The case of “a crow dressed in borrowed feathers”: Debate of the church historians on plagiarism in the 19th-century Hungary

Author(s): Csaba Fazekas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

This paper presents a heated debate about plagiarism that unfolded between historiographers of the Catholic Church in the press in Hungary in 1841. It was only one special event with few participants, but this case offers an opportunity to study the development of the approach of historical science to plagiarism and the conditions of historiography in East-Central Europe, with special regard to church history, and contrasts these with the conditions in West European countries.To interpret the plagiarism debate, the “court model” will be applied because the writings of the accused author, the victim, and the witnesses remind us of the participants in a court trial, where for the court to pass the sentence mitigating and aggravating circumstances can be put forward, and there is also countercharging; and the committed act is also considered from the point of view of intellectual property rights, as well as from a moral and scientific standpoint.

Na uniwersytecie, w szpitalu, w prosektorium… Gabriela Zapolska i Maria Szeliga o praktykowaniu medycyny przez kobiety

Author(s): Renata Stachura-Lupa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The paper presents the question of the attitude that Gabriela Zapolska and Maria Szeliga had towards the education of women at university. The author discusses the texts written by the two writers from 1889: Zapolska’s articles: W sprawie emancypacji and Paniom emancypantkom… odpowiedź, released in “Kurier Warszawski”, and Szeliga’s novel Na przebój. The release of these texts was preceded by obtaining the degree of Doctor of Medicine by the 21-year-old Caroline Schultze from Warsaw. She had received the title from the University of Sorbonne in Paris in 1888 after writing the dissertation Kobieta-lekarz w XIX wieku, which was noted by press in Poland and abroad. The debate over Schultze’s dissertation became heated, among other reasons due to her opponent, the famous authority in the field of neurology, Jean-Martin Charcot, who referred to gender stereotypes and questioned the ability of women to perform the job of a doctor. Zapolska did not support the idea of university education of women and undermined the honesty of its intentions. Szeliga defended female higher education. In the novel Na przebój she presented the process of women entering the medical profession. In order to contradict her opponents’ argument about women’s lack of aptitude to practise medicine, which allegedly results from their nature, she took her character, Natalia Dortmuntówna, a Pole studying in Paris, to the hospital and a mortuary, emphasising the role of practical preparation for the profession.

Дейността на Националния фонд за демокрация в България в началото на 90-те години на XX век: цели и реализация

Author(s): Simona Samuilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Sejmy pacyfikacyjne i ich miejsce w ustroju Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Rozważania nad sejmami z lat 1589, 1673, 1699 oraz 1736

Author(s): Jakub Stachurka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2023

The article discusses the topic of pacification sejms in the context of their impact on the systemic transformations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the systemic practice. The author presents what the pacification sejm was, what role it played as a mechanism in the state system and presents the most common goals of constantly calling the parliament with such specific characteristics. Then, in chronological order, the four parliaments from 1589, 1673, 1699 and 1736 are discussed, because only their debates have been completed. The context of the internal situation at the time of calling the pacification is referred to, and then a description of the achievements of the Sejm in the aspect of interest to the author of influencing the shape of the system and provisions deviating from the current custom. In the summary, the author concludes that the pacification parliaments, despite its original character aimed at calming public moods and restoring peace in the country, often became a tool for carrying out certain systemic improvements. So, it is, consequently, a dualism both in purposes and effects. Therefore, these parliaments benefited the Commonwealth as a stabilization instrument and left their certain positive mark on the state system. Beside the Henryk Olszewski brief description of pacificatory sejms and the four monography of successful sejms it is hard to find a synthesis for that specific issue. This is why the author tries to make one universal characteristic of the pacification phenomenon, based on the current state of knowledge and his own conclusions about these specific sejms. Such a trial seems to be necessary when there is currently no holistic definition.

Stanislav Bárta: Zástavní listiny Zikmunda Lucemburského na církevní statky

Author(s): Ivan Hlaváček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

Review of: Bárta, Stanislav: Zástavní listiny Zikmunda Lucemburského na církevní statky, Munipress. Brno 2016, 457 s. (Spisy Filozofické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity č. 457).

Entre portrait symbolique et vision sociale de la femme. La sirène dans des poèmes choisis de la fin du XIXe siècle

Author(s): Eliza Sasin / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2023

This article aims to show the relationship between the woman in the social context of nineteenth-century France and the female portrait presented in symbolist poetry. Allegiances between the philosophical influence of Schopenhauer and Baudelaire, the woman of the theatre as well as the femme fatale and the mermaid, her mythological prototype, are proven. The presented portrait is based on woman’s primal relationship with nature and with artificiality depending on the development in society; the main elements are the dependence of the woman on the man and their mutual manipulation.

Dvě nové historiografické monografie

Author(s): Václav Bartůšek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

Reviews of: 1. Zouhar, Jakub: František Pubička S. I. (1722–1807). Barokní historik ve století rozumu, Pavel Mervart. Červený Kostelec 2014, 453 s. 2. Mahel, Richard: Beda Dudík (1815–1890). Život a dílo rajhradského benediktina a moravského zemského historiografa ve světle jeho osobní pozůstalosti, Národní archiv. Praha 2015, 542 s.

Ukrajinští emigranti na Podkarpatské Rusi a státní služba (1919–1929). Těžké hledání uplatnění na východě republiky

Author(s): Miroslav Tomek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

Since summer 1919, Galicians, afraid of being persecuted in Poland for their involvement in a struggle for the independent Ukrainian state, were coming to Carpathian Ruthenia. They were seeking employment as teachers mostly, but also in other professions, e. g. as railway or post employees, or state officials. They were relatively successful in the first period, till the beginning of the year 1920, since the state administration was in a state of chaos and in desperate need for educated people with knowledge of the local language. The newcomers soon received their domicile, employment and then the citizenship as well. Later, the Czechoslovak authorities took a more rigorous stance towards the job-seekers. It was influenced by legitimate concerns that the Ukrainians would spread the idea of the Ukrainian Independence and further complicate local national and linguistic disputes. From that point on, foreign nationals could be employed only on contractual basis. Only emigrants with necessary qualification, such as veterinary surgeons and judges, could be excluded from this rule. The concerns of the undesirable impact of emigrants grew, especially after 1923 when Antonín Rozsypal became vice-governor of Carpathian Ruthenia. Approximately from 1925, the authorities started to re-evaluate granting of citizenship in several cases and proceeded to expel those who were deemed “politically unreliable”. The rigorous policy against emigrants in Carpathian Ruthenia aroused discontent among Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia. The representatives of the Ukrainian emigration tried to mitigate this policy of the Czechoslovak government, their initiatives, however, were to no avail. Till the end of the observed period the position of state employees of foreign origin remained unstable in Carpathian Ruthenia.

Studia Hageciana I

Author(s): Ivan Hlaváček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

Review of: Na okraj Kroniky české (Studia Hageciana I), K vydání připravil Jan Linka, Academia. Praha 2015, Academia, 252 s.

Obrazová příloha

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

Lucie B. Petrusová – Alexandr Putík: Fase pražských židovských rodin z let 1748–1749 (1751). Edice pramene k návratu z tereziánského vypovězení

Author(s): Lenka Matušíková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

Review of: Petrusová, Lucie B. - Putik, Alexandr: Fase pražských židovských rodin z let 1748-1749 (1751). Edice pramene k návratu z tereziánského vypovězeni, Židovské muzeum v Praze. Praha 2012, 342 s.

Dějiny města Plzně 1 (do roku 1788)

Author(s): Ivan Hlaváček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

Review of: Dějiny města Plzně 1. Do roku 1788, vedoucí autorského kolektivu Marie Malivánková-Wasková a Jaroslav Douša, Statutární město Plzeň. Plzeň 2014, 884 s.

Anti-Pithart čili Opatrná chvála vzpurnosti

Author(s): Jiří Křesťan / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

Review of: Stropnický, Matěj: Myslet socialismus bez tanků. Svoboda slova ve střed/tu zájmů československého roku 1968, Scriptorium. Praha 2013, 164 s.

Obrazová příloha

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

O potrzebie naukowej biografii Władysława Zamoyskiego (1853-1924)

Author(s): Witold Molik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2023

Although in recent decades Count Władysław Zamoyski has been attracting a lot of interest on the part of historians, which resulted in numerous papers and popular science works, he has not yet been the subject of an exhaustive scientific monograph. Its preparation is, however, going to be a difficult task for its future author. The many dispersed source materials and the Count’s more than 40 years long social, economic, and to a smaller extent political activity under the Prussian partition, in Galicia, among the Polish emigrants in France and during the first years of the Second Polish Republic – need to be described in the historical context, and, what follows, call for broad knowledge extending beyond these sources. Zamoyski’s path leading to his establishment in 1924 of the foundation ”Zakłady Kórnickie” – his life’s grandest work – should constitute the narrative axis weaving through all the chapters of his biography. It would be desirable to present extensively not only the Count’s activity in Galicia, Zakopane and his role in the famous dispute on Morskie Oko, but also his less researched and less known participation in the Polish-German fight for land in the Prussian partition in the late 19th and early 20th century.

SLIKA JUGOSLOVENSKOG DRUŠTVA U ČASOPISIMA LIFE I TIME 1945–1980.

Author(s): Sanja Lukić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

The representation of Yugoslavia and its populace in Life and Time magazines from the end of World War II until the rise of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1945 and the subsequent death of President Josip Broz Tito in 1980 was characterized by fluctuations that aligned with the volatility of relations between Washington and Belgrade. The accession of the communist regime to power was viewed as a foreseeable outcome, as the population of this region of Europe, due to their impoverished and uneducated state, was believed to be ill-equipped to comprehend and embrace the concept of democracy. Consequently, individuals were selectively chosen to be depicted in a positive light when Yugoslavia was once again considered an ally following the conflict with the Cominform in 1948. Nevertheless, the representation of the Yugoslav people was brief and superficial, lacking in any true endeavor to demonstrate empathy for their situation and hardships. In spite of efforts to showcase certain favorable aspects, the representation of Yugoslavia that evolved over time in the magazines was predominantly consistent with the Cold War preconceptions that Americans associated with communism. This representation was infused with elements of nineteenth-century imperial Balkanism, indicating that Life and Time were disinclined to deviate far from the predetermined framework and societal roles assigned to them.

PRILOZI ZA PROUČAVANJE ISELJAVANJA SRBA I CRNOGORACA SA KOSOVA I METOHIJE POD VLAŠĆU JOSIPA BROZA TITA

Author(s): Miomir Gatalović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

Kosovo and Metohija (KM) has been a territory inhabited by Serbs and Albanians for centuries. Like the entire Balkans, this territory found itself under different historical circumstances, especially by the arrival of Ottoman Empire in Europe, when ethnic situation changed to the detriment of the Serbian nation. During the period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians/Kingdom of Yugoslavia, there was several proposals to correct this situation and the implementation of bringing in Serbian colonist began, but this project was neither thoroughly thought out, nor fully implemented. The Albanian question was used by Italy, which supported irredentism and separatism, in an effort to break up Yugoslavia. After the occupation in 1941, the territory of the KM was first assigned to Italian-German occupation zone, and after 1943 exclusive to German one. Common to all occupation authorities was strong support to Albanian radical politics, as a result of which up to 100.000 Serbs and Montenegrins were expelled from the territory of KM and around 10.000 were killed. Even the establishment of new, socialist Yugoslavia didn’t improve the described situation. The largest number of refugee Serbs and Montenegrins are not allowed to return to KM, which legalized situation created during occupation, with the aim of pacifying the Albanian population by not opening the issues of war crimes and appropriation of Serbian and Montenegrin property. On September 3, 1945, the National Assembly of Serbia passed the Law on the Organization of the Autonomous Kosovo-Metohija Region, which separated the region from the maternal Republic of Serbia in an organizational sense, while the small number of Serbian and Montenegrin returnees met with strong opposition from the Albanians who treated them hostilely. The difficult life for Serbs and Montenegrins continued during the following decades, which led to their mass emigration to larger cities, mostly to Central Serbia. Bishop Pavle of Raška-Prizren Bishopric, the latter Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church, left detailed information about this state od affairs. On the other hand, the Udba also compiled numerous reports that surprisingly coincide with the testemonies of Bishop Pavle. The political-party leadership in the territory of KM, where Albanians were the majority, kept the migrations quiet, while leaderships at the level of Serbia and Yugoslavia paid little attention to the aforementioned. After Fourth Plenum of the Central Commitee of League of Communist of Yugoslavia, the so-called the Brioni Plenum in 1966, the state policy of reaching out to the Albanian polulation, at the expense of the Serbian and Montenegin ons, in the territory of KM wad even more intensified. The significance of the Serbian question and the irredentist demonstrations of 1968 was also minimized by Josip Broz Tito, who justified the anti-Yugoslav sentiment of the Alabanians. Thus, from 1948 to 1981, the number of Albanians in the territory of KM increased from 68,45% to 77,5%, while that of Serbs decreased from 23,62% to 13,2% and Montenegrins from 3,85% to 1,7%.

Majetkové poměry knížecího rodu Metternich-Winneburg

Author(s): Pavel Koblasa / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2014

The author examines in detail the development of property of noble family Metternich-Winneburg in Bohemia, Germany and Hungary from 18th till 20th century.

The Income of Moldavian Monasteries Between the Fifteen Century and the Mid-Eighteen Century

Author(s): Arcadie M. Bodale / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

Navzdory skutečnosti, že moldavské a valašské kláštery měly značný územní rozsah a hluboce ovlivnily sociální, ekonomický, politický a kulturní život v pravoslavné Levantě, vědecký zájmem historiků se tomuto tématu zatím vyhnul. Příčiny této situace jsou pravděpodobně především metodologické: obrovské množství dokumentů, psaných v různých jazycích a různých paleografických kulturách (slovanské, rumunské, řecké, latinské a německé), které jsou většinou nepublikované. V období od 15. století do poloviny 18. století provedla knížata a vysocí dvorští hodnostáři rozsáhlé donace centrálních panství ve prospěch obou moldavských pravoslavných církví a klášterů ve zbytku Osmanské říše. Nejdůležitějšími dary byly celé obce nebo jejich části, vinice, mlýny i finanční dary, k nim je možné připočíst ještě další dary celé pravoslavné Levanty. Pravoslavná církev v Moldávii tak upevnila své majetkové posatvení získáním vesnic od jejich právoplatných vlastníků. Zdroje příjmů moldavských klášterů se velmi lišily: zemědělství, vybírání poplatků a pokut, osvobození od daní a někdy i peněžní dary. Výše příjmů se lišila od jednoho kláštera k druhému, od jedné vesnice do druhé a od jednoho roku do dalšího. Výše těchto příjmů je známá pouze u příjmů plynoucích ze správy klášterních nemovitostí, což představuje asi jednu desetinu celkového příjmu klášterní domény, i když velmi významnou, zejména ve srovnání k příjmům ostatních obyvatel knížectví. I tak byly ovšem příjmy moldavských klášterů mnohem menší než u klášterů v katolickém světě. I presto podporovaly moldavské kláštery pravoslaví v Transylvánii, Polsku a Osmanské říši. Tento významný rozpor vzhledem ke katolické Evropě byl primárně určen menším vlivem a bohatstvím Moldávie ve srovnání s katolickými státy Evropy. Dále, hospodářský rozvoj tohoto rumunského knížectví značně utrpěl v důsledku vzniku a rozvoji osmanského práva, po dobytí Konstantinopole (1453), krymského chanátu (1575) a Uher (1526), takže knížectví bylo nuceno přijmout osmanskou nadvládu a zaplatit poplatek, jehož hodnota se neustále zvyšovala. Navíc se situace v Moldávii stala velmi obtížnou z důvodu obecného oslabení stříbra v celé Evropě a nedobré ekonomické situace v celé Osmanské říši. K těmto příčinám mohou být dale připočteny přírodní katastrofy (sucho, sarančata, hladomor, epidemie, atd. velmi běžné v oblasti Dunaje). Kromě toho, chudoba klášterů byla také zapříčiněna sporadickými vojenskými konfrontacemi mezi Moldávií a Uherskem, Polskem a později Osmanskou říší, po kterých následovaly války sousedních zemí na jejich vlastním území: Polsko, Rakousko, Rusko a Osmanská říše. Obraz pak doplňují četné drancovací nájezdy a výpravy za otroky, k posledním dochází v roce 1758. Všechny tyto války obecně ovlivňují ekonomickou situaci knížectví mezi Dněstrem a Karpaty a zejména z moldavských klášterů činí oblíbený cíl pro lup vojáků. K ožebračení mnoha klášterů konečně vede snaha některých knížat sanovat své dluhy z klášerního majetku a výnosů.

Židovské rodiny ve Všeradicích

Author(s): Lenka Matušíková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2014

Author follows the fate of the Jewish community in Všeradice in period since 17th till 20th century and based on archival sources reconstructs the local Jewish families.