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Stawizniske a rěčespytne dohlady
This article deals with two texts from 1745: They comprise the two oldest known letters in Sorbian language. The sender, Johannes Jacobæi, was born in the former Habsburg-Hungarian town of Modra, and had studied in Wittenberg. He was a resident of Dresden at the time of writing these letters. These documents were created in the context of his, in the end, unsuccessful application to obtain the post of the Sorbian diaconate in Lübben. Certain linguistic features contained in both documents are discussed in the article. The question of whether Jacobæi composed these letters in Lower Sorbian/Wendish himself, or whether he received help from someone proficient in the language cannot be answered definitively. Certain Czech and Slovak linguistic features used in the texts perhaps indicate that Jacobæi was the author himself.
More...Potenzielle gemeinsame Forschungsfelder Im Andenken an Ernst Eichler, dessen Horizont weit über die Namenetymologie hinausging
Onomastics is a very broad, diverse area of research. It is not only a branch of linguistics, but it also offers numerous points of contact with historical, social and cultural studies. In the past, research into Sorbian names concentrated on diachronic studies, especially on place and personal names. In future, it will be necessary to broaden the attention to other questions, which are presented in the article. From these will flow potentially fruitful areas of knowledge for Sorbian studies. These are not only to be found in the “classical” thematic areas of diachronically organized etymological investigation. The focus is rather on areas of research, which concentrate on the present day, namely on the function of names in the most diverse areas of culture and society, on the communication of current onomastic knowledge to those interested outside an academic audience, and on the integration of onomastics into interdisciplinary contexts. The relevant areas of research are outlined thematically.
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The second name “Schiebock” for the town of Bischofswerda was developed in the 20th century as a playful abbreviation of the real place name. This kind of process can also be demonstrated in relation to other four-syllabled place names in Upper Lusatia. There is no evidence of the influence of Sorbian on the formation of the name Schiebock. There is also no firm historical evidence of a popular etymological derivation of the name from the use of pushcarts, nor of a linguistic derivation from a fictitious Sorbian place name Přibok. There is no need to claim that there was a Sorbian village of Přibok on the banks of the Wesenitz, and as a result the problem of the handing down of the name, not documented until 1973, disappears. The connection to the pushcart, as a subsidiary association, remains in place in the derivation presented, without there being an assumption that there is a connection to particular historical events in the history of the town.
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Preferences in gender linguistics can include both making clear gender distinctions in speech in relation to individual persons, as well as using gender-neutral descriptions of people. Both aims can only be fulfilled in Sorbian by using complex formal structures, as the inflectional category of gender in Sorbian is based on the obligatory expression of gender differences when referring to people. In particular, the claimed departure in German gender linguistics from the “generic masculine” could only be achieved in Sorbian at the expense of linguistic economy. This applies more to Upper Sorbian than to Lower Sorbian, which has after all given up gender differentiation in plural inflection, also in parts of the dual. It is proposed that any gender linguistic moves in Sorbian should take Slavic languages as their model, e. g. Polish, rather than German.
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This article proposes a systematic and accessible description of the ways in which the units belonging to the syntactic level of contemporary Romanian language are structured. The central concept is that of syntactic relation, and the cognitive itinerary starts from the definition of the structural notion of relation, in order to understand the fundamental types of internal relations of the sentence. The typology of syntactic relations allows the construction of an integrative perspective on syntactic functions, by capturing the concrete manifestation of each relation and by detecting the specialized linguistic means of achieving a certain type of syntactic relation.
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This papers deals with a specific topic of teaching German in Constanta and the Dobrudja region. It focusses on teaching the German language both for native speakers up to the 1940s as well as as a foreign language after the massive emigration. After a brief introduction of the history of imigration of the German population into the Dobrudja region the article presents schooling regulations of the German colonists, examples of school subjects and also some samples of speech and writing in German. The paper also informs about the current situation on teaching German as a foreign language in today’s schools, colleges and at Ovidius University of Constanta. The conclusion of this paper is a fact almost unknown to the general public and to German teachers as well: that the German language has been taught and learned uninterruptedly in Constanta and the Dobrudja for 150years
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To discover the essential differences in cultural and linguistic patterns of a certain society, we need to look no further than to the most common relations of all – those between family members. When studying, working and living in, or for instance marrying into another culture, we must not only learn, but also acquire and utilise a whole new set of relationships and terms in order to be able to function and communicate. Without this knowledge we will quickly encounter a multitude of social difficulties in the other environment. On a deeper level, if we follow the assumption that a language is the mirror of its culture, and that language also influences culture, the linguistic terms designating family relations present a number of interesting phenomena, such as: which relations occupy the centre of importance in the society; the concept and understanding of a core family; which family relations are considered “worth” having a term for, and thus meaningful to keep up; the relations after a crisis, for instance a divorce; and several more, including the transfer of family relations to friendship and business contacts.This qualitative pilot study discusses some important aspects of family relations from the perspectives of Swedish-language (Sweden and Swedish-speakers in Finland) family terminology, in comparison with Serbian and Bulgarian. The study also includes a Serbian-language survey about kinship terms, and it raises questions about further research into cultural and social patterns and connotations reflected in kinship terminology. Social and cultural differences specifically between the Serbian and Swedish spheres are highlighted; the Bulgarian and Swedish-speaking terminologies in Finland are used here mainly as references and for comparative purposes. The study combines different scientific fields in mapping out some aspects of cognitive, social and cultural patterns. It emphasises the importance and necessity of multilingual and multicultural learning instead of foreign language and culture learning, and shows some of the pitfalls and possibilities students of languages and cultures encounter when learning new kinship concepts and terms.
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This article seeks to identify the educational tendencies in the case of Russian and Estonian second language instruction in Finland observing the shift from language erosion to maintenance. We examine the reasons why the promotion of Russian and Estonian in Finland is opportune and how acquainted immigrant children’s parents are with their rights to Russian or Estonian language instruction. The aim of this study is to examine the level of ethnic and linguistic intolerance sensed by the Russian and Estonian immigrants and the degree of integration into the Finnish culture and society.The study addresses the following research questions: How does Finland try to attenuate the social exclusion of the Russian and Estonian immigrants? Do immigrant students receive enough support to achieve bilingual proficiency? In what cases does the child not agree to speak Russian or Estonian at all? Is knowledge of the two analyzed languages a prerequisite for economic and cultural perspectives in Finland?The topic will be focused from sociolinguistic, linguistic, cognitive, cultural perspectives and the article will adopt a comparative approach. Acest articol urmărește să identifice tendințele educaționale în cazul predării limbilor ruse și estone ca limbi secunde în Finlanda, observând trecerea de la eroziune lingvistică la menținerea limbii. Examinăm motivele pentru care promovarea limbilor ruse și estone în Finlanda este oportună și cât de familiarizați sunt părinții copiilor imigranți cu drepturile lor la instruirea în limbile rusă sau estonă. Scopul acestui studiu este de a analiza nivelul de intoleranță etnică și lingvistică resimțită de imigranții ruși și estonieni și gradul de integrare în cultura și societatea finlandeză.Studiul abordează următoarele întrebări: Cum încearcă Finlanda să atenueze excluderea socială a imigranților ruși și estonieni? Studenții imigranți primesc suficient sprijin pentru a atinge competența bilingvă? În ce fel de cazuri copilul nu este de acord să vorbească deloc limba rusă sau cea estonă? Cunoașterea celor două limbi analizate este o condiție prealabilă pentru perspectivele economice și culturale din Finlanda?Subiectul va fi abordat din perspective sociolingvistice, lingvistice, cognitive, culturale, iar articolul va adopta o abordare comparativă.
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Being able to communicate effectively is regarded as one of the most important life skills to acquire. Having good communication skills helps in all aspects of life - from personal to professional life. Poor communication in the workplace can lead to misunderstandings, frustration, confusion as well as to a tense environment which does not encourage employees to be productive and open to collaboration. Besides solid technical knowledge, engineering employers attach a lot of importance to strong communication skills which are becoming imperative as the enginering industry continues to evolve. Unfortunately, there is evidence that most graduate engineers lack the communication skills they need in the workplace. An employer who sees improving communication skills as a top priority and invests time and effort in reaching this objective is an asset to any organisation.
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La langue maternelle (Langue arabe) est la première langue (L1) que l'enfant algérienapprend auprès de ses parents et à l'école. Le sentiment de maîtrise et de facilité de cette langueentraîne une certaine sensation de sécurité linguistique et affective chez les apprenants.Parallèlement, dans les autres langues étrangères, comme la langue française, certains apprenantsalgériens ont tendance à se retrouverdans des situations stressantes face à des problèmes pluscomplexes comme par exemple l’emploi des prépositions françaises à l’écrit. Ainsi, l’enseignementde la langue arabe permet aux apprenants du FLE la maîtrise totale de l'expression écrite etorale. Cet enseignement, qui est un facteur très important participe au développement de leurspersonnalités, mais, il doit les doter d'un instrument linguistique de base pour faciliterl'apprentissage des langues étrangères.
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The article aims at emphasising the importance of prepositions in language learning andteaching. Identifying the relationship the preposition can establish with other parts and units ofspeech represent a difficulty for non-native learners of English. During ESP courses, the teachershould focus on examining prepositions in context and explaining the use of prepositions to learnersto help them avoid errors in speaking or writing. Due to poor knowledge of the English language orto the mother tongue's influence during the language acquisition process, non-native learners ofEnglish might be unaware of the mistakes they make as regards the use of prepositions
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Notre ouvrage se propose de présenter la place et le rôle de l’exercice dans la classe defrançais professionnel. Les protagonistes du processus d’enseignement, l’apprenant etl’enseignant, travaillent ensemble pour que le premier arrive à maîtriser le français et àl’employer de manière efficace lors d’une interaction professionnelle.
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Language is a living organism in continual change. Lexical innovations are part of thedevelopment of any society and their role is to either depict a reality in its very essence or tocreate a powerful stylistic effect on the readers. Irrespective of their stability or transiency in thelanguage, these terms give zest and grandeur to any historical age.
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