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This paper presents the family language policies of four Estonian-non-Estonian bilingual, transnational families, with focus paid to thelanguage management efforts of the fathers and the challenges they faced,including child agency and imbalances of power. The findings indicate thatminority-language fathers also engage in ‘language work’ (Okita 2002),and demonstrated that the fathers’ language management efforts wereconstrained and determined by factors such as the level of competence themen’s spouse has in his L1, child agency, and access to a same languageculturecommunity as a supportive resource.
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Artikkel käsitleb eesti ja ungari eesnimede rahvuspärasekskujunemist. Ungaris hakkas ungaripäraseid eesnimesid tarvitusse tulema18. sajandi lõpus, Eestis soovitati eestipäraseid nimesid alates 19. sajandilõpust, nende leviku kõrgaeg oli 1930. aastate keskel. Eesti olulisema eeskujunaeestipäraste nimede suunas liikumisel on nimetatud Soomet, kaugemanamuu hulgas Ungarit. Paralleele leidub soovitatud ning kasutuseletulnud nimevalikus ja nimerühmade kasutuse rõhuasetustes, omakeelsetenimede mõju järgnevale nimetarvitusele on aga olnud erinev. Siinses artiklison käsitletud muutuste ning nimerühmade üldisi jooni. Keskendutud oneesnimedele, perekonnanimede muutused leiavad nimetamist niivõrd, kuisee on oluline üldise tausta loomiseks.
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The aim of the research is to discuss the means of expressionof positive and negative politeness in prepared and spontaneous spokenlanguage. The research is based on the speech-act theory by Searle (1976)and the theory of positive and negative politeness by Brown and Levinson(1978, 2009). The research data are conversations from the Corpus of SpokenLithuanian, which comprise semi-formal and formal communication inthe media, academic discourse, and spontaneous communication in servicedomains. In total, the research data consist of 144,893 words. The researchdemonstrates that different politeness strategies are employed in differentspoken language registers.
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The author tries to diachronically describe the dynamics of the Estonian language that can be attributed to motion in the East European and European context. The article seeks an answer to the question whether the absence of the category of the grammatical genus in Estonian Allowing the Movement as a means of vocabulary extension. On the basis of the grammar of Johannes Gutslaff it is proved that in Estonian the word formation suffix -ikauch served for education of the feminine. The proven ancient gender marker (more precisely: the mark of the sex) in Baltic Finish is connected with the marking of the stereotypically small size of the woman. The sex-neutralization of the suffix started in the eight-eenth century. The reason for this was a complicated sequence of changes of meaning of certain lex-emes.
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Estonian has lexical perfective-imperfective ‘doublets’, as inmõõtma ‘measure’, välja mõõtma ‘measure (out)’. The ‘doublets’ render theEstonian lexical aspect similar to that of Germanic, e.g. Dutch meten ‘measure’and uitmeten ‘measure out’. Finnish uses object case alternation forthe expression of the opposition, e.g. mitata/mitoittaa ‘measure’. However,Estonian also has regular morphological means to express aspectual ‘triplets’,like Slavic, as in the Russian imperfective simplex merit’ ‘measure’, theperfective izmerit’ ‘measure (out)’ and the secondary imperfective izmerjat’,approximately ‘be measuring out’. The third member of the Estonian tripletemerges via combining the particle and the partitive object case.
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The aim of the article is showing diverse ways of reception and description of female autobiographies in the critical literary research. The author devotes exceptional attention to the feminist researchers’ approach to these texts and the reading strategies proposed by them. Tracing the feminism – female autobiography relation makes it possible to perceive mutual influences and observe evolution of the emerging discourse of the feminist literary criticism.
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Conference-Report: Kamila Siuda ̶ Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Historie ukryte w pamiętnikach. Pamiętniki jako przedmiot i źródło badań naukowych”, Toruń 22–23 maja 2018 roku
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With this paper I wish to investigate the nature of code-mixing found in English place names chiefly, though not exclusively, from the Danelaw area. The paper analyzes this code-mixing in the framework of contact linguistics in the light of the contact situation between Old English and Old Norse, as described by Townend (2002) and Lutz (2013), which existed from the 8th century onwards, bearing in mind, however, that the Scandinavian place names may not necessarily be the direct indicators of the nature and extent of the Scandinavian settlement itself. Historical code-switching usually and generally focuses on describing intersentential and intrasentential code-switching, and this paper aims at broadening the overall scope of the investigation through the inclusion of onomastics. The analysis will be chiefly based on the corpus of 1915 relevant place-names, with the data drawn from the Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (Mills 1998), and Fellows-Jensen’s regional studies on Scandinavian place-names in England (Fellows- Jensen 1972, 1978, 1985). The primary focus of the investigation will be those place names which contain both Scandinavian and English elements, used to contain at least one Scandinavian or English element which was replaced by an element from the other language, contain at least one element which underwent a transformation to accommodate to the phonological system of the other language and contain elements which could belong to either of the languages but cannot be decided with absolute certainty. In this paper I also argue that names (specifically the above mentioned place-names) can conform to Muysken’s (2000) category of congruent lexicalization and that word-internal code-switching, and CS in general, is in fact a phenomenon that can occur in the case of hybrid place-names.
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Text, showing the most important ways in the 20th century to think about poetry, refers to modernist epiphany (Ryszard Nycz). On the example of Małgorzata Hillar’s poetry, the author shows the inadequacy of this concept. It focused on the linguistic aspect of transmitting emotions, bypassing their bodily sensations. The recent studies on the relationship between emotions and language also allow to present a relationship with language and poetry. Recent studies on the relationship between emotions and language also allow us to otherwise present the relationship between language and poetry.
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Jadwiga Stańczakowa was a blind writer, who was more known as a friend of Miron Białoszewski than for her own literary work. Meanwhile, she is the author of several books of poetry, autobiographical prose and a diary. Miron Białoszewski was certainly master for her, thanks to him she began to write about his own blindness. Although that all her work was connected with Białoszewski, it is worth to hear her own voice, especially in the context of disability studies. In this article the author is trying to bring out the poetess of the Białoszewski’s shadows. First of all, the author pointed out that blindness was a magical experience treated as a basis of lyrics. But the dysfunction of sight has also been a cause of recurring depressions. The writing during this ‘double disease’ was particularly difficult and made sense of self-therapy
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The article discusses the works of Klara Nowakowska, including all published volumes of the poet. Interpretations of specific works, as well as overall analyses present poems of Nowakowska as cropped images which in the imperfect way are reflecting reality. The article’s author stress the meaning of the specific variety of the short poetic form used by poet. Parallel, analysis includes the poetic record of experiencing the place.
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The paper is an attempt to analyse Barbara Klicka’s book of poetry nice, written in 2015. The interpretation is focused mainly on forms, which oscillate between prose poem and free verse. It also examines genological issues and shows main topics of presented literature, such as a revision of traditional aesthetic with an important turn into anaesthetic and its political and ethical contexts, or – in connection with philosophical, theological and social changes in the Western thought – the problem of postmodern subjectivity.
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The article traces Polish translations of Dickinson’s poetry preceding and following the publication in the nineteen nineties of 200 poems by Emily Dickinson translated by Stanisław Barańczak. It comments on some Polish poets’ response to Dickinson in their own works and points to the growing body of publications online of private selections from Dickinson’s poems previously translated by established Polish poets (mostly Barańczak or Marjańska) as well as translations and original poems inspired by Dickinson’ s work authored by less known poets, amateur translators and lovers of poetry. The article suggests that the increased Polish interest in Dickinson’s work is not only a kind of domino effect following Barańczak’s impressive translations. It also results from the growth of interest in translation studies and skills and must be related, too, to the fact that her poetry of private sensibility confronted with a dramatically changing world resonates with contemporary experience of the sensitive individual.
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The paper looks at two book-length poems by Alice Oswald’s: Dart (2002) and Memorial (2011) as translation projects, with an aim to understand both the nature of Oswald’s poetic practice and her concept of what is the meaning and goal of translation in creative work. I claim that translation, in the special sense the poet gives to this term, is at the very core of her work. In my analysis I concentrate on the physical aspect of Oswald’s poetic practice, the role of the body, movement in space, muscular effort, rhythm and memorization of poetry in her projects. I also look at the ways of crossing the divide between the human and non-human, linking language to the voice of the natural world and returning to oral poetry in her work.
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The work concerns two short letters by Stanisław Wyspiański, which haven’t been published before. The letters, adressed to Maria Siedlecka and Eliza Pareńska, seem to be important in context of the artist’s biography.
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The consequence of the European language policy and the implementation of its assumptions is the flow of glottodidactic thought, which encourages reflection on the organization of academic language education in various educational systems. Organization of language education at the law faculties in Poland and Germany is subject to dynamic transformations resulting, inter alia, from the need to adapt foreign language teaching to the requirements of the labour market. The ability to use several foreign languages and knowledge of other legal systems will allow future lawyers to practise in an international environment and is almost a requirement of the modern era, so it is worth considering how to organize the language education process in law faculties, aiming at the professionalization of education. // Konsekwencją europejskiej polityki językowej i realizacji jej założeń jest przepływ myśli glottodydaktycznej, który zachęca do refleksji na temat organizacji akademickiego kształcenia językowego w różnych systemach edukacyjnych. Organizacja kształcenia językowego na wydziałach prawa w Polsce i w Niemczech podlega dynamicznym przeobrażeniom, wynikającym między innymi z potrzeby dostosowania nauczania języków obcych do wymogów rynku pracy. Umiejętność posługiwania się kilkoma językami obcymi i znajomość innych systemów prawnych umożliwi przyszłym prawnikom wykonywanie zawodu w środowisku międzynarodowym i jest niemalże wymogiem współczesnej epoki, dlatego warto zastanowić się, jak zorganizować proces edukacji językowej na wydziałach prawa, aby zmierzał w stronę profesjonalizacji kształcenia.
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