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The Red Army’s struggle with the Wehrmacht was accompanied by information and propaganda activities. In the beginning of 1945 those activities changed its main ideological goal from the incurring of hatred for the enemy in the soldiers and the call for revenge on him to the return of internationalism, manifesting itself in the dissemination of the slogan of the liberation of European nations, including Germans, from fascism. One of the main groups tasked with changing the social attitudes were war correspondents, depicting the conflict in the soviet mass-media. In the article, the author presents the functioning of the „correspondent system” in the Red Army during the war and the activity of journalists in the ranks of the 2nd Belarusian Front. 2nd Belarusian Front at that time was advancing from the line of the Narew river in the direction of the Vistula Lagoon, that is, trough the East Prussia, treated by the Red Army’s soldiers as a lair of German militarism and only later as a part of the post-war Poland.
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The source presented here consists of the correspondence between the general administration and military authorities concerning the organization of the Assistance Group, set up at the end of June 1933 in connection with the escalation of the unrest caused by the political and social situation in the western parts of Lviv voivodeship. The group was of mixed character and consisted of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and motor army units. We should stress that air force was also used by the authorities to quell the unrest. The documents contain a description of the actions taken by the army as well as the information coming from the pilots serving over the area where the incidents spread. The case discussed here was the third when in 1932–1933 in the assistance service a several hundred people group of various kinds of units was used to calm grave disturbances of the public order.
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The construction office of the Parliament in Budapest led by Imre Steindl was located in a puritanical, two-story building on the current Kossuth Square between 1885 and 1902, coordinating the work of architects, draftspersons, designers, and foremen. Contemporary sources allowed us to identify more than thirty people working on the project. The first section of the study attempts to demonstrate how the office functioned as a workplace. To do so the results of our monographic research regarding these individuals is also presented here, in more or less detail depending on the significance of the person’s role in the project. The careers of Steindl’s two deputies, Ottó Tandor and István Santhó are discussed in detail. We examine how they joined the construction of the Parliament, and how their careers progressed after its conclusion. The core of the construction office was formed by the generation born in the 1850s, who were Steindl’s students at the Budapest University of Technology in the 1870s. Many of them had become significant figures of the nascent Hungarian heritage preservation, while others took on office positions or worked as prolific designers. Besides Ernő Foerk and Ede Toroczkai Wigand, other like Ferenc Jablonszky, Gyula Sándy, Ottó Sztehlo, Ferenc Schömer, and Gyula Schweiger also deserve to be mentioned. The final section of the study examines the unrealized projects of Steindl and his associates, to see if the office serving this huge construction project also functioned as a think tank. How did it influence its members? Could the country’s largest Neogothic construction project launch a new school of architecture?
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The subject of this article is concerned with the characteristics of the social activity of Antonina Machczyńska (1832[37]–1919), a Lviv social and educational activist, for women’s equal rights at the turn of the19th and 20th centuries. Machczyńska’s memoirs from 1860–1919, stored in the Warsaw and Lviv collections, as well as her journalistic and historical works were analyzed. Particular attention was focused on the analysis of the well-known historical sketch written by her for the Women’s Work Exhibition in Prague in 1912, entitled: “Polish Woman”, which she devoted entirely to discussing the history of Polish women from the earliest times to the present. Referring to the emancipatory aspirations of Polish women and her own life experiences, Machczyńska presented a specific image of 19th century women, focused on the motif of Klaudines – women active in the Klaudyna (née Działyńska) Potocka Society.
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Alexandru Blancfort remains in the collective memory of the Neamț County as one of the most important personalities from Piatra-Neamț at the turn of the 19th century. Alexandru Blancfort and his wife Elisa had a beautiful and lasting marriage. In 1901, when they celebrated 40 years of marriage, the two spouses marked the event in a special way. They commissioned a custom-made medal as a symbol of their lasting marriage and also as a souvenir for their descendants. The anniversary medal was made of silver and presented the effigy of Alexandru and Elisa Blancfort on the obverse. The anniversary medal is placed in a brown leather box with the monogram of Blancfort family. The anniversary medal was accompanied by a letter written in Piatra-Neamț on February 1st 1902. The letter has an important sentimental value and opens a window to the past. The date on the letter and the presence of the Blancfort spouse’s signatures give authenticity and value to the document. The medal and letter are a part of a family which serves as an icon of the age and place in which they lived.
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The article is an attempt to sketch a portrait of the talented French pianist Colette Gaveau (1913–1987), winner of the first prize of the Paris Conservatory in 1932, participant in several international music competitions, including the 3rd Piano Competition Frederic Chopin in Warsaw in 1937 and the Eugène Ysaÿe, which took place in Brussels in 1938. A breakthrough event in the life of young Colette Gaveau was the marriage with the Polish pianist Witold Małcużyński (1914–1977) in October 1939. Due to the warfare of World War II, Gaveau-Małcużyńska left France with her husband, first to Portugal and then to Argentina. The Małcużyński family did not return to Europe until 1945. Colette Gaveau-Małcużyńska was a faithful and patient companion in the life and successes of one of the most outstanding Polish pianists of the second half of the 20th century.
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This article highlights the activity of the 13/20th Mountain Troops Battalion during November-December 1943, a subunit that participated in the military campaign in the Soviet Union in World War II, often being present on in the front line, in battles of attrition and in other important military engagements. On the night of 2-3 November 1943, the 13th Mountain Troops Battalion contributed alongside the 14th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th Battalions and the 111th, 112th Infantry Regiments in the breakout of the encirclement in the Pervo Konstantinovka area in the Ukrainian steppe, where the 4th Mountain Division was encircled together with the 24th Infantry Division. Due to their professionalism in military action in the Eastern Campaign, the mountain hunters were called ”the green devils” by the Russian troops. The multitude of military manoeuvres they took part in shows the training and professionalism of the troops, who were part of the 13/20th Mountain Troops Battalion. Taking into account the traditions of the Romanian people, educational and patriotic celebrations were organized around Christmas, including carolers groups, in which soldiers from the companies of the 13/20th Mountain Troops Battalion took part. As a general conclusion, the study captures touching moments that express the morale of the mountain huntsmen troops during the Second World War, of unity of the Romanian troops, hard tested by the nature of the events on the frontline, as well as the importance of the daily aspects of the life of this elite Romanian military subunit.
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The professional activity of Ewa Mielczarek as a librarian, political scientist, senior curator, head of the Publishing Department at the Cyprian Norwid’s Provincial and Municipal Public Library in Zielona Góra, is impressive. Since 1999, her professional life has been associated with Zielona Góra, where she moved from Jelenia Góra. She is an editor, proofreader, hunter of gifted authors and their texts, a friend of poets, prose writers, essayists, reviewers, and artists. It is her, whom “Pro Libris” owes its neatness, tastefulness, and editorial beauty. In addition, she engages in journalism, promotes publications edited by the publishing house of the Zielona Góra Library, organizes literary competitions, meetings with authors, cooperates with scholars and supervises the editorial office of “Bibliotekarz Lubuski” (“Lubusz Librarian”), “Pasje Literackie” (“Literary Passions”) and “Zielonogórskie Studia Bibliotekoznawcze” (“Zielona Góra Library Studies”). Methods used: press content analysis, custom study, heuristic analysis and criticism of literature, interview.
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A description of the establishment and the activity of the 1st Polish Fighter Wing in April 1941, preceded by a description of the origins and the organization of the tactical unit called Wing. The material is focused above all on the activity of the 1st PFW in the air, describing every operation and combat mission accomplished in this period above own territory and the occupied France, including an attempt at determining the opponents from the Luftwaffe side. The supplement are the war fates of pilots from the No. 303 and No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadrons before they were assigned to the 1st PFW.
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The problem of combating drunkenness in the late Russian Empire is the subject of active study in modern science. At the same time, many aspects of this struggle, including the legal regulation of the antialcoholism campaign, discussions in the upper house of parliament, the participation of individual public figures (a number of senior dignitaries) and other issues have not been disclosed or are not fully disclosed. Using the problem-chronological method, we built a sequence of actions of social activists and dignitaries, which led to the abolition of the wine monopoly and the introduction of the Prohibition. In addition to the work of the guardianship of sobriety, a public campaign to combat alcoholism, an interesting page from the life of the outstanding Russian lawyer Anatoly Fedorovich Koni is revealed. Ideological teetotaler, in 1907—1917 member of the State Council, he devoted a lot of time to the fight against the green serpent. The senator joined the fight against alcoholism on the wave of public indignation over the unwillingness of the Ministry of Finance to abandon the wine monopoly, which is a significant income to the state budget. The discussion of the effectiveness of the people’s sobriety guardianship gradually grew into a large public anti-alcohol campaign. An active fight against drunkenness culminated in the adoption of the dry law, in which Koni played a role. The introduction of a ban on alcohol during the First World War led to an increase in social tension and the spread of surrogates. Unfortunately, Anatoly Fedorovich’s dreams of overcoming drunkenness were not crowned with success, and the dry law destabilized the state system of the empire on the eve of the second Russian revolution.
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Restoring plots from the history of the artistic intelligentsia of Siberia, it is necessary to understand and present the work of the first artists who were the initiators in the creation of public, creative platforms. Thanks to the arrangement of the art space, novice artists got the opportunity to implement exhibition projects, develop and replenish their knowledge of the history of the region. During the transformation of the urban environment, Transbaikal artists participated in the creation of museums, galleries and other exhibition spaces that introduced visitors to Russian art and culture. The significance of the study lies in the fact that historical materials, which present the educational work of I. N. Zhukov on the formation of the artistic intelligentsia in the Trans-Baikal region in the second half of the XIX - early XX century, were identified in the archives. Innokenty Nikolayevich was an outstanding artist, sculptor, teacher of Transbaikalia, educator of art history; he engaged in publishing work, created stories, articles on the upbringing of children, the creation of sculptures, and the development of art education in the region. The study confirmed that I. N. Zhukov showed interest in the development of creative space, the creation of collections of works of art. The cultural and educational activity of the artist makes it possible to understand the basic principles of interaction between artists and collectors in the cities of the Baikal region. Presentation of the main approaches in the activities of I. N. Zhukov on the formation of artistic intelligentsia and the dissemination of knowledge about art in the Trans-Baikal region in the second half of the XIX - early XX century is the subject of this study. In the process of writing the article, the author used general historical methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, problem-chronological, retrospective, as well as the principle of historicism. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. I. N. Zhukov participated in the formation of the artistic intelligentsia of the Transbaikal region in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. The educational work of Innokenty Nikolayevich was aimed at creating public, creative spaces. The gradual manifestation of the interest of residents in works of art contributed to the organization of artistic events in Transbaikalia. Many projects proposed and supported by I. N. Zhukov were aimed at developing the educational and creative capabilities of representatives of the artistic intelligentsia. Museums and educational institutions of the Trans-Baikal region were the platform for their implementation.
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Victor Neumann (ed.): The Banat of Timisoara – A European Melting Pot. Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers, London, 2019. 495 oldal
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The article analyzes the state award system in the socialist Yugoslavia. It deals with awarding the Russian diaspora representatives in the country the state orders. Paper is based on official government gazette, which contained the list of persons awarded the state awards, as well as the archival documents: Yugoslav Army Official Military Personnel Files, kept in Military Archives. On the one hand, after Yugoslavia was liberated and Communist Party came to power, the Russian diaspora representatives were subjected to repression by the Yugoslav secret services and the Soviet counterintelligence. On the other hand, the policy of the new government in Yugoslavia was aimed at integrating Russian emigrants loyal to the country and to the regime, as evidenced by the practice of presenting Russian emigrants of both the first and second generations to state awards — heroes-partisans of the People’s Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, scientists and artists. Study identifies cases of awarding the same persons the orders of both the pre-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the post-war socialist Republic, which indicates the continuity of the state communicative policy towards emigrants. However, state award system in socialist Yugoslavia also implied an educational function in relation to Yugoslav society, therefore, the Russian diaspora representatives never received the highest awards of Communist Yugoslavia — the Order of Freedom and the Order of the People’s Hero, established in 1945 and in 1944 respectively. The highest order awarded to a representative of the Russian diaspora was the Order of the Partisan Star. A certain number of Russian members of the Resistance movement were awarded a Partisan memorial badge of 1941. And the Order of Merit for the People was awarded not only to the fighters of the People’s Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and Russian members of the Resistance movement, but also to figures who made a great contribution to the development of the economy, culture and science of Yugoslavia. It is noteworthy that the conjuncture of Soviet-Yugoslav relations directly affected the measures applied to Russian emigrants, and the holders of Yugoslav orders were no exception and were also subjected to repression during the Soviet-Yugoslav tension. After the Soviet-Yugoslav relations normalized, orders were awarded mainly to the Russian scientists and artists.
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This edition of historical sources contains letters written by a priest of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv, Fr Wincenty Danek (1870-1945), to Metropolitan of Lviv Archbishop Józef Bilczewski (1860-1923). The documents are from the years 1900-1919, covering almost the whole pontificate of the Lviv hierarch. As the legacy of the metropolitan, they are held in the Archives of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv in Kraków. Unfortunately, Abp. Bilczewski’s letters to Fr Danek have not been preserved, so the letters presented in this edition are all the more valuable; it also because they have never been used in scholarly research before. The letters talk about the efforts of Father Danek, a priest of the Polish diaspora in Budapest, to organise a systematic pastoral ministry for his compatriots and, most of all, to build a church. With the approval of the Hungarian church and state authorities, as well as Abp. Bilczewski, Danek launched an extensive campaign to raise funds and support in Hungarian and Galician circles. He established contacts with Hungarian aristocratic families having blood ties with Polish landowners, won the favours of people connected with the imperial court in Vienna, and gained the trust of some members of the Austro-Hungarian government and parliament, which was intended to secure the financial basis for the planned investment. The noble project of erecting a church was hampered by the outbreak of the World War I, so it did not come to fruition until 1926, when the Church of the Help of the Faithful was completed. The church was blessed, but its consecration took place four years later.
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