanism of influence which transforms the subcultures in active agents of the historical change are the so-called ‘culturemes’. So far, the study identified several significant subcultures of which two political playing the leading role in the transition. They are based on ideological structures consisting of limited number of simple ideologemes (the culturemes of the political conscience). The research is based on a sociocultural analysis of documents, surveys and interviews. It combines the perspectives of social history with those of political science and social anthropology.

Исторический взгляд на актуальную политическую проблему. Фирмилиановый вопрос

Author(s): Biser Georgiev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2023

Book Review

New Readings of the History of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance from the Mid-1950s to the Mid-1970s

Author(s): Iliyana Marcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

Review of collective monograph "‘The World System of Socialism’ and the Global Economy in the Mid-1950s – Mid-1970s"

За книгата: Надежда Стоянова. Украси и гримаси. Мода и модерност в българската литература от 20-те и 30-те години на ХХ век. София, Изд. „Парадигма“, 2022, 378 с.

Author(s): Alexander Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Book review: Nadezhda Stoyanova. Adornments and Grimaces. Fashion and Modernity in 1920s and 1930s Bulgarian Literature. Sofia, Paradigma Press, 2022

THE KURDS

Author(s): Ciprian Vasile Rus / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

The text presents some references to the Kurds. In the first chapter are presented characteristics of the Kurds as they were caught by the travelers of the centuries XIX and XX. The second chapter presents, in short, the history of the provisions concerning the Kurds in the Treaties of Sevres and Lausanne. Chapter three presents some important aspects of the Kurdish struggle for national identity, including in the form of asymmetric violence. Chapter four presents some conclusions of the research.

საბჭოთა საქართველოში პირველად და უკანასკნელად აღნიშნული 26 მაისი

Author(s): Beka Gachechiladze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

After February 25, 1921, the Soviet government tried in every possible way to win the favor of the population of Georgia, even though they managed to gain control over the country by force of arms, still, according to their outlook, they were doing a good deed, which they had to explain to the population. According to the command of the occupying forces of Soviet Russia and the Transcaucasian Bureau of the Communist Party, it was the government of the Democratic Republic that was repressive and oppressive to the population, but then again they also realized that the occupation would make a neutral person feel bad about the occupier, so in the initial period it was decided to pursue a "compromising" policy, which meant the conditional preservation of the old system, so that the population did not feel too big of a change and there were no disturbances in the country, which could result with serious consequences.The Soviet occupation authorities kept local parties around, however covert surveillance and recruitment policies were launched against its members, the purpose of these actions being to physically or politically eliminate people who had more or less influence on the population.In spite of this kind of covert actions, the Soviet occupation authorities could not avoid the demand of the population to celebrate the day of declaration of independence on May 26, which the Georgian nation considered as a national as well as a political achievement. Although the Soviet authorities did not want this day to be celebrated, they were forced to take into account the demand of the majority of the population, however, they found a solution that would be convenient for their rule, they transformed May 26, the Independence Day of the Georgian people, into an international day for the liberation of common workers, where they presented Georgia, not as An independent state, but a country of workers who were oppressed and real freedom was only brought by February 25. With such a distorted ideology, the authorities of Soviet Georgia celebrated May 26 for the first and last time during its existence without its real idea and essence.

ზაქარია ჭიჭინაძე და ქართველთა დენაციონალიზაციის პრობლემები (სომეხ კათოლიკეთა ანტიქართული საქმიანობა)

Author(s): Sergo Vardosanidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

In the lengthy history of the Georgian people, the XV and XVIII centuries were especially hard because of the division of the country into small political units, such as the provincial kingdoms and principalities and the isolation of the patriarchates of Mtskheta and Likht-Imereti, as well as Samtskhe church from the unified Georgian Church. At that time two conquerors from the south, Iran and the Ottomans, were conquering Georgian territories and forcibly converted the Georgian population to Islam. The desperate population, hoping for help from Europeans, converted to the Catholic faith on the advice of papal missionaries, although they could still praise God in Georgian with the Georgian Typicon. The situation changed in the sixteenth century when Pope Paul III entrusted the Georgian parish to the Armenian UNITOR Catholics. Historian Zakaria Chichinadze exposed the perfidies of the Catholic Armenians, who forbade the Georgians to worship in the Georgian language and started the ‘Armenization’ of the Georgians.The Catholic Armenians almost completely Armenianized the Georgian Catholics of Artvin, Ardagan and Nigali valleys and for this purpose, used even threats, terror, bribery, slander, presented the history of the Caucasus and Georgia in a crooked mirror. This is particularly true with the members of the Congregation of the Mechitarists, who successfully convinced European scholars and Roman popes with their fabricated fantastic stories. Zakaria Chichinadze, together with Mikheil Tamarashvili, Ivane Gvaramadze and Petre Kharischirashvili, fought against this treacherous policy of Armenian Catholicism, whose goal was to denationalize the Georgian nation, and protected the identity of the Georgian nation.

Българите в Бесарабия през 40-те години на XX век – екзогенни фактори на демографския процес. Раждаемост и смъртност

Author(s): Alexander I. Ganchev,Alexander A. Prigarin / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The following article highlights the most important endogenous aspects of population reproduction in crisis circumstances, based on demographic data on the Bessarabian Bulgarians in the 1940s. During this decade, the territory of Bessarabia sporadically fell within the borders of both Romania and the USSR, which led to the collapse of the traditional social institutions and practices among the Bulgarians living there. Led by the numerous political changes, demographic birth and death rates within a group are affected by these exogenous factors, while reflecting actual societal alterations. As a basis for the study, information extracted from the current reports of the village councils was used, or in other words – the so-called population registers. The results of the data processing are presented in a diachronic comparative perspective regarding the history of the Bulgarian communities in Bessarabia. This approach allows for analytic clarifications of the scale and nature of the famine in 1946-1947. The average daily mortality rate was found to be 18.3. In general, the specificity of the demographic transition of the Bulgarian group from a traditional to a modern model of reproduction stands out. The role of exogenous causes in the final phase of this transition has been also revealed. Birth rates were reported to be gradually decreasing while mortality rates were increasing. The consequences of this transformation were visible in the next generation in the 1960s.

Ролята на интернет в дейността на българските организации в Урал и Сибир

Author(s): Marina Petrovna Klyaus,Julia Popcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

Bulgarians settled in the territories of the Urals and Siberia within several waves of migration mainly in the 20th century and individually in the 21st century. They live scattered over this large territory but nevertheless manage to get together in various organizations. The article identifies the main territories inhabited by individuals with a Bulgarian identity, as well as the ways of virtual communication between them. The different models of online communication and representation of the Bulgarian organizations in the two regions, their influence on the maintenance of community life and the development of their socio-cultural activities are explored. Additional focus is placed on the role of the Internet in creating and preserving the collective memory of life in the Komi Republic and in uniting former workers and students in virtual communities. The study was conducted in the period 2019-2022 with an emphasis on the social networks Facebook and VKontakte and on-site among organizations in the cities of Tyumen, Syktyvkar, Usogorsk and Blagoevo.

Българската трудова мобилност в Коми. Характеристика на най-големия социалистически проект за работа в чужбина

Author(s): Elena Vodinchar,Marina Petrovna Klyaus / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The text attempts to analyze the Bulgarian cross-border labor mobility in Komi ASSR. In the period 1968 – 1993, dozens of Bulgarian citizens worked in the Bulgarian-Soviet logging enterprises in Komi. Men, women, and families with children became part of the largest project of the Bulgarian Communist Party for work in the Soviet Union, in the taiga of the Komi people. How are the main moments of this contract policy of the USSR and the NRB unfolding, what benefits is Bulgaria accumulating and what problems are faced by the loggers who formed a memory of the work in Komi – all questions to which this article seeks answers and points of view.

От Молдовския Кортен до Алтай и обратно в Тарутино, Украйна. „Голямата“ тема за съветските депортации в „малките“ истории на българите от Бесарабия. Част 2

Author(s): Galin Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The first part of this research, published in the previous issue 3/2022 of the journal “BulgarianEthnology”, touched on the historiographical, theoretical-methodological and terminological aspects of the present study, dedicated to an increasingly discussed and developed topic in the post-Soviet space. This is the subject of the collective memory which covers the turbulent decades of the 1940s and 1950s., as well as the ongoing processes of collectivization of the property, the inherent repressions, the so-called dispossessing (dekulakization) and the deportation of whole families within the USSR, tearing them away from their places of birth,forcing them to settle down for a long time in the remote and vaguely known northern parts ofthe vast country. Hundreds of thousands of people were forcibly removed and coerced to live inisolation, to work and carry out the orders of the Stalinist regime until the very death of JosephStalin in 1953, in the extremely harsh climatically and poorly developed territories such asCentral Asia, Kazakhstan, the Urals, Altai and Siberia. Rehabilitated after that year, they wereallowed to return to their native lands, but a large number did not manage to restore their homesand property, while some could not settle closer than 40 km to the settlements they lived in priorto the deportation. Similar cases are not a rarity for the region of Bessarabia, which was brieflyunder Soviet rule in 1941 and from 1944 until 1991. As it is known, one of the largest and oldestBulgarian historical communities is located in this area, which after the collapse of the SovietUnion fell within the borders of the modern states of Ukraine and Moldova.The subject of the present study is precisely such a “small” case of dispossessed anddeported as a result of the so-called operation South Bulgarian families from the villageof Korten (or Kiryutnya) in the then Moldavian SSR, who for nearly a decade (from 1949roughly to 1959) resided in several settlements of the Bistroistotsky and Biysky districts ofthe Altai Krai, Russia. Since some of these 80 families were not allowed to return to theirnative Korten, they chose to settle in the town of Tarutino and in some of the surrounding settlements such as Podgornoe, Berezino, etc., located nowadays on Ukrainian territory, in the region of Odesa.

Газопровод. Албум на българските строители в СССР

Author(s): Nikolai Nenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The present text offers reading of an album that contains the visual history of a group of Bulgarian builders, working in the USSR on a contract. Their activity is to assure access to natural gas for Bulgaria. The album is printed as a special edition for only 130 workers. It contains their names and personal photos, images from the working process, as well as from the cultural events of the workers – folklore dances, choir formations, which are subdued to a general ideological discourse. The political manifestations are not forgotten, too – celebrating anniversaries from revolutions, March 8th (International Women’s Day), as an element of the festivity calendar of the communist societies. The album is a product of ideological propaganda, which displays the achieved communist dream by presenting the desired as real. Within this topic construction is a key element, because it refers not only to the actual building of facilities and structures but also to the social engineering – the creating of the“Socialist Man“.A second plan in the album is a large number of photos from Bulgaria, which have no actual relation to the topic of the gas pipeline and the building works. They are displaying emblematic places of heritage – monasteries, old houses and tourism – new resort and vacation storylines. These are part of the official images of the country in front of the world, displayed as achievements of the communist authority. The images, controversial at first sight, are combined within the general propaganda narrative of the album, which affirms memory within the community of the workers and creates a positive relationship. The participation in construction works outside the country is not only a manifestation of the policy of “internationalism“, but also a form of personal benefit, because the payment is different and assures access to various deficit goods, like an automobile for instance. All of this imposes the necessity for the evidence from the period of communism to be positioned within the context that caused them. They are to be examined critically since the photos in the album do not only display reality – they are not a moment shot in time but are mainly a constructed positive world of a society, which does not offer alternatives in thinking.