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Nationalism, idea of the nation-state and the Habsburg Monarchy

Author(s): Dušan Kováč / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Throughout the history of mankind, a state has become the most widespread and most important form of social organization. In the course of history we come into contact with big states, i.e. empires, small states, as well as city-states where one municipality actually takes on a dimension of an independent state. Throughout the history of a state, on the other hand, we can see various internal forms of political organization, i.e. various state-political systems.

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Le Capitalisme

Author(s): L'udovít Holotík / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The study of economic and social development creates one of the prerequisites for the scientific interpretation of historical phenomena. The first table retracing in the spirit of Marxism-Leninism the main character of Czech socio-political and economic development, from the Josephine reforms at the end of the 18th century to the end of the Second World War, has been given by Oldřich Říha whose lectures collected in volume appeared in two editions.

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За най-ранната топография на култа към св. Седмочисленици. Обособяване на култа

Author(s): Evgeni Zashev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The current research traces and summarizes the information about the historical persons from the circle of the Seven Saints, paying special attention to the distinction between mention, enumeration and grouping. Various historical evidences are examined as focal memory points of a conjoint cult of the Seven Saints – some of them are literature sources – the Prologue life of St. John Vladimir (1690), the Berat liturgy for Seven Saints (c. 1720) and the Moschopol liturgy for Seven Saints (1742), other sources are artefacts –eight wall paintings, three icons, a carved medallion and three reliquaries. Based on the mentioned sources, the earliest topography of the Seven Saints cult is outlined, and the individual monuments are presented in their geographical, cultural-historical, and architectural context. There is an emphasis on the fact that the historical evidences of the early stage of the propagation of the Seven Saints cult derive from a relatively limited geographical area – the lands of the Berat diocese and its immediate surroundings. The images from Dratcha monastery (1735) and from the church “St. Prophet Elijah” in Siatista (1744) are rather exceptions. As a conclusion, it is noticed that the language of the entire described tradition, including both the three written monuments and the numerous images and artefacts, is Greek. This tradition cannot yet be recognized as a genuine Bulgarian national initiative of the revival type, but rather is a regional post-Byzantine cult that arose in the southwestern regions of the Ochrid Archdiocese in a multi-ethnic environment with a dominant cultural Hellenism. The artefacts preserved to present days, which are probably only a part of those actually created, testify to the inclusion of the Seven Saints in the sacral pantheon of the Ochrid Archdiocese, thereby raising its ecclesiastical authority and supporting its historical pretensions to canonical independence. The tendencies observed in the perspective of the cult development in the second half of the 19th century are the gradual transfer to the east and northeast to the lands of Macedonia, more compactly populated with Bulgarians, and the appearance of images bringing to the fore the creation of the Bulgarian alphabet.

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Артефакти за Кирил и Методий в Националния военноисторически музей

Author(s): Veselka Zhelyazkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article describes artefacts from the collection of the National Museum of Military History in Sofia, which reveal the place of Cyril and Methodius in the cultural memory of Bulgarians. Three battle flags are represented – the Samara flag (1876), the main flag of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (1912), the flag of the 3rd Thessaloniki Battalion of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (1912). Bulgarian orders, medals and badges with the images of the Slavic first teachers are also presented, among which is the order “Saints Equal to Apostles Cyril and Methodius” – the highest decoration in the Kingdom of Bulgaria and a dynastic order of the Bulgarian kings.

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Lenteur et persévérance dans le développement de la lexicographie bilingue des glossaires au format numérique

Author(s): Maria-Alexandra FERCAL / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

In this study we propose to make a diachronic presentation on the appearance and evolution of bilingual lexicography in our country, from the 17th century. In order to create a clearer picture on this topic, we need to understand what the first lexicographical works were. First of all, we will focus on the dictionaries and glossaries that marked the beginning of the lexicographic activity in our country. We will then indicate some pioneering works in particular fields, published between the 16th and 19th centuries. At the end of the 19th century, respectively the 20th century, bilingual dictionaries will begin to occupy a secondary place in Romanian lexicography, to the detriment of unilingual explanatory dictionaries, but they will change their format in order to still satisfy practical needs (those of small size as tourist guides, medium-sized ones as auxiliaries in education and the large ones as support in scientific research). The change continues even nowadays, but this time from the point of view of writing dictionaries, by changing from the paper format to the digital one.

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Die Derwisch-Sekte der albanischen Bektaschi. Anmerkungen zu ihrer Geschichte, Verbreitung und zur derzeitigen Lage

Author(s): Robert Elsie / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Aus der mittelalterlichen Bewegung des islamischen Mystizismus, auch Sufismus genannt, entstanden nach der schiitischen Tradition zahlreiche Derwisch-Sekten oder tariqat, arab. ‘Pfade.’ Viele dieser Sekten, deren Zentren oder Klöster man Tekes, alb. teqe, nennt, kamen während der fünf Jahrhunderte osmanischer Herrschaft auch nach Alba-nien und Kosova, vor allem die Bektaschi und die Halweti. Von geringerer Bedeutung sind auch noch die Rifa’i, die Sa’di, die Kadiri und mit noch weit weniger Verbreitung die Tidschani zu erwähnen. Man besitzt auch einige Angaben von einer Vielzahl kleinerer Sekten auf albanischem Boden, vornehmlich in Kosova, u.a.: die Dschelweti, die Sinani, die Bajrami, die Mewlewi, die Melami, die Nakschbandi, die Badawi, die Jesewi, die Schahseli und die Dessuki.

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Protistátní trestné činy v moderních kodifikacích

Author(s): David Kolumber / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The contribution “Anti-state Crimes in Modern Codifications” deals with the topic of anti-state crimes during centuries. Firstly, legal concepts in the pre-state period are mentioned. Then the attention is paid on the evolution of this institute in the Euro-Atlantic area. From this point of view, there are mentioned mainly regulations from England (1351), France (1810), Germany (1871) and Soviet Union (1958) which could be remarked as the most important for the development of other countries. On the other hand, it also reminds the development of codifications in Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, which were affected by the Austro-Hungarian legislations as well as German and Soviet approaches. The Czech current arrangement generally does not depart from the other European samples, but it cannot be omitted that in the Czech Republic it is distinguished the penal concept of the high treason (Landesverrat, vlastizrada) from the constitutional concept (Hochverrat, velezrada) which is dedicated to the presidential anti-state activities. The contribution also indicates that the concept of anti-state crimes in countries has not been unified and it has been varying according to various experiences and attitudes.

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Uzbrojenie Krakowa w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku

Author(s): Jacek Zinkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

It seems that the first half of the 17th century was a period of relative peace in the history of Krakow. From the siege of the city by Habsburg troops in 1587 until the tragic events of 1655, Krakow was not besieged by enemy troops. It was also a time when the threat was not forgotten and efforts were made to counteract it in advance. The preserved sources allow for the presentation of many aspects of urban defense in the discussed period. The example of the former capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth shows the urban defense of that time in quite a wide range. Thanks to the preserved registers, but also other written sources, especially normative ones, we can attempt to characterize the city's armament in the time preceding the series of tragic events that began in the mid-17th century. The characteristics of urban weapons in modern times is a very poorly explored issue. This also contrasts with the abundance of historical studies on modern military affairs. This article is an attempt to partially fill this research gap.

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Z dziejów żydowskiej awangardy w Łodzi

Author(s): Krystyna Radziszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to present "Yung Yiddish", the first avant-garde Yiddish group in Poland, operating in Łódź in 1919-1921. The group was founded in a multinational city with various traditions and spiritual sources. Moyshe Broderzon, with his experience of avant-garde movements in Russia, played a leading role in creating the group and its program. The group included outstanding painters, writers and theater creators of international rank co-created the community as Yitsḥak Katzenelson, Yekhezkl-Moyshe Nayman (Neuman), Chaim Leyb Fuks, Chaim Krul and artists: Yankl Adler, Marek Szwarc, Yitskhok Broyner (Brauner), Henekh Bartshinski. They created mainly in the circle of the Yiddish language, which became their programmatic distinguishing feature. They were also open to inspiration from outside, to the influence of other avant-garde groups from Warsaw, Poznań, Berlin, Dresden, the cities of the Rhineland, as well as Moscow and Kiev. It also drew from other cultures among which Jews lived and worked. The artists published a magazine with the same title that combined visual and literary experiment. Six issues of the Yung-Yiddish magazine have been published.

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Capitulation of French troops at Atella (23 July 1496)

Author(s): Joseph Rafael Gudmann / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I’ll present the first phase of the Italian Wars, specifically the period between 1494 and 1498. The study focuses on the French troops’ capitulation at Atella, which was a very important event as the war tide started to turn against the French following their victorious campaign through the Italian peninsula. The main source for the study was Mario Sanuto’s work called I diarii (‘Diaries’) – a detailed record of the aforementioned events that allow us to analyse the situation and gain clarity about the military, political, and economic aspects of the French army’s capitulation.

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Cavalry Unit of Jan Buczacki from the year 1501

Author(s): Oleg Hański / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article considers the offensive and defensive armament, organisational structure, and condition of horses in the King of Poland’s 200-horse mercenary company under the command of rittmeister (rotmistrz) Jan Buczacki in 1501. As a part of the permanent defence system (obrona potoczna), this company was stationed in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland’s Ruthenian Lands in order to protect the lives and property of the local residents from the military threats of Tatar and Moldavian forces. The article presents the results of a source study and a statistical analysis of a part of a hand-written military registry from 1501, which is stored in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. In the registry records, 24 knights (men-at-arms, or companions – towarzysze), including the captain, were mentioned by their name or nickname, while the majority of the soldiers and squires remained anonymous. In total, the company comprised 171 men (including 24 knights and 2 military musicians) and 29 squires. The records report that the company had 135 pieces of offensive armament (102 crossbows, 30 lances, 3 matchlocks) and 174 pieces of defensive armament (28 full plate knights’ armours, 106 shooters’ armours, 5 chain mails, a breastplate, a sallet helmet, an armet helmet, and a small shield – a buckler). According to the type of armaments, the soldiers of the unit can be divided into four categories: heavy lancers (kopijnicy), arbalists, demi-lancers (półkopijnik), and swordsmen. In addition, the registry includes detailed records describing the company’s horses, which were classified as either spearman or shooters’ horses. In particular, there were 56 heavy lancers’ horses, 137 shooters’ horses, and 7 horses belonging to neither of those categories

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Jewels of Crafts – Forging Blades, Fletching Arrows, Making Naphtha, and Manufacturing Black Powder – a Persian Manuscript on Warfare

Author(s): Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The present article deals with an undated Persian manuscript titled Javāher al-Sanāye’ جواهرالصنايع [Jewels of Crafts]. Many Persian manuscripts provide invaluable information on weapon-making, forging swords, archery techniques, attacking fortifications, casting cannons and making firearms, and military strategies. Most accounts on making crucible steel are part of books on jewels and stones. In my last book Jewels and Patterned Crucible Steel: Books of Jewels, Stones, and Metals, I provided a translation and annotation of the book Goharnāmeh [Book of Jewels] written by Mohammad ben Mansur for the ruler Uzun Hasan Āq Qoyonlu in the 15th century CE (9th century Hijra). The Goharnāmeh by Ben Mansur describes precious and semi-precious stones, animal products, and metals. An essential part of the book deals with blades and making crucible steel. However, the manuscript Javāher al-Sanāye’ [Jewels of Crafts], which is the topic of this article, is about the transformation of stones and metals. The book describes how the craftsmen made crucible steel and expands on how ironworkers used crucibles for conducting other alchemical processes to change and transform the colour of stones, among other processes. Javāher al-Sanāye’ [Jewels of Crafts] is a gem for war-related topics as it provides invaluable information on how to make crucible steel blades, how to identify and classify swords, how to make the adhesive glue for attaching the blade tang to the handle of the sword, how to make glue for fletching arrows, how to make naphtha (burning material) for attacking fortifications, and how to make the black powder.

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„Czytać w kawiarni w Warszawie wśród roztargnienia” – satyra polityczna i humor w gazecie „Nowa Polska” 1831 rok

Author(s): Małgorzata Karpińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Nowa Polska, a newspaper with the subtitle “Journal of Politics and Science”, began circulating in Warsaw on 5 January 1831 as an organ of radical circles. Its contributors included Kamil and Maurycy Mochnacki, Ludwik Nabielak and Adam Gurowski. From the very first issue, the paper, which was read in cafés as well as on Warsaw’s streets and squares, engaged in fierce polemics with all other political circles. However, it did not always pursue serious debates or refer to substantive or scientific arguments, as its subtitle suggests. Both the young age of most of its contributors and its audience led the editors to be uncompromising and ruthless in their criticism. Humour was very often the weapon aimed at the adversaries. Political satire, cutting bon mots and even the occasional bawdy mockery were to appeal not only to the intellect but also to the emotions of the readers. They also greatly expanded the readership. This article presents the main trends of satire, the people who became the object of ridicule and the attitudes and decisions that were most often mocked. The type of humour used to discredit political opponents is also analysed.

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„Profesorska katarynka”. Kultura śmiechu na Uniwersytecie Wileńskim

Author(s): Maria Korybut-Marciniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the first three decades of the 19th century, Vilnius was buzzing with humour and vibrancy, mainly due to the Vilnius Imperial University established in 1803. Imperial University of Vilnius. The community of laughter included Vilnius’ intellectual elite, students and social elites. Around 1815, Vilnius saw the appearance of the so-called Sheynekatarynka, a magic lamp that made a great impression on the city’s inhabitants. The memory of the characters depicted in it – professors of the Vilnius Academy – survived in the memoir literature of students: Edward Odyniec, Otto Sliźnia, Stanisław Morawski, Stanisław Małcużyński, Michał Czarnocki and Hipolit Klimaszewski. The humorous poems pointed out the flaws and weaknesses of the professorial body. They were also a criticism of the quality of university education.

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„Śmialiśmy się nieźle…”. Śmiech, humor i kpina Wielkiej Emigracji w Anglii

Author(s): Krzysztof Marchlewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Political emigration does not seem to favor merriment, cheerfulness and jokes. But refugees, like everyone else, feel the need for laughter and joy, and very often they are the best escape from the sorrow of exile. This article is an attempt to present what and under what circumstances made Polish political refugees who took refuge in Victorian Britain laugh. They often manifested their sense of humour during political disputes and mockingly presented both Russian tsarism and their opponents. They tame the unknown British environment and reacted to their own inferiority complex by joking about their British hosts. The male loneliness of emigrants meant that one of the favorite threads of jokes and mockery for them was female-male relations. Everyday life also provided them with numerous occasions for not necessarily malicious laughter. They laughed at themselves, their own weaknesses, unhealthy ambitions, and funny misunderstandings. The preserved archival sources indicate that many emigrants did not lose their sense of humour and were eager to express it in various forms, despite the hardships od the émigré existence.

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Śmiech także na poważnie. Kilka refleksji o roli humoru, dowcipu i śmiechu w galicyjskiej kulturze politycznej doby autonomii, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem galicyjskiego Sejmu Krajowego

Author(s): DAMIAN SZYMCZAK / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Satire, caricature, wit, and laughter are important elements of political culture, and can be employed in serious political struggles. Up to now, research on the role of laughter and humour in the political life of Galicia has been limited to the analysis of the press and literature and has been conducted primarily by literary historians. There has, as yet, been no analysis of the role of wit and laughter in the deliberations of the Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. This parliament was generally regarded as serious and even boring, yet there was no shortage of laughter. Moreover, it played an important role as a political weapon. The ability to use witticisms and to ridicule political opponents in the chamber of the Galician diet was highly valued. This paper represents an examination of this phenomenon and will propose a new research agenda.

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Mediul construit românesc - provocări, răspunsuri şi soluţii. Conservarea şi restaurarea monumentelor istorice

Author(s): Gabriel-Valentin Georgescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this study is to bring forth the architect’s role in the conservation process of heritage buildings, following a more traditional path in an era of technologic evolution. It is fundamentally necessary to find conservation-compatible approaches and energy solutions that allow maintaining historical and aesthetic values, while lowering energy costs and minimizing environmental impact. Our study aims to identify methods and techniques for treating and optimizing built structures with historical and/or heritage value with an emphasis on the role of the architect. The paper illustrates how the most appropriate intervention can be achieved through processes that aim to achieve sustainable restoration/conservation. There are several green technologies that might be imbedded into historic buildings in unobtrusive or invisible ways. The restoration and consolidation of historical buildings represent a large and complex challenge requiring the involvement of several competent bodies from different fields, as well as the direct involvement of the community. Through theoretical analysis and by using appropriate methods of identification, evaluation and the choice of measures and techniques corresponding to each case of restoration and consolidation, a future of these structures built to carry forward the cultural heritage of a community or nation can be ensured.

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Tekstilne rukotvorine u Visokom

Author(s): Marica Popić-Filipović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U literaturi koja se odnosi na osmanski period u Bosni i Hercegovini nema dovoljno podataka o kulturi stanovanja i pojedinim segmentima iz oblasti materijalne kulture koji se odnose na svakodnevni život prosječnih stanovnika Visokog – zanatlija, trgovaca, zemljoradnika, stočara. Pokušaj rekonstrukcije jednog dijela materijalne kulture, onog koji se odnosi na kulturu odijevanja i proizvodnju tkanina, nije nimalo lak zadatak. Ako se uzme u obzir činjenica da se veliki procenat stanovništva bavio poljoprivredom i stočarstvom,1 može se pretpostaviti da su uzgajali lan i konoplju za proizvodnju tekstilnih vlakana biljnog porijekla, odnosno da su upotrebljavali vunu i kostrijet, vlakna životinjskog porijekla. Uz pretpostavku da su poznavali vlakna i biljnog i životinjskog porijekla, sa sigurnošću možemo tvrditi da su poznavali i tehnologiju tkanja različitih vrsta tkanina, kao i tehnologiju pletenja i ukrasne tehnike. Od gore spomenutih sirovina proizvodili su različite vrste platna i sukna od kojih su izrađivali odjeću i kućni tekstil.

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Po stopách židovského osídlení města Planá

Author(s): Markéta Novotná / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The document explores the history of Jewish settlement in the town of Planá, located near Mariánské Lázně, from the late 16th century. It highlights the challenges in documenting this history due to the scarcity of sources and the loss of many original documents. The study relies on various archival materials, including manuscripts by local historians and records from the State Regional Archive in Tachov. It details the presence of Jewish residents, their contributions to the local economy, and the establishment of Jewish institutions such as synagogues and cemeteries. The narrative also covers the expulsion of Jews in the late 17th century and their subsequent return in the 18th century. The document concludes with reflections on the lasting impact of the Jewish community on the town's cultural and historical landscape.

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Židé na Kladně

Author(s): Irena Veverková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Jewish community in Kladno, researched by Irena Veverková, has a rich history dating back to the 17th century. The community grew significantly in the late 19th century, with many families moving from the nearby Hostouň ghetto. Prominent families included the Reimann, Taussig, and Heitler families, who were involved in trade and industry. Despite initial distrust, Jews in Kladno integrated well, contributing to the town's social and economic life. The community faced severe persecution during the Nazi occupation, with many members deported and killed. Notable figures included rabbis Herman Schwarz, Vilém Pollak, and Moric Müller, who served the community through challenging times. The Jewish cemetery and synagogue in Kladno remain important historical sites, reflecting the community's enduring legacy.

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