Po wojnie. Pedagogiczne ideały w wybranych artykułach z lat 1945–1949

Author(s): Wiesława Sajdek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The article offers an analysis of selected passages taken from the Polish press, which were published after the end of World War II, in extremely difficult conditions. The analysis is based on excerpts from “Praca Szkolna” (“School Work”) and “Życie Szkoły” (“School Life”) as well as other periodicals issued at that time. The articles in question, which dissused the issue of educational ideals, referred to prewar projects. They were grounded in clear axiology and the philosophy of man, and they found reflection in specific programme proposals. Education was to address chiefly “the repair of war damage”. Under the influence of the political tendencies which contributed to “the new Polish reality”, the wording of the articles was changing. Socialist ideology with its newspeak gradually supplanted all traces of the debate on values in pedagogy.

Reformacyjna poezja biblijna Laurentiusa Fabriciusa (1539–1577) z okresu pobytu w Królewcu (1561–1571) i jej znaczenie wyznaniowo-polityczne

Author(s): Angelika Modlińska-Piekarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (46)/2018

The aim of this paper is to discuss the religious poetry of the Lutheran preacher and poet Laurentius Fabricius of Rudy (1539—1577), published by a Silesian during his stay in Königsberg during the reign of Duke Albert of Prussia. To date, the topic of the work of Laurentius Fabricius of Rudy (not to be confused with the Hebraist Laurentius Fabricius of Gdańsk, who lived in the years 1555—1629) has not been researched at all, neither in Poland nor abroad. Apart from the author of this paper, no-one studied the literary output of this poet. Laurentius Fabricius was briefl y mentioned by Reinhold Curicke (1687), Joannes Albert Fabricius (1709), Andreas Charitius (1715), Ephraim Pretorius (1760), Ludwig F. Rhesa (1834), and Hermann Freytag (1898 and 1903). The author presents the most important themes and motifs present in the poet’s oeuvre, briefly discussing the functions of individual works in promoting and explaining the most important doctrinal principles and issues related to the Lutheran Reformation (sola gratia, sola fide, solus Christus, sola Scriptura and others). She also draws attention to the way in which biblical themes are interpreted, which translates into the spread of certain social attitudes (e.g. giving up celibacy or promoting humility and poverty in order to prevent the escapes and revolts of the subjects of the Prussian duke). She also points out attempts to modify the biblical content in pursuance of building a Protestant worldview and religious order (the leading role of the ruler in the preservation and observance of a doctrine) and discusses selected cases of individualisation of the situational context for the purposes of Duke Albrecht’s current policy (here especially the war with the papacy and support for the marriage of Gotthard Kettler and Anna of Mecklenburg). The paper enriches the knowledge about Lutheran religious poetry printed in Königsberg during the reign of Albert of Prussia and sheds some light on the work of an unknown Neo-Latin poet. Th e author proves that the role of this poet in the capital city of the Prussian state in the 1560s must have been quite signifi cant. Not only did Fabricius study at the University of Königsberg and during his studies published his works dedicated to the university professors and the Duke himself, but he was also clearly connected with the Königsberg court (through the Duke’s collaborators and advisors), which suggests that he also had personal contact with the prince. Not without signifi cance is also the fact that for many years he served as a preacher or pastor in one of the churches near the city (in Löbenicht). The paper presents the propagandistic and opinion-forming role of Fabricius’ poetry in the literary, social, confessional and political life of the then Königsberg, and at the same time paves the way for further comparative research on its infl uence on reformation literature, written both in Latin and vernacular languages, in Prussia and neighbouring countries, especially in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in Livonia in the second half of the 16th century.

Disputationes de controversiis Christianae Fidei Roberta Bellarmina jako źródło komentarzy do Pisma Świętego przekładu Jakuba Wujka. Problematyka pośrednich zapożyczeń z Disputationes… na przykładzie Augustyna Biesiekierskiego

Author(s): Tadeusz Rubik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (46)/2018

The first part of the paper is dedicated to the issues of adapting the Biblical commentaries on idolatry and ‘entitled’ depictions—originally featured in Disputationes de controversiis Christianae Fidei published by Robert Bellarmine—for the purpose of Jakub Wujek’s endeavour to translate the Bible into Polish. A careful analysis has shown that at least four out of thirteen of the investigated commentaries are adaptations of Bellarmine’s considerations in the form of translations or paraphrases. Building upon this discovery, the author proceeds to the second part of the paper, where he poses a question about the possibility of there being an indirect reception of Bellarmine’s theological categories, which might have occurred in the discussed biblical commentaries. The problem is addressed by comparing Augustyn Biesiekier ski’s A Short Treatise on Adoration and Veneration of Sacred Images (the author made use of the Disputationes…, as proved by Piotr Krasny) and the content of respective commentaries.

Metody badań literatury staropolskiej dziś. Analiza odpowiedzi ankietowych

Author(s): Paweł Bohuszewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (46)/2018

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a survey that the author of the text together with Krzysztof Obremski sent to researchers of old-Polish literature in Poland in April 2017. The questions concerned the issues raised many times during methodological discussions held in recent years by such researchers as Agnieszka Czechowicz, Mirosława Hanusiewicz-Lavallee, Iwona Maciejewska, Tomasz Nastulczyk, Piotr Oczko, Ireneusz Szczukowski and the authors of the questionnaire. Th is time, however, it was not about presenting one’s own position, but about listening to the opinions of other researchers. The text consists of an introduction, a chapter analysing the answers to the survey questions and a chapter that summarizes the results of the survey and specifi es the cognitive benefi ts of conducting it. Th ey seem obvious to the author. Firstly, the survey allows us to say goodbye to the stereotype of methodological conservatism of scholars who study old-Polish literature, and secondly, it made it possible to redefine the relationship between theory and history of literature in such a way that the latter ceases to appear as just a “recipient” of concepts developed in the theoretical fi eld and becomes an active actor leading to the deconstruction of theoretical and literary notions.

„Longas carpere perge uias”. Rola wędrówki jako Owidiuszowego remedium amorisw strukturze kompozycyjnej Nadobnej PasqualinySamuela Twardowskiego

Author(s): Patryk Michał Ryczkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (48)/2018

In the paper, the author juxtaposes and compares Ovid’s Remedia amoris and Nadobna Pasqualina by Samuel Twardowski in order to show how the genre convention of the Latin love elegy influenced the shaping of the Polish Baroque poem. The plane of comparison is formed by selected compositional and content elements, that is the compositional frame based on the epic convention, together with the definition of poetic aims and assumptions, and the topos of love as a disease, characteristic of the elegiac, along with a healing journey. So far Twardowski’s work has been described as a “spiritual romance” (romans duchowny), although such classification is unsatisfactory and the notion itself is vague. In more recent studies, therefore, attention is drawn to the need for a broader look at the genre form of Nadobna Pasqualina and allows for the coexistence of elements specific to different literary genres. Starting from this postulate, the author briefly describes the assumptions of genre classification based on genological constructivism and distances himself from the concept of the spiritual romance, emphasizing the epic qualities of Nadobna Pasqualina, also those that bring it closer to the epyllion and highlight the dialogue of various components (part one). Therefore, the epic frame of the work does not exclude the exposure of the elegiac motif of love as a disease and wandering as a cure. The main part of the argument is divided into five parts (2–7). The second part of the study discusses the epic compositional frame of Twardowski’s work and his self-representation as a narrator of the poem about love struggles that is stylised as a story of war and displays didactic tendencies. The third part is devoted to the compositional frame of Remedia amoris, which places Ovid’s work within the convention of love didacticism. In addition, it revaluates the motifs of war and love presenting them as an illness and emphasizes the need for medicinal products, which are the subject of the elegy. In the fourth part of the study, the author reinterprets Pasqualina’s unfortunate love as a condition requiring treatment. Consequently, the fifth part is devoted to the comparison of how Twardowski and Ovid shaped this topos. Both suggest that one cannot get rid of love. It is only possible to immune oneself to love's destructive influence by strengthening the forces of reason (firmitas mentis, “the other armed thought” – myśl insza uzbrojona,and the talisman of wisdom). In Ovid's work, the journey is perceived only as a moving away from the source of love, which makes it possible to gain distance, while in Twardowski's poem its didactic value and the need for self-improvement are also emphasized. The sixth and seventh parts of the paper concern the compositional role of related topoi of love as a disease and wandering as a cure. For Ovid, they are one of many remedia which he describes in his elegy, consistently striving for poetic fame (part six). Twardowski, in turn, uses them to shape the composition frame and fill it with an allegorical story about the need for self-improvement (part seven). The conclusions of the analysis are presented in the summary (part eight). In both works, the journey has a therapeutic and didactic character and is connected with love understood as both war and illness. For Ovid, however, it is only a literary topos, while in the case of Pasqualina it enables Twardowski to shape the content and composition of a multidimensional allegorical work. As a typical elegiac motif, it co-shapes and enriches the genre form of Nadobna Pasqualina, which derives from the epic, and should not therefore be limited only to the heretofore accepted category of spiritual romance.

Zaginiona epika kastylijska

Author(s): Rozalia Sasor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (48)/2018

The main aim of the paper is to present the most important Castilian epic poems belonging to the so-called lost epic, i.e. anonymous texts that have not survived to our times, but one can assume with a high degree of probability that they existed, first in oral circulation, and later in prose versions in chronicle and in romancero. The existence of old Castilian epic is undermined by the individualistic theory of the origin of epic poems authored by the French researcher Joseph Bédier, who believed that there were only poems that have survived in writing, but two other theories undermine these assumptions: the neotraditional theory of the Spanish medievalist Ramón Menéndez Pidal and the eclectic theory proposed by the British hispanist Alan Deyermond. Both agree on the existence of the Castilian epic in oral tradition, with each assuming their different origin and a different number of unpreserved poems. They also agree on the causes of the disappearance of the oldest Castilian epic songs, which, even if written down, could share the fate of thousands of manuscripts destroyed due to wars, fires or normal wear and tear. Only two have survived in original versions: The Poem of the Cid in an incomplete manuscript from the first half of the 14th century and a hundred verses of the Roncesvalles (Roncevaux) poem in a manuscript also from the beginning of the 14th century. Two other epic works are known thanks to later adaptations of the texts to the requirements of the erudite epic mester de clerecía (Spanish: craft of the clergy), namely the Poema de Femán González (Poem on Femán González) and Mocedades de Rodrigo (The Youthful Actions of Rodrigo). The former comes from the mid-13th century, while the latter from the mid-14th century. Nevertheless, there is indirect evidence of the existence of old Castilian epic, including the prose versions of epic legends in medieval Latin and Castilian chronicles, as well as the occurrence of typical epic motifs in late medieval and renaissance romances, which are believed to have been created by cutting longer poems into shorter texts. The two 13th-century Latin chronicles, Chronicon mundi by Lucas de Tuy and De rebus Hispaniae by Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, contain the richest epic material, while among the Castilian chronicles Estoria de España, commonly known under the title Primera Crónica General given by Menéndez Pidal, and Crónica de 1344, stand out in this respect. The main body of the paper is a discussion of the lost poems based on the Castilian chronicles mentioned above. The list includes only those songs whose existence is recognized by the majority of medievalists, i.e.: Bernardo del Carpio, Mainete, La condesa traidora (Treacherous Countess), Cantar de los siete infantes de Lara (Song of the Seven Lara Princes), Romanz del Infant García (A Romance about Infanta García) andCantar de Sancho II y el cerco de Zamora (Song of Sancho II and the siege of Zamora). For each text, a summary is provided along with the sources in which variants of the poems have survived, sometimes directly indicating the existence of today lost epic songs.

Listy Jana Januszowskiego do Marcina Kromera i Tomasza Płazy dotyczące produkcji Missale Varmiense (1587) w Drukarni Łazarzowej

Author(s): Justyna Kiliańczyk-Zięba,Katarzyna Gara / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (48)/2018

Officina Lazari was one of the most prominent printing houses in the 16th-century Cracow. In 1587, it pressed Missale Varmiense, the only post-Tridentine missal produced in early modern Poland-Lithuania. Missale was commissioned by the bishop of Warmia, Marcin Kromer, who was persuaded to work with the Cracow printer after a recommendation from Tomasz Płaza, his long-time assistant. The history of this publishing venture – a multifaceted, dynamic process, spread over a period of about five years – can be reconstructed thanks to surviving archival documents, inter alia letters that Januszowski-the printer sent to bishop Kromer and his factotum Płaza. Composed respectively in 1585 and 1586,these letters give detailed insight into how the production of Missale Varmiense was planned and organised, constituting the kind of evidence very rare for early printed books produced in Poland-Lithuania. The earlier letter is an official Latin supplication sent by the printer to the prelate. The other letter, addressed to the bishop’s assistant, who was also the manager of the publishing process is practically oriented and personal, written at the time when the work of Januszowski and his sponsors was put to a halt by the Cracow cathedral chapter in the spring of 1586.

Wygrana wojna pamięci z historią

Author(s): Jan Rojewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 769/2019

Historii możemy uczyć inaczej

Author(s): Piotr Laskowski,Jakub Szymczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 769/2019

Pamięć, fakty i fikcja w czasach Internetu

Author(s): Norman Davies,Natalia Hatalska,Agnieszka Holland,Timothy Snyder,Dominika Kozłowska,Jacek Stawiski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 769/2019

UKRAINIAN COMMUNITY IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN DIALOGUE

Author(s): Roman Drozd / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2018

The Ukrainian community in Poland has actively participated in the process of Polish- Ukrainian dialogue and reconciliation. Tragically experienced due to the Polish-Ukrainian conflict during the Second World War and displacement to the Soviet Ukraine and within the “Vistula” Action, the majority of the community’s members understood that if they want to live in harmony with Polish neighbours, they should join the Polish-Ukrainian historical dialogue. Hence the initiatives and gestures of reconciliation, supporting the actions of the Polish and Ukrainian authorities in this direction and the hierarchies of churches in Poland and Ukraine. This dialogue, however, encountered resistance from Polish and Ukrainian na- tionalist circles, who blame the other side for the harm they suffered.

Richard Hooker i obrona królewskiej supremacji

Author(s): Tomasz Tulejski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 110/2019

Richard Hooker (1554–1600) was an influential and famous figure in the Church of England and one of most the important theologians of the reign of Elizabeth I. Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie – Hooker’s best known work – is a reply to the general theological and ecclesiastical principles of Puritanism. This subtle work deals mainly with the problems of the church as an argument for the position of the Queen as the Supreme Governor of the Church. In this Article author reconstructs Hooker’s argument and point out his fundamental theological principles. In authors opinion Hooker approaches the issue from two main theological angles: first, from the position of the crucial distinction of Reformation soteriology between so-called Two Kingdoms; second, he applies the magisterial reformers’ test of ecclesiological orthodoxy. He tried to convince his opponents by the most compelling type of argument they knew – theological one –that the royal headship was wholly consistent with the cardinal principles of the ecclesiologyand political theory of the magisterial Reformation.

Pojęcia narodu i ludu u zarania rewolucji francuskiej

Author(s): Przemysław Kossakowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2019

The purpose of the article is to analyse the differences and discrepancies in the understanding of nation and people in the texts of French thinkers involved in convening and sessions of Estates General in the years 1788-1790. The aim of the comparison is to indicate mutual relations between the concepts of people, nation and the socio-political thought of the ideological and political parties in the period. The debate of advocates and opponents of the French revolution regarding these notions in the early stages of he Revolution is a key moment in shaping the modern definitions of nation and people and is an introduction to the 19th and 20th century deliberations, ending in modern times.

The Politics of Birth in Composite States: Midwives in Transylvania (19th – 20th Century)

Author(s): Luminiţa Dumănescu,Marius Eppel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The second half of the 19th Century witnessed an increased process of birth medicalization - in Europe and in Transylvania as well. We approached the “medicalization” process in both its meanings: the professionalization of the healers, but also the spreading of medical care to people. As consequence, the paper will address both midwives’ training in a society living at the periphery of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the opening to modern care of one of the most intimate moments of a woman’s private life, that of child delivery. The paper aims to follow the legislation concerning the medicalizasion of birth in Transylvania, process which allowed the opening of the local schools for training midwives.

Education as a Vehicle for Social Mobility in the 19th Century in Transylvania. A Comparative View on Romanians and Hungarians in the Gurghiu Valley

Author(s): Raluca Botoş / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The present study aims to outline several aspects concerning the presence of Romanian and Hungarian students hailing from the villages on the Gurghiu Valley (Mureş County) at the gymnasiums and secondary schools in Transylvania and at the universities in the Habsburg Monarchy. On the basis of data collected from parish records and prosopographical works, we will provide information concerning the abovementioned groups of individuals, focusing on their preferences for certain specialisations and on the career pathways they followed after completing their education.

Stany Zjednoczone a integracja polityczna, militarna i gospodarcza Europy Zachodniej w pierwszych latach po II wojnie światowej (do 1950 r.). Ameryka nadaje ton i dyktuje warunki (Część I)

Author(s): Zbigniew Klimiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2019

The influence of the US on the forms and course of the integration processes in Western Europe was very strong, especially in the first post-war years. It was the influence of an external force which, being free of the internal contradictions stemming from Western Europe’s interests, had at its disposal real capabilities to impose integration concepts beneficial to itself. Such integration was in line with both the economic and military interests of the United States during this period. The main reasons prompting Western European countries in the first post-war years to accept the solutions suggested by the United States were: the said countries’ difficult economic situation, fear of the communist parties’ coming to power, and the reluctant (hostile) attitude towards the USSR and the communist bloc. The combination of these causes served to temporarily neutralize the centrifugal tendencies and muted the divergence of interests between the individual countries of Western Europe. Such motives of integration also influenced the character of the emerging Western European political, military and economic organizations. The economic development of Western European countries, whose sources, in addition to the Marshall Plan, should be seen also in other factors, later led to a shift of integration initiatives from the American side to the European one. From a formal point of view, the effects of US policy in the period up to 1950 entailed: the establishment of NATO, the creation of the OEEC and the signing of the agreement on the EUP.

Tabla kvartira (tabla praroditelja)

Author(s): Ibrahim A. Hodžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2018

Ancestor table (kwartierstaat) is a very well-known and popular genealogy (tree) in modern world. However, it is little known in this country both in the publicist writing and in the general public. The presentations of the ancestor tables, which is also true for other genealogies, can be given graphically as a scheme, or textually as a list (usually a book). The main focus of this table are ancestors/parents (father and mother, grand-father and grand-mother, great grand-father and great grandmother, etc.) of one (initial) person called proband presented in terms of generations. Genealogical relationships among members of the ancestor table are developed in relation to the proband. The members (ancestors )of the ancestor table are numerated by cardinal numbers, the proband being designated by a unique number 1, his (her) father by number 2, the mother by number 3, etc. The ancestor table is linked with two well-known effects, the so-called effect of repetition of the ancestor table, which in the theoretical analysis causes a non-logical enormously big number of ancestors in the generations as well as the effect of the loss of the ancestor table (the „white spots‟ in the table). The use of this table in the presentday developed western countries dates back as the middle-ages, while in this region, in the territory of former Yugoslavia, as stated earlier, it was not used then nor it is used now-days. Therefore, it is our intention by this article to familiarize our readers with this matter.

Imagining Israel before and during the March Events, 1967-1968

Author(s): David G. Tompkins / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

This article examines the image of Israel before and during the 1968 March events, and argues that a representation of Israel played a crucial role in helping the PZPR re-establish control and regain legitimacy. Israel served an essential function as a major external enemy that allegedly agitated against the Polish nation and against socialism more broadly, and the Party presented itself as simultaneously threatened and fighting a valiant struggle for which it needed the support of Polish citizens. In this narrative, Israel’s agents, Zionists both around the world and as Polish citizens, actively subverted Polish interests; Poles needed to coalesce around the Party to fight this threat. Israel also served as a crucial cover for the activation and expression of anti-Semitic sentiments, which were always explained as not racist, but rather focused on Zionism’s supposedly nefarious goals. The events of 1967-68 built on a basis laid in the early 1950s as well as on pre-existing stereotypes, and fixed a negative representation of Israel through to nearly the end of the Cold War

ROLE SPOŁECZNE KOBIET W ŚWIETLE PERIODYKU „KOBIETA I ŻYCIE” NA TLE RZECZYWISTOŚCI POLSKIEJ RZECZPOSPOLITEJ LUDOWEJ W LATACH 1970–1989, ss. 363 [mps]

Author(s): Urszula Sokołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2019

The doctoral dissertation “Role społeczne kobiet w świetle periodyku «Kobieta i Życie» na tle rzeczywistości Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej w latach 1970–1989” [Women’s social roles of in the light of the «Kobieta i Życie» journal against the background of the Polish People’s Republic’s reality in 1970–1989], written under the supervision of dr hab. Małgorzata Dajnowicz, prof. UwB, takes up the subject of the social roles performed by women in the period of the Polish People’s Republic. The aim of the work is to show changes in the propagated personal patterns of Polish women and to present the relationship between the content of materials published in “Kobieta i Życie” [Woman and Life] and the then economic and political situation of the country. The main source material were editions of “Kobieta i Życie” from 1970 to 1989. Texts on the social roles were analyzed in eight thematic categories: mother, wife, unmarried woman, housewife, employee, politically active woman, woman in higher education and science, and feminist.

Vázlat az udvari karrierekről a Rákócziak udvarából

Author(s): Annamária Jeney-Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: V/2018

The aim of this study is to examine a relatively small, yet important group of the princely court, namely the kitchen staff. Their responsibility was to provide food for certain members of the princely household: the family of the prince, the young men of the court, a part of the “familiars” (a specific type of vassals in Hungarian feudalism), and occasionally the envoys and their escorts. The kitchen personnel of the travelling household was smaller (around 20-40 persons) in Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár), than in Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár), the seat town of the Principality. The chefs (konyhamester) were responsible for the activity of the whole kitchen staff, and it was their duty, to provide the personnel and the necessary tools to the family of the prince at any time. In this respect, the role of Mihály Mikó, Gergely Aradi and especially of Gergely Ghillányi was of great importance during the time of the Rákóczis. They controlled the work of the stewards (konyhasáfár), of the chef (főszakács), of around 10 other cooks, of the pie maker (tésztamíves), as well as that of the apprentices of the kitchen. The bakers, the doorkeepers of the kitchen (konyhai ajtónállók), the outriders, the dishwashers, the kitchen carters and those guarding the carts also belonged to the staff of the kitchen.