FLAPPER ON THE ROMANIAN AND AMERICAN INTERWAR SCENE

Author(s): Andreea Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2019

This paper aims to present the flapper, starting with the definitions of the term and continuing with the influence of the New Woman on feminism in Romania and The United States of America during interwar period. Emerged in a time of great change, the new type of woman was like a tidal wave for the conservatory society. The one who once was admired for her obedience to males, for her housekeeping or motherhood skills was ready to fight for her new roles into public sphere. Surrounded by rhythms of jazz and cigarette smoke, the bob haired flapper wore minimal clothing; a lot of make up, red lips and nails was able to win the fight against conservatism and to set her as a symbol of one of the most intense time periods.

KĖDAINIEČIŲ MOTERŲ ĮVARDIJIMO TENDENCIJOS XVII–XVIII A. KĖDAINIŲ MIESTO ISTORIJOS ŠALTINIUOSE

Author(s): Alma Ragauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2022

Municipal register books, various inventories, registers and church registers are among the key historical anthroponymic sources of Lithuanian townspeople. The most notable among them are the Kėdainiai inventories of 1604, 1622, 1624 and 1666 and the documents of Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church of 1628–1663 written in the Polish language. Eighty-two records of Kėdainiai women were collected from these unique manuscripts of the 17th century. They are thoroughly discussed from the perspective of naming. It was established that the female residents of the town of the Radziwill noble family were usually recorded by two suffixal anthroponyms formed after their husband. The naming of 32 women followed such a pattern (39.02% of all the cases of naming). As many as 13 (15.86%) women of Kėdainiai were recorded by the first name and surname or by an anthroponym performing its functions. They were usually given traditional Christian names. In the later baptismal register of 1752–1799 kept by St. George’s Church of Kėdainiai Parish, 32 surnames of the townswomen bearing Lithuanian suffixes were identified.

ALICE WALKER’S WOMANIST OUTLOOK

Author(s): Amada Mocioalcă / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2020

Walker’s womanist credo seems exemplified in the words and the passions of Shug. Walker’s literature and life work have been an expression of splendour and love of life. But they have also arisen from Walker’s immersion in the stuff of lamentation, outcry, blues.

Гоце Делчев в контекста на дисциплиниращата политика на ВМОРО към населението и кадровия състав

Author(s): Elena Aleksandrova,Elena Aleksandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The issue of Gotse Delchev ’s inclusion in IMARO’s disciplinary policy is part of a wider debate about the Committee’s purposeful attempts to infiltrate the daily lives of its members, primarily the Bulgarian population in the Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace regions of the Ottoman Empire. This policy was important for IMARO from the point of view of expediency and raising its authority. G. Delchev showed an attitude towards the innovations that the Organization imposed in the field of revolutionary justice, education and morality. All these components were subordinated to the revolutionary purposefulness, on the one hand, and to the desire to cultivate a new civilized social order, on the other.

READING PATTERNS AND EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES IN JANE EYRE

Author(s): Mădălina Elena MANDICI (MOCANU) / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2022

This paper deals with the reading histories of a formally-educated fictional woman within the pages of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847). Jane Eyre’s reading habits raise questions concerning the dissemination of texts, the anxieties surrounding intellectual, lively women in the 19th century and the moral, spiritual and psychological repercussions of their reading interests in an era predominantly defined by anti-fiction prejudices. Although between the 1860s and the 1890s novels partially stopped raising eyebrows; sentimental fiction, Gothic romances and other popular genres were still associated with outrageous actions and promiscuous scenarios. Reading was affiliated with passivity, escapism, delusion and rebelliousness, no matter how hard novelists tried to bail their texts out and make a bona fide effort to encourage active, critical reading. Nowadays, the controversial status of female readers has not melted away completely, it has only avoided attracting attention to itself. The present paper shows how Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre serve as a gateway to the cultural and political atmosphere of the 19th century and, by extension, assesses the reading practices enacted by women in the informing context of the Victorian period.

Българофобията в обществения дискурс в Република Северна Македония през 2021 г.

Author(s): Georgi Stankov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The study examines a very pronounced social phenomenon in the Republic of North Macedonia – Bulgarophobia and hate speech towards Bulgarians and Bulgaria. The main characteristics of Bulgarophobiain the context of contemporary Macedonian ethnocentrism and the process through which they were formed and manifested in the Republic of North Macedonia have been researched. Specific cases of Bulgarophobia in 2021 are presented and discussed.

GENDER IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY FASHION

Author(s): Sandra Chira / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2022

Femininity and masculinity, understood as the gender identity of individuals, are concepts that are not confused with the sexual identity. While genders are definitions assigned to people in relation to the social framework of belonging, depending on the gender standards and stereotypes established in society, the male or female sex belongs to the biological identity of the individuals, being hereditary. The clear distinction between sex and gender refers to their origin. Sex is a biological given, not an individual's choice to be male or female, while gender refers to how a person defines themselves as male or female. From a sociological perspective, gender is the social interpretation of sex because the formation and definition of gender identity depends both on the intimate space of individuals but also on the social environment alongside external influencing factors. Due to cultural uncertainties about the role of man or woman in contemporary society, the process of defining genders becomes ambiguous. If in the past, the woman was clearly subordinate to the man and fulfilled the role of protecting the privacy of the home at most and the man was involved in various professional and social activities, today, in an evolved and democratic society, such a distinction regarding the status of individuals in the framework of society according to gender no longer occurs. At the same time, as contemporary theories about the identity of individuals in general speak of "identity crisis", in which, in the absence of an identity foundation based on traditional values and aspects, individuals are always in search of their own identity, people and consumer objects with which to identify, also in the case of gender identities, in the presence of constantly changing images of masculinity and femininity, the definition of genders becomes uncertain.

LATIN POETS AND THEIR FEMININE IMAGES

Author(s): Mariana Lăpădat Ene / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2022

The status of Roman women as characters in the works of Latin poets is different from the political and legal one existing in the Roman society male dominated, because they inspire unique lasting loves, sufferings that strongly mark the life of the authors, becoming equal or even dominant in their relationships. The poems abound in metaphors that express the dominance of the beloved woman, the slavery of love, the miraculous power of love that causes the authors to have an unusual behavior for their social position, similar to slavery, behaviour that they sometimes complain about, thus becoming protagonists of their own work. The same as virtus expresses the Roman male identity through courage and values proven in battle, militia amoris expresses love in the works of Latin elegiac poets as a battlefield where the lover fights, triumphs or is defeated.

MARIJA JURIĆ ZAGORKA. THE FIRST FEMALE CROATIAN JOURNALIST

Author(s): Maria Lațchici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

Marija Jurić known by her pen name Zagorka, was a Croatian journalist, writer and women's rights activist. She was the first female journalist in Croatia and is among the most read Croatian writers. A vocal opponent of magyarization and germanization of Croatia, she was imprisoned in solitary confinement for ten days for organizing demonstrations against Khuen-Héderváry.

DIASPORA MISSIOLOGY THEORY, METHODOLOGY, AND PRACTICEIN AMY TAN’S ‘THE VALLEY OF AMAZEMENT’

Author(s): Maria Cristina Chintescu / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2023

This piece of writing focuses on the theme of ‘Otherness’ in Amy Tan’s novel ‘The Valley of Amazement’ but from an opposing view now, that of a genuine woman and mother who skillfully struggles to mingle and adapt to the Chinese way of life proposing a cultural theme now, that of the Courtesan Houses in China. The balance switches for the time being. We are dealing in the reversed In-group (the genuine Chinese) and Out-group (Lucia Minturn, born American and who came to China in the hope to marry the father of her daughter, Violet). The article brings the following themes to the center of attention: assimilation, ethnicity, family, prostitution, Chinese and American worlds. The article underlines the alterity between the In-group and the Out-group. The connection is made by Violet, who, as a regular half- Chinese, is hesitant to learn about her Chinese origins. We focus on the constant gap between Lucia's life and Violet's. What is spectacular about this novel is Lucia's return to America and Violet's staying in China.

DECREE NO. 770 OF 1966 FROM THE FEMININE PERSPECTIVE. THE IMPACT ON THE FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS

Author(s): Nina-Florentina Cristea / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2023

The meeting of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, on August 2d, 1966, debated a demographic study drawn up by a commission led by the Minister of Health, Voinea Marinescu. Alexandru Drăghici supported the idea that the Decree no. 463 of September 30, 1957, in force and legalizing abortion on demand, encouraged debauchery and opposed traditional family values. In order to stimulate the birth rate, it was proposed to increase the number of places in nurseries. Nicolae Ceaușescu, more radical, stated that the said law promoted prostitution and a high rate of divorces. This article displays a presentation of the women’s situation in communist Romania, within the context of the Ceausescu regime’s pro-natality policy and also before this period of time. We do compare the women’s real situation with the presentation of the official discourse in antithesis with the everyday reality. The research includes the period 1966-1989 when the Decree 770/1966 was applied and there are also references to the period before 1966, for a more accurate picture regarding the pro-natality issue, the evolution of the birth rate, the family planning.

Problemy tożsamości płciowej i androgynii oraz ich rozumienie...w dyskursie ponowoczesności na podstawie wybranych przykładów polskiej prozy po roku 1989

Author(s): Daria Targosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

The essay is an attempt to sketch a panorama of representations of the body, corporeality and their relation to gender identity in prose written after 1989, a caesura of particular significance for corporeality. The text discusses literary images of gender identity on the basis of available studies that show the state of research in this field. The essay refers to the concept of the androgynous myth and also refers to the theories of the ‘opaque body’ and the ‘unwanted body’. The problematics contained in the text refer to the works of Olga Tokarczuk, Natasza Goerke, Izabela Filipiak and Andrzej Czcibor-Piotrowski, among others, which deal with the body-related gender identity. The study does not consider works that contain literary representations of gender identity that function in isolation from the body, but focuses on those that are central to the issues of corporeality. This stems from the assumption of the importance of the bodily experience in a literary work that should not only refer to the body, but also touch on the essence of humanity.

Osobní vzpomínání historičky umění na zapomenuté ženy

Author(s): Marta Edith Holečková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

The well-known art historian Milena Bartlová presents the fates of three women with whom she is connected by family ties and who are nowadays largely forgotten. All of them joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia due to their leftist beliefs and were later expelled from it. The author’s paternal grandmother, Vlasta Müllerová (1900–1983), from 1945 Mlynářová, worked in lower party positions after the war and later became director of a retirement home in Prague. Bartlová’s maternal grandmother, Hana Budínová (1903–1965), born in Ukraine as Chana Kojfman, was active in the Zionist movement, worked as a journalist in interwar Czechoslovakia and spent the war years in exile in the U.S. After her return to Czechoslovakia, she made a living mainly as a translator. Her husband was the journalist Bencion Bať, known under the pseudonym Stanislav Budín (1903–1979). The most famous is the author’s mother, economist and diplomat Rita Klímová (1931–1993). In her youth, Klímová was involved in youth and party functions. Later, in the 1960s, she worked as a lecturer at the Faculty of Philosophy in Prague. During the normalization period, she joined the dissent and made her living as a translator. She then served asambassador to the United States from 1990 until her death. Her first husband was the reformist communist politician and political scientist, dissident and exile Zdeněk Mlynář (1930–1997). In her book "Ženy, které nechtěly mlčet: Tři československé příběhy" [Women Who Would Not Be Silent: Three Czechoslovak Stories], the author finds reasons why these women are forgotten, mainly in the patriarchal structure and mentality of society, as well as in the lack of interest from contemporary historians in ex-communist personalities. The reviewer partly challenges these answers, reflecting critically but with empathy on the author’s complex position as a personally engaged biographer and appreciating her inspiring approach.

Przedmałżeńskie relacje kobieta – mężczyzna… w wybranych powieściach polskich pisarek minorum gentium przełomu XIX i XX w.

Author(s): Barbara Wąsik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2018

When reconstructing the man-woman relationships described in the novels, I will focus on the pre-marital relationships. I am interested in the following issues: how female characters imagine love, who and why was their object of interest, in what circumstances was it possible for a true feeling to emerge, the impressions from first physical contacts (most often lack of satisfaction, frequently – a feeling of shame, even disgust, the awareness of being objectified). Everyday relations were limited and superficial, there was no time to create a bond, a feeling of intimacy – very often the first meeting was quickly followed by engagement and marriage. Young women had no knowledge about their bodies, were not informed about their rights and duties, did not know men (who were raised in a completely different way), their desires, behaviours, and general views about life. The vast majority of the described relations was therefore – especially from the female characters’ point of view – dysfunctional in nature. Even women independent in other areas, with much experience with the world, highly self-aware, experienced nothing but obstacles on their way to happiness.

PRISUSTVO BOŠNJAKINJE U DŽAMIJI KROZ POVIJEST: STAVOVI ULEME I OBIČAJNE PRAKSE

Author(s): Sumejja Ljevaković-Subašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 94/2023

The introduction of this work presents a short analysis of the general view of the Islamic sources regarding women’s attendance in the mosque. It offers a review of the hadith relating the Messenger’s prohibition of preventing women from going to the mosque and explains how this Prophet’s prohibition was neglected after his demise with the excuse of fasadu-z-zaman or corruption of society/times. This attitude was particularly popular within the Hanefi School which was also the school of law followed by the Bosniak ulama. Keeping this in mind, the article further reviews the opinions of Bosniak ulama in this regard and analyses the customary practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina of women attending the jamaat gatherings as well as of their participation in other activities in mosques from the post-Ottoman period to the present day.

ЖЕНЩИНЫ-ТАТАРКИ КАСИМОВСКОГО КРАЯ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ ХХ в.

Author(s): Alfiya G. Gallyamova,Ilnara Khanipova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformation of the behavioral patterns of Kasimov Tatar women in the first half of the XX c. The specific task is to reveal the role, to show the achievements of the Kasimov Tatar women in the context of the history of the city of Kasimov and the country in the first half of the XX c. The main sources are published scientific and popular science publications; documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation introduced into scientific circulation for the first time; materials of the Kasimov newspaper “Red Sunrise”. Based on the aggregation of these data, the activities of women from national minorities in the system of education, art and science, as well as in social and political life are covered. Particular attention is paid to outstanding personalities, whose names have become widely known outside the Kasimovsky district, namely the teacher S. Kh. Bulatova, mathematician S. Kh. Shakulova, opera singer Z. G. Bayrasheva, writer and statesman Z. Kh. Burnasheva and others. The authors conclude that among the Kasimov Tatar women there were professionals who broke the stereotypes about Tatar women, who were open to modernization processes and actively participated in their implementation.

Ловчанският митрополит Филарет като управляващ Охридско-Битолската епархия на Българската православна църква (1941 – 1944 г.)

Author(s): Goran Blagoev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Metropolitan Philaret of Loveč was among the synodal bishops entrusted with the administration of the dioceses rejoined to the Bulgarian Church in April 1941. The Metropolitan was appointed to rule the Ohrid-Bitola Diocese. By accepting his new appointment, he distinguished himself behaving with tact and moderation, showed understanding and sensitivity for the local Bulgarians’ pains and aspirations. At the beginning of September 1944, together with the state administration and military units, Bulgarian ecclesiastical authorities were forced to withdraw from the newly liberated lands. Before leaving his position, Philaret of Loveč manifested responsibility and took care of church matters that his diocese in charge did not fall into chaos due to the looming lawlessness.

Росица Лельова. На духовния фронт от Илинден до Балканската война. Българската екзархия и екзархийските институции в Македония 1903 – 1912. София, 2021, 288 с. ISBN 978-619-245-197-3.

Author(s): Aleksandar Grebenarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Пътеписните бележки на проф. Йордан Иванов от първото му пътуване из Македония през 1906 – 1908 г.

Author(s): Georgi Minczew / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The Archiv of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences contains several notebooks and a typewritten text in which the famous Bulgarian scholar, Prof. Yordan Ivanov, described his impressions of his first trip to Macedonia, when he was collecting materials for his future book Bulgarian Antiquities around Macedonia. These notes have not been published until now. They obviously served Y. Ivanov in the preparation of his monograph, but at the same time they differ from its scientific style. The notes also contain factual material, but it is secondary to the personal impressions of the author’s encounters with ordinary people, to his reflections on the political situation in the Ottoman Empire after the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, to poetic descriptions of nature landmarks, etc. The said manuscript materials from the archive constitute a special kind of scholarly travelogue, an artistic description of unknown but also familiar lands. In 1906, the Bulgarian scholar visited the ‘unknown’ Macedonia for the first time; but she was at the same time ‘familiar’: known from stories about the family history of Y. Ivanov, whose roots were from the Kratovo district. Attached to the article is the transcript of the first notebook, describing Prof. Y. Ivanov’s impressions from his trip from Vrancha to Thessalonica and Athos in October 1906 – January 1907.

Държавният институт за глухонеми в Скопие (1943 – 1944 г.)

Author(s): Zhivko Lefterov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article examines a practically unknown episode of educational and social policy during the Bulgarian rule of Vardar Macedonia 1941 – 1944: the opening of the State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb in Skopje. Regardless of the difficult wartime conditions and the unresolved problems of the deaf community in the old boundaries of the country, the Bulgarian state, guided by responsibility and humanity towards the deaf schoolchildren in the new lands, including Pirot and Vrana districts, made maximum efforts to respond to their needs and to fulfil the endeavour. Unfortunately, despite the finding of a suitable building and its equipment, the secondment of appropriately trained teachers from the three institutes for the deaf and dumb in Bulgaria and the allocation of the necessary budget funds, the activity of the State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb in Skopje, which onlystarted at the end of 1943, was discontinued already at the beginning of 1944 – given the end of classes and the evacuation of a number of educational institutions due to the bombing of the city by the Allies.