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Jakub Karpiński (1945–2003) był znakomitym polskim metodologiem socjologii, prowadzącym badania z zakresu epistemologii nauk społecznych w ramach paradygmatu lwowsko-warszawskiej szkoły filozofii. Jednocześnie stał się jednym z pierwszych i najważniejszych historyków i socjologów systemu komunistycznego w Polsce. Jego socjologiczne opus magnum w badaniach nad komunizmem stanowi książka Ustrój komunistyczny w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie projektu socjologii zrekonstruowanego na podstawie tego dzieła w wymiarze retoryki, epistemologii i ontologii. Ukazane zostają racje społeczne i kognitywne, które sprawiły, że program Karpińskiego nigdy nie stał się postępowy w sensie Imrego Lakatosa. Autor stawia pytanie o paradoks: dlaczego świetny metodolog nie stał się równie wybitnym empirykiem?Jakub Karpiński (1945–2003) was an outstanding Polish methodologist, conducting research in the field of epistemology of the social sciences within the paradigm of the lvov-warsaw school of philosophy. At the same time he became one of the first historians and sociologists of the communist system in Poland. His book Ustrój komunistyczny w Polsce (The Communist Regime in Poland) was his sociological opus magnum. The aim of this paper is to explore his sociology project which has been divided into three aspects: rhetoric, epistemology and ontology. It examines the social and cognitive reasons for the fact that Karpiński’s research programme never became progressive in accordance with Imre Lakatos’s seminal concept. The author raises the question: why didn’t brilliant methodologist become an equally bright empirical researcher?
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Revolutionary upheavals in Europe in the early twentieth century radically influenced the socio-political life of European countries, led to the emergence of new subjects of international relations, previously unknown phenomena. First of all, considering the topic of the study, this concerns Czechoslovak and Ukrainian statebuilding, as well as such phenomenon as Eastern European agrarianism, represented in particular by Czechoslovak and Ukrainian variants. Political parties represented it on Czechoslovak and Ukrainian soil. In Czechoslovakia, the Czechoslovak Republican (Agrarian) Party (hereinafter referred to as the CRAP), in Ukraine – the Ukrainian Democratic-Agrarian Party (hereinafter referred to as UDAP), the Ukrainian People's Community (hereinafter – UPC), the All-Ukrainian Union of Agrarians-Owners (Peasants) (hereinafter – AUAO), Ukrainian People's Party (hereinafter – UPP). The author, on the basis of an analysis of the programmatic provisions of these parties, found that they were clearly agrarian. In spite of certain differences caused by the regional specificity of the countries, the course of historical events, peasant-centrism was at the heart of their state ideology. They connected the socio-political and socioeconomic future of Czechoslovakia and Ukraine with the peasantry. They understood it as an active subject of history, of national state-building.
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The study begins with presentation of two new texts written by Zenovie Pâclișanu, an authentic historian from the interwar period, ardent admirer of Petru Maior. The author analyses the political and ideological context that favoured appearance of these materials, extremely relevant diplomatically and historically. The presented studies are among the most interesting and unknown memoirs of the coordinator of the Peace Bureau, being written by the functionary and diplomat Zenovie Paclisanu. They are characterized by accuracy of information, but also by elegant, plastic style, sometimes polemic of the narration based on excellent contextual understanding of themes dealt with very seriously and objective.
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Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań nad świadomością narodową społeczeństwa Białorusi i jej rolą w samoidentyfikacji narodowej Białorusinów. Ocenę stopnia świadomości narodowej autor przedstawił w kontekście polityki historycznej, a zwłaszcza istotnego dylematu (konieczności wyboru) między Zachodem,reprezentowanym przez Polskę i Litwę, a Wschodem, który jest utożsamiany z Rosją?Odrodzenie narodowe Białorusinów ukazane zostało w związku z fiaskiem polityki rusyfikacyjnej władz, realizowanej w latach 1995-2014 – od referendum w sprawie przywrócenia symboliki z czasów Białoruskiej SRR i równości języka rosyjskiego, do aneksji ukraińskiego Krymu i rozpoczęcia wojny hybrydowej w Donbasie. Wspomniane wydarzenia wpłynęły na zmianę postrzegania Rosji przez władze i patriotycznie świadomą część społeczeństwa. Uważana uprzednio za państwo sojusznicze, Rosja stała się w świadomości Białorusinów mocarstwem perspektywicznie zagrażającym niepodległości Białorusi. Jest to widoczne zwłaszcza w obliczu powtarzających się nacisków Rosji na pogłębienie integracji obu państw.
More...The Practical Limits of the Dayton Peace Agreement
Yugoslavian dissolution has had an effect of increasing segregation between the main ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which led to the outbreak of civil war between Croats, Serbs, and Muslims from 1992 to 1995. The Dayton vision of Bosnia and Herzegovina's operation has importance for the foundation of our research objective. This paper is focused on the High Representative's reports, between 2006 and 2007. Our research objective is to identify to what extent the Dayton Agreement sets out the steps to be taken to establish a climate of peace and post-conflict recovery. However, the Dayton Agreement limited the capac¬ity of international bodies to lead Bosnia and Herzegovina to reach the objectives established at the beginning. As a consequence, Bosnia and Herzegovina emerge as a territorially frag¬mented, politically, ethnically and religiously fragmented state with non-functional institu¬tions dominated by disagreements between the three ethnic groups and corruption.
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In this study, the distribution of religious works composed in Maqam Hijaz and included in TRT repertoire in terms of composers, forms, and rhythm were examined for the period between the 18th century, when the first religious work in Maqam Hijaz was identified, and the 21st century. The number of works, composers, the variety of rhythm and forms used in the Maqam Hijaz were determined and given in tables under the headings by the centuries for the period between the 18th century and the 21st century. The research data were obtained by reviewing TRT Turkish Arts Music vocal works repertoire and related literature. In the literature review stage, the scientific articles and the books, including the theoretical ones, related to the subject were reviewed.
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The fields art and culture have always been controlled and protected by authorities through various policies. Having been protected by the Ottoman Empire for many centuries, and seen as the official music of the empire, makam music went through various changes and transformations due to the Westernization movements from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. Turkish makam music which took its final form with the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, began to be seen as an archaic element as a result of the policies of this new regime, and was attempted to be eliminated through the Gökalpist doctrine, in order to found a national music. This research has been focused on the analysis of the effects of the reforms attempted in the musical area following the proclamation of the Republic, on the broadcasting activity in Ankara Radio. Books, magazines, newspapers and articles which give information about the Ankara Radio, have been determined and accessed through the archive research, and examined thoroughly. Thus within this research has been employed a qualitative descriptive research method. As a result of the research, it has been concluded that Ankara Radio could not avoid the dominant ideology since its foundation and has been kept Turkish makam music in the background thereby concentrate on Western music on broadcasting, even though it brought an stylistic innovation.
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The aim of this article is to demonstrate that memoirs, which are usually examined in terms of their connection to the past, are often oriented towards the future. Using immigrant memoirs from the early twentieth century United States, this essay shows that immigrant authors wrote their memoirs with a specific audience in mind, an audience they believed they can instruct. One the one hand, immigrants addressed American citizens, and wanting to gain their sympathy, they described the difficulties of the immigrant life. On the other hand, they wrote for their fellow immigrants to show them that determination pays off and one can have a comfortable, or even successful, life in a new country. Their aim was to envision and promote a better future for the American society, a future based on tolerance and equality.
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The article is a reflection on the need to preserve the social memory of the soldiersof the border formations of the Second Republic of Poland. In the Polishcampaign of 1939, they fought a heroic fight with the German and Soviet armies.Sub-units of the Border Protection Corps (BPC) and the Border Guardand units created on their basis haveshown outstanding combat qualities. Theyfought fierce battles against increasingly stronger opponents, including theareas of Wieluń, Hel, Węgierska Górka, Wizna, Shatsk and Wytyczno.After the war, the history of the September events and the memory of thesoldiers of the BPC and the Border Guard were secretly suppressed. Importantobjective facts about the struggles and battles of the soldiers of the PEC and theBorder Guard were deliberately omitted.In the new political reality after 1989, political changes influenced the evolutionof Poles’ historical consciousness, which led to increased public interestin the memory of the BPC and the Border Guard.The main purpose of the research was to determine the places of defensivebattles of border guard soldiers from September 1939, as well as to showthe activities of local government units, social organizations and Border Guardauthorities aimed at restoring and preserving the memory of their heroism inpresent times. The scientific deliberations in the article are concretised on thefollowing thesis: Preservation and commemoration in the Polish society ofplaces where soldiers of border formations struggled in September 1939 constitutepermanent values for the heritage of the nation and the Polish state, whichshould be popularized in the process of upbringing and education, particularlyof the young generation.
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Cornel Corneanu lived between 1884 and 1960; he was an important and illustrative personality of the Romanian Orthodox intellectuality in the Banat by the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century. With a very intellectual grounding at the Faculty of Theology, Chernivtsi University, he was the president of the Student Society Junimea, actually the most important association of the Romanian students in the capital of Bukovina. He came back in the Banat once graduating and began his career within the administrative section of Caransebeș diocese. Corneanu had been involved yet as a student in cultural and social works, including lots of charitable initiatives. The distinguished schoolar took also part in the Great Union Assembly, in Alba-Julia on the 1st of December 1918. As a member of the National Liberal Party he was directly involved in interwar period in the political life. Member of the Romanian Parliament, Cornel Corneanu was also a sustainer of the Romanian Orthodox Brotherhood, the Romanian intellectuals’ organization in Transylvania and the Banat.
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The review of: Cynthia Scott, Cultural Diplomacy and the Heritage of Empire: Negotiating Post-colonial Returns; Routledge, London–New York 2020, pp. 202, ISBN 978-0-8153-8231-7
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of the organization of centralized water supply systems in small Russian towns at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The causes and the process of pipeline building in three small cities, each of which became significant transport hubs by 1914 and had populations of less than 50,000 people, are described in the research. The research interest in these towns is led by understanding how the transport position of small cities promoted the improvement of water supplies in them. It was essential due to the growth of the urban populations and increasing cases of cholera epidemics in transport-hub cities.
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Regional headlines: EU vs. Lukashenka; Navalny to return to Russia; historical buildings in Samarkand; makeover for Melania Trump statue; Bosnian Serb war criminal dies of coronavirus.
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The article is an introduction to the 8th issue of Colloquia Humanistica. It discusses the concepts of boundaries and hierarchies and their role in structuring the social reality of (semi)peripheral Eastern Europe. The text discusses, on the one hand, the relevance and validity of these concepts and, on the other, the possibility of a critical approach to them. Furthermore, the article reviews the most important ideas and concepts proposed by the authors who contributed to the issue.
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The 1050 anniversary of the first bishopric in Poznań has become an opportunity to reflect on the contribution of the representatives of Great Poland to catechetical activity in Poland. The article presents several outstanding personages and their works: catechisms as well as textbooks for catechesis and religious education. The circumstances in which these works were created and their merits are described.
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What brings together Daniel Defoe, Charles Dickens, Vsevolod Krestovsky, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Аlexander Kuprin, George Bernard Shaw, and Аstrid Lindgren, i.e. writers from different countries and belonging to different epochs? In their creative work, they all used stenography, or rapid writing, permitting a person to listen to true speech and record it simultaneously. This paper discloses the role of stenography in literary activities of European and Russian writers in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some researchers believe that the first ties between shorthand and literature appeared in the days of Shakespeare when the playwright’s competitors used shorthand to put down the texts of his plays. Others have convincingly refuted this viewpoint, proving that such records never existed. The most famous English novelist in the 17th and 18th centuries Daniel Defoe can be considered one of the first writers who used shorthand in his literary work. The writers mastering the art of shorthand writing such as Defoe, Dickens, and Lindgren were popular in various professional spheres (among others, the secret service, journalism, and secretarial service) where they successfully applied their skills in shorthand writing. Stenography was an integral part of a creative process of the authors who resorted to it (Dostoevsky, Krestovsky, Shaw, and Lindgren). It economized their time and efforts, saved them from poverty and from the terms of enslavement stipulated in the contracts between writers and publishers. It is mainly thanks to stenography that their works became renowned all over the world. If Charles Dickens called himself “the best writer-stenographer” of the 19th century, F. M. Dostoevsky became a great admirer of the “high art” of shorthand. He was the second writer in Russia (following V. Krestovsky), who applied shorthand writing in his literary work but the only one in the world literature for whom stenography became something more than just shorthand. This art modified and enriched the model of his creative process not for a while but for life, and it had an influence on the poetics of his novels and the story A Gentle Creature, and led to changes in the writer’s private life. In the course of the years of the marriage of Dostoevsky and his stenographer Anna Snitkina, the author’s artistic talent came to the peak. The largest and most important part of his literary writings was created in that period. As a matter of fact, having become the “photograph” of live speech two centuries ago, shorthand made a revolution in the world, and became art and science for people. However, its history did not turn to be everlasting. In the 21st century, the art of shorthand writing is on the edge of disappearing and in deep crisis. The author of the paper touches upon the problem of revival of social interest in stenography and its maintenance as an art. Archival collections in Europe and Russia contain numerous documents written in shorthand by means of various shorthand systems. If humanity does not study shorthand and loses the ability to read verbatim records, the content of these documents will be hidden for us forever.
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The paper considers travelogues of Yugoslav female writers Alma Karlin, Jelena Dimitrijević, Isidora Sekulić, Marica Gregorič Stepančič, Marica Strnad, Luiza Pesjak. These texts created in the first half of the 20th century in Serbian, Slovenian and German are on the periphery of the literary field and, with rare exceptions, do not belong to the canon. The most famous of these authors are Sekulić from Serbia and the German-speaking writer Karlin from Slovenia. Recently, the work of Dimitrijević has also become an object of attention of researchers. Other travelogues writers are almost forgotten. Identity problems, especially national ones, are a constant component of the travelogue genre. During a journey, the author directs his attention to “other /alien” peoples and cultures that can be called foreign to the perceiving consciousness. However, when one perceives the “other”, one inevitably turns to one’s “own”, one’s own identity. The concept of “own – other /alien”, on which the dialogical philosophy is based (M. Buber, G. Marcel, M. Bakhtin, E. Levinas), implies an understanding of the cultural “own” against the background of the “alien” and at the same time culturally “alien” on the background of “own”. Women’s travel has a special status in culture. Even in the first half of the 20th century the woman was given space at home. Going on a journey, especially unaccompanied, was at least unusual for a woman. According to Simone de Beauvoir, a woman in society is “different /other”. Therefore, women’s travelogues can be defined as the look of the “other” on the “other /alien”. In this paper, particular attention is paid to the interrelationship of gender, national identities and their conditioning with a cultural and historical context. At the beginning of the 20th century in the Balkans, national identity continues actively to develop and the process of women’s emancipation is intensifying. Therefore, the combination of gender and national issues for Yugoslavian female travelogues of this period is especially relevant. Dimitrijević’s travelogue Seven Seas and Three Oceans demonstrates this relationship most vividly: “We Serbian women are no less patriotic than Egyptian women… Haven’t Serbian women most of the merit that the big Yugoslavia originated from small Serbia?” As a result of this study, the specificity of the national and gender identity constructs in the first half of the 20th century in the analyzed texts is revealed. For this period one can note, on the one hand, the preservation of national and gender boundaries, often supported by stereotypes, on the other hand, there are obvious tendencies towards the erosion of the established gender and national constructs, the mobility of models of gender and national identification as well, largely due to the sociohistorical processes of the time.
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