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Die Dänischen Könige Als Lehnsherren Der Herzöge Von Pommern (1325–1438)

Author(s): Joachim Krüger / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

Medieval Denmark´s great period of expansion in the Baltic Region lasted from the middle of the 12th century to the battle of Bornhöved in Holstein in 1227. Before the middle of the 12th century the Danish Realm expanded into Northern Germany including the Duchy of Pomerania. The dukes of Pomerania were vassals of the Danish king. But also after the military defeat of Bornhöved, parts of the duchy belonged to Denmark, namely the Principality of Rügen. Documents in the Danish National Archives in Copenhagen prove that the Danish fiefdom of the Principality of Rügen lasted at least until 1438.

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Die Feldzüge des Bolesław Schiefmund nach Belgard und Kolberg und die Anfänge der Symbolischen Inbesitznahme Pommerns Durch Polen

Author(s): Paweł Migdalski / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

For 150 years Kołobrzeg was an important place of remembrance in Germany. In 1945 Pomerania together with that town was captured by the Polish state after bloody fights of the Polish army. With the reference to the 1945 battle the Polish created several historical myths, which also refer to a Medieval narrative. The article is an attempt to investigate – on the basis of chronicles – whether already in the Middle Ages the narrative about Kołobrzeg and nearby Białogard played a similar role in the symbolic policy among the Polish elites. The first part of the article describes the records of chroniclers about the expeditions of Bolesław III Wrymouth to Białogard and Kołobrzeg. The second part depicts their significance against the background of the contemporary political situation. It seems that at the beginning of the 12th century Gallus Anonymus (Anonymous) tried to invest those towns with symbolic significance, but with time chroniclers changed the original meaning of the records and entwined their elements in the current political discourse. Those plots came back only when the idea of the union between Poland and Pomerania re-emerged.

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Establishing Diplomatic Relations Between Poland and Norway in the Years 1945–1946

Author(s): Emilia Denkiewicz-Szczepaniak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

SummaryThe article depicts the process of establishing diplomatic relations between Poland and Norway after the end of the Second World War, which started in August 1945 and ended in April 1946. The article is composed of two basic parts. The first part describes the efforts of the Polish Government in Exile to maintain the Polish diplomatic mission. Next it presents the activities of Colonel Tadeusz Tokarz, military attaché of the Mission of the Republic of Poland, accredited to the Norwegian Government in Exile in London, concerning the varied assistance for several thousand Poles gathered in repatriation camps, mainly in Moss and Mysen. At the end of the first part the author explains how and why the Polish Mission in Oslo was taken over on April 6, 1946 by Mieczysław Rogalski, the Communist representative of the Temporary Government of National Unity in Warsaw. He describes the first diplomatic contacts with the Norwegian authorities. In the second part a special attention was paid to the presentation of the endeavours of the Norwegian Government aimed at establishing – as soon as possible – their own diplomatic mission in Warsaw. The description concentrates on the central role played by Rolf Otto Andvord, the Norwegian Ambassador in Moscow, during his two-month mission in Poland concerning commercial and diplomatic matters. The mission took place in August and September 1945. Andvord was charged with two tasks: to sign a contract with the Polish authorities for a fast delivery of coal to Norway and to establish fast and good diplomatic relations with Poland. It has been emphasised that Andvord was provided with a threeroomed accommodation for the Norwegian Mission at the ‘Polonia’ Hotel. At the end of the article there is a short life history of Envoy Alfred Danielsen, who arrived in Warsaw on November 12, 1945, and a description of his first diplomatic activities and contacts with the Polish authorities.

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Štefan I. a Boleslav Chrabrý. Obsadenie časti Uhorska podľa Galla Anonyma a Uhorsko-poľskej kroniky (Druhá časť)

Author(s): Pavol Hudáček / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

Historical sources do not mention the time when Bolesław I the Brave started occupation of the northern part of the Nitra Principality in the Kingdom of Hungary. Based on the data preserved, the author tried to determine the years when the occupation might have started. He assumes that the Polish ruler’s invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary could have taken place in the second phase of the German-Polish war around 1007–1013. After a truce concluded in Poznan in 1005, Bolesław I the Brave started new military activities not later than in the spring of 1007. The subsequent attacks commenced in the spring of 1009. Soon, in 1010, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, declared war against Bolesław I. As a result, Bolesław I could control the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary – the Principality of Nitra between the spring of 1007 and the spring of 1009 (or, between the spring of 1009 and the spring of 1010). Rocznik świętokrzyski, nowy-R. św.n says that after Emeric’s birth, Stephen I concluded truce with Bolesław (in the source related to as Mieszko). The peace lasted 10 years. As Emeric was born in 1007, the occupation of the Nitra Principality and the peace agreement from Esztergom mentioned in the Hungarian-Polish Chronicle could have happened in 1007. One of the manuscripts of R. św.n from the 16th century mentions that truce was concluded in 1006. If the information from R. św.n about the peace between the Hungarian and Polish ruler is reliable, occupation of the Nitra Principality and the subsequent Esztergom meeting could have taken place in 1006–1007. Thietmar of Merseburg wrote that Bolesław I the Brave gave one castle at the Hungarian-Polish border to Prokui-Gyula II. Gyula II, the former Prince of Transylvania, had lived at Stephen I’s court since 1003. According to the Long Life of Saint Gerard, Gyula II and Csanád participated in a military campaign against Ajtony (?) or against Black Hungarians in 1008. Gyula II claimed that the Csanád success should have been attributed to him and for this reason he was sent away from the royal court. If Gyula II left the Kingdom of Hungary in 1008 and took cover at the court of Bolesław I the Brave, it means that the Polish ruler could have controlled the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary back in 1008. A legend of Saint Romuald contains information about a message sent by the Polish ruler to Rome (probably in 1008) and which pertained to the coronation by the pope. Bolesław I’s plans were cancelled by Henry II. During a period of hostility between Germans and Poles in 1003–1007, the German king did not have very good relations with the Polish ruler. The story of a failed coronation of Bolesław I is described also by bishop Hartvik (in Life of St. Stephen I); it is also mentioned in the Hungarian-Polish Chronicle. The campaign of Henry II against the Polish ruler was probably rooted in the military success of Bolesław I in 1007. Henry II tried to win support of his brother-in-law, Stephen I. In a letter to Henry II from 1008 / 1009, Bruno of Querfurt wrote that bishop Bruno of Augsburg had come to the Kingdom of Hungary in1007. Historians assume that the reason of his arrival was Henry II’s efforts to gain military support from Stephen I against Bolesław. In this way, Bolesław I might have had a reason to attack the Hungarian king around 1007. If Stephen I had made an alliance with Henry II, there would have been a danger of Poland being attacked from the south by Stephen I or the Hungarian king could have tried to endanger Bolesław’s position in Moravia. To strengthen the southern border of Poland, Bolesław I started to occupy the northern part of Hungary – the Nitra Principality – in 1007/1008. The Hungarian-Polish Chronicle writes that when the peace treaty between Stephen and Bolesław was signed in 1001, a mass was celebrated in St. Adalbert’s Basilica in Esztergom. Construction of the Basilica was not finished yet. However, the Basilica’s state must have allowed mass celebration. D. Dercsényi says that construction of St. Adalbert’s Basilica in Esztergom could have been completed around 1010. Thus, occupation of northern Hungary – the Nitra Principality and the subsequent Esztergom treaty should have happened around 1007–1009. Information in the HungarianPolish Chronicle about a meeting of the Polish and Hungarian rulers and the mass in St. Adalbert’s Basilica in Esztergom provides also data about Esztergom archbishop Astrik. Astrik was appointed bishop of Esztergom in 1007; therefore the attack against Stephen I, the meeting and the mass could have happened in 1007 or in the following years (1008–1009). To sum up, bearing in mind all the above mentioned years when Bolesław might have occupied the Nitra Principality, it is most likely to have happened sometime in 1007 or 1008. After all, based on dendrochronology data, a part of the Bratislava Castle fortification was built in 992–1012; this was probably related to the presence of the Polish army headed by Bolesław. If the Polish ruler occupied the Nitra Principality in 1007 – 1008, he would have had enough time to construct new fortifications in the Bratislava Castle. Stephen I regained the Nitra Principality in 1017 when he chased away Prokui-Gyula II from the Bratislava (Preslava) Castle and took over also other Nitra Principality castles. The Polish-German war was officially ended in early 1018 by the Bautzen Peace. It might have also included an agreement between Stephan I and Bolesław I about a new borderline. That might be the reason why Bolesław accepted the loss of the Nitra Principality in 1017 in favour of Stephen I who, in return, offered Bolesław I assistance in his military campaign to Kiev Rus’ in the summer of 1018. With all the above-mentioned facts in mind, Bolesław I the Brave could have controlled the Nitra Principality from 1007/1008 to 1017/1018 when Stephen I annexed it to the Kingdom of Hungary.

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...głos jego był w Europie słuchany – polityka zagraniczna Austro-Węgier za czasów ministra Agenora Gołuchowskiego młodszego w świetle prasy galicyjskiej

Author(s): Agata Strzelczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Agenor Gołuchowski the younger was minister of foreign affairs in Austria-Hungary in 1895–1906. He was also the only Pole to occupy this position. At that time, the first conflicts had arisen between the European powers, ultimately leading to the outbreak of WWI. The goal of this article is to present and characterise Gołuchowski’s international policy administered in Europe in the late 19th century and the activities he instigated in the face of the subsequent unrest in the Balkans and the Moroccan crisis in order to secure peace in Europe. The main source for the article were selected Galician newspapers (“Czas”, “Gazeta Lwowska”, “Gazeta Narodowa”, “Nowa Reforma” and “Przegląd Polski”) which covered Gołuchowski’s annual exposés as well as commented (more or less positively) on his policy.

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Książka polska w Mińsku na przełomie XIX–XX stulecia

Author(s): Alla Tarasiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The article presents access to Polish books in Minks. The author presents activities related to editing, book-selling and establishing libraries by the local Poles in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. Polish publishing activities were instigated sporadically in Minsk before 1917. However, the city’s Polish inhabitants were nor denied access to Polish literature. They could purchase Polish books in Makowski’s bookshop or resort to legal as well as clandestine Polish libraries and reading rooms managed by various Polish organizations. It is clear that access to Polish books contributed to attempts, albeit aborted, at printing them in Minsk, e.g. by Włodzimierz Dworzaczek.

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Lazaryści ambasadorami tożsamości narodowej Polaków na wschodzie Europy. Przeszłość – teraźniejszość – przyszłość

Author(s): Paweł Glugla / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The Catholic Church is a missionary. For centuries, Congregation of the Mission founded by Vincent de Paul has carried out missions, including Eastern Europe.The establishment and taking over parishes and temples by the Mission priests in Galicia (eastern part of Lesser Poland) commenced as early as in the 17th century. For centuries, the monks provided pastoral and material care in hospitals, schools, shelters and nursing homes in native Polish lands on the eastern frontiers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Poles in the care of the missionaries live in the former USSR. Despite the numerous adversities, indoctrination and difficulties, they maintained their faith and Polish identity. Congregation of the Mission played a very important role here. Secularization of Western Europe is spreading towards the East, a phenomenon disturbing for many reasons. The faith declared in the Polish diasporas can serve as a model for Catholics in Western, neo-pagan Europe. As informal ambassadors of Poland, the Missionaries played an important role in preserving national identity among the Polish diasporas in the East of Europe. In the late 1990s, the Polish subsidiary of Congregation of the Mission launched its activity in Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia, Belarus and the Russian Federation). After almost half a century, Lazarians re-instigated their missionary activity in the East of Europe, this time legally. It continues to bring about tangible results.

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Кілька епізодів урбаністичного розвитку Києва у X–XI ст. за археологічними джерелами

Author(s): Sergіj Taranenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2019

The article deals with several episodes from the early history of Kyiv. The first one touches upon the problem of the time and place of the origin of Kyiv as a city, as an administrative and religious centre with highly developed planning structure and fortification system. The next two episodes highlight the topography and the landscape of the biggest Kyiv parts – the Upper city and the Podil. Hydrology of the Podil became the subject of separate research. One of its’ main conclusions is that the Podil was an island in the early period of its history. Further episodes touch upon the archaeological fixation of the growth of the Kyiv territory and establishing the fortification constructions. Author analyses the burial grounds, which made this extension possible. The last episode is devoted to the key features of the development of Kyiv suburbs. The existing level of archaeological knowledge about the country seats of the princes, monasteries and villages allows the author to consider Kyiv as a medieval megalopolis.

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100 lat państwowości czechosłowackiej i polskiej. Podobieństwa i różnice

Author(s): Maria Kruk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

100 years of constitutionalism of two neighbouring European states – Czechoslovakia, later becoming the Czech Republic, and Poland – encourage a reflection on the paths of development of their respective constitutions, on the historical stages and successive political transformations, not just in the context of individual constitutionalisms of each of those states but with an emphasis on the similarities and differences in this domain. And this is what this study focuses on. Starting from the common fate of rebirth of both states after WWI through the inter-war efforts to establish democratic constitutional systems and the obstacles found on the way, followed by the post-WWII period of real socialism ending with the era of transformations and stabilisation as democratic states of law. The text explores all the similarities found in both general aspects – like the references to the European tradition of parliamentary governance – and in certain specific solutions – like the differences in the concept of the two-chamber parliament. But there are also situations occurring in only one of the states, e.g. the federalisation of Czechoslovakia, the emergence of two separate states of the Czechs and Slovaks, or the differences in the course and sequence of events of democratic transformations in each of the states in the 1980s (martial law in Poland and the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia), which brings us to the conclusion that despite all the possible differences, the two constitutional systems have actually been very similar to each other.

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The Shape-Shifting Body of Historiography

Author(s): Alicja Bemben / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2019

The basic purpose of this work is to juxtapose late 19th-century and early 20thcentury conceptualisations of time, cultural distance, a/historicism, agency, historical knowledge, causality, objectivity, scriptocentrism, mode of writing about the real, and space, as they surface in British historiography. These juxtapositions serve as the grounds on the basis of which the mechanisms that concatenate the transformation(s) of each of these notions are pinpointed. The end purpose of this work is to substantiate the thesis that the variety of the mentioned mechanisms disallows treating the late 19th-century and the early 20th-century British historiography as two contrastive bodies of ideas.

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Through the Body: Chiromancy in 17th-Century England

Author(s): Paweł Rutkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2019

The early modernity inherited the ancient and medieval conviction that normally hidden knowledge about fellow humans could be obtained by an inspection of particular parts of their bodies. It was the hand that was considered especially informative, as it contained lines and other natural marks that were supposed to form a kind of alphabet that could disclose the “Inclinations, the Motions of the Soul, the Vertues and Vices”, and were even capable of revealing the examined person’s future. The present article explores the English boom in chiromancy in the 17th century, which saw new editions of old authorities as well as new treatises by, for instance, Richard Saunders and George Wharton, whose chiromantic texts aimed at elevating palmistry to the status of science that pursued the ancient nosce te ipsum philosophy. The striking feature of chiromancy was its preoccupation with the material and the bodily. Each chiromantic session was in fact a kind of symbolic dissection that consisted in identifying, naming and interpreting particular anatomical parts of the hand. Furthermore, palmists had to consider all unique physical attributes of their clients’ hands, whose varied size and shape – together with palm lines’ length, depth, colour, straightness or crookedness – always had to be taken into account. Chiromancy was thus founded on acknowledgment and contemplation of variety and changeability observable in the human bodies, which provided access to knowledge about humanity.

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Infectious Bodies, Peculiar Territories: Visions of Invasion in 19th-Century Literature and Science

Author(s): Justyna Jajszczok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2019

The aim of this article is to show how the military rhetoric related to infection manifested itself in works of science and popular fiction of the late 18th century and early 19th century; how human bodies were perceived as battlefields on which the forces of infection and resistance fought; and finally, how similes taken from literary texts were used to show and explain the strategies infective agents em- ployed to infiltrate and terrorise their unsuspecting victims. This paper focuses on scientific and literary texts which contain two examples of uses of bodies in this ideological war: similes of bodies as peculiar territories under external threat, and bodies as sources of contagion, smuggled across the borders of actual territories.

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Forgotten Faces of the Great War: The Wounded Servicemen in Henry Tonks' Surgical Portraits

Author(s): Marta Gorgula / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2019

Henry Tonks’ pastel portraits of the wounded Great War servicemen have per- plexed researchers for years. These stunning pieces of art made by the surgeon- gone-artist remain an example of a fascinating but shunned history of the war. Unlike other war art, usually representing the wounded covered with bandages or as stoic or martyred heroes, these portraits defy the conventional, idealized memorializing. They are uncannily raw and frank, with fleshy wounds revealed and soldiers staring blatantly, almost defiantly at the onlookers, making Tonks’ portraits impossible not to be questioned beyond their medical function. They were meant to document ‘before’ and ‘after’ images of the wounded, making the artist a “historian of facial injuries”60 and thus fulfilling a strictly medical, record- ing function. And yet, these portraits pose much more complex questions of eth- ics, aesthetics and memorializing, mostly through the ‘healing’ properties of art, which gave the depicted soldiers back some semblance of humanity they were stripped off so unexpectedly, losing an important part of their selves, i.e. their faces. Although focusing on unsettling subject, Tonks’ portraits perform a particu- lar memorial function since they represent a direct, almost intimate experience of war, recording a hidden history that contributes to a more coherent and fleshier understanding of World War I.

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The Body as Evidence: A Cultural Approach to America's Fascination with Murder

Author(s): Patrycja Sokołowska / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2019

American culture is rich in “popular” murder cases and virtually all serial killers have been elevated to a celebrity status. Serial killer industry selling murderabilia is booming, and the popularity of true-crime shows, podcasts, and books is at an all-time high. This paper aims at the analysis of the cultural trend of serial killer celebrities, treatment of the media coverage surrounding their victims as well as the victims’ bodies before and after death, and the overarching narratives concern- ing murder in American history and culture. Serial killers – celebrities, monsters, anti-heroes of American culture – fuel their own industry, established in postmodern times as the self-referential night- mare of commodified death. Both serial murderers and their victims are the object of said industry. However, the bodies of victims are objectified threefold: as the victims of the crime, as elements of the murder industry, and as the evidence of the crime itself. Additionally, the socioeconomic background of some of the victims, often referred to as the “less-dead” victims according to Steven Egger’s theory, re- inforces the narrative in which they are merely objects of the crime, not individu- als. Together, all these factors constitute what Mark Seltzer calls “wound culture,” a culture gathered around the bodily trauma. Thus, the paper will consider the role serial killer victims’ bodies have on the cultural perception of narratives surround- ing death, violence, and the cult of the perpetrator.

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Embodied Pasts. Body as Memory in Postcolonial Speculative Fiction

Author(s): Agnieszka Podruczna / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2019

The article considers the ways in which postcolonial speculative fiction con- ceptualizes the Othered body—particularly the female body—as the corporeal manifestation of collective memory as well as the historical narrative. Therefore, the article proposes that for three authors: Larissa Lai, Suzette Mayr, and Andrea Hairston, the experience of the body constitutes a fundamental element of con- structing (or rather reconstructing) the continuity of the historical narrative in colonial and postcolonial realities. In this formulation, the body of the Other be- comes the place in which the past, the present, and the future converge, allowing the Othered subject to reach the hitherto inaccessible histories and reconstruct the fragmentary memories of diasporic communities, which pave the way for an ultimate revision of the colonial discourse. The body of the Other becomes, then, not only the locus of ancestral memories, but also a tool of resistance against the hegemonic historical narrative.

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The Transient "Ideals" of the "Odissi Body" and the Changing Place and Role of Odissi Dancers in History

Author(s): Sabina Sweta Sen-Podstawska / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2019

This article revisits the history of the Odissi dance’s formation and development in order to explore the changing “ideals” of the “Odissi body” and the transforma- tion of the Odissi dancer’s agency, and their place and role in history. I review the trajectory of the Odissi dance’s history originating from an ancient form carved in stone, through the regional traditions of Maharis and Gotipuas, its revival as a cultural, aesthetic, and classical entity under the direct influence of early 20th-cen- tury Indian nationalism, its further development into specific styles and schools, and to the more recent understanding of the Odissi dance as a sensory-somatic form. Throughout the work, I question the subject/object role of the dancers which shifts depending on who “makes” the “ideal body” and decides about the prerequi- sites of the dance form. I analyse how the changing “ideals” of the body transform the role and place of the dancer from being an object to becoming an agent (the shift form objectified to subjective). I discuss the lack or presence of the subjec- tive and agentic (feeling-thinking-sensing) bodymind throughout three periods: revival, post-revival, and transition. In the analysis, I apply theories from chosen philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, dance phenomenologists, and somatic practitioners. This interdisciplinary perspective enables a study of the history of a dance which has always been influenced by the socio-cultural circumstances, and has remained a highly malleable and transient form.

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Hipertrofia polityki pamięci w III RP i jej konsekwencje od roku 2015

Author(s): Tomasz Stryjek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2017

The author analyzes the antagonistic consequences of the remembrance policy pursued by the Law and Justice Party in relations with Israel, Ukraine, Germany, Russia and international public opinion. He points to the growing internal dispute over the legitimacy of the system of the Third Polish Republic after the turn of 1989. The author believes that the policy of memory is addressed mainly to foreign partners, but achieves effectiveness only in internal politics in the form of consolidation of the electorate of traditionalist and nationalist groups. Tha author binds the hypertrophy of the remembrance policy with a departure from liberal democracy towards the rule of individuals with strong authority, pointing to three cases outside of Poland: Russia, Hungary and Serbia.

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Rola rzezi wołyńskiej w budowaniu narracji na temat Ukraińców w polskim Internecie

Author(s): Katarzyna Krakowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2017

The paper is an analysis of historical issues – with particular emphasis on the problems of the slaughter of Volhynia – in the discourse on Ukrainians and Ukrainian immigrants in the Polish Internet. The paper was realized using CAQDAS software tools based on source material collected in autumn 2016.

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U źródeł Uniwersytetu Latającego i Towarzystwa Kursów Naukowych

Author(s): Marek Kunicki-Goldfinger / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

Since the beginning of 1977 groups of students begun to participate in courses organized outside the official educational institutions. This was due to the censorship of official university curricula in humanities and social sciences, especially in literature, history, philosophy, sociology and economy. At the beginning the unofficial courses were organized within the network of academic ministry. The Flying University started its operation in the spring of 1977 in Krakow and in the autumn that year in Warsaw by organizing public lectures and seminars in private apartments. On January 22nd 1978 several outstanding Polish scientists signed The Founding Declaration of the Society of Scientific Courses. The main goals of the initiative – which remained unrecognized by authorities – was not only to organize and patronize independent teaching, but also to grant scholarships and to publish books in samizdat. The activities of the Society were backed by the Catholic Church, but the communist authorities tried to suppress them. The author of the paper describes the circumstances in which both the Flying University and the Society of Scientific Courses were organized.

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Wojna na znużenie. NOW-a a aparat przemocy 1982–1989

Author(s): Paweł Sowiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

This article contributes to the history of the biggest Polish underground publishing project during the communist period. Sowinski argues that NOW-a publishers, though attacked by the police, was not destroyed. One of the main reason for this was the resilience of the grassroot activists energised by external support from Polish émigré circles in the West. Author also seeks causes of NOW-a success as underground book producer in the strategy of limited police harassment of the late stage of communist dictatorship. After martial law had been lifted in 1983 the Polish authority avoided to take major operations against opposition, i.e. massive crackdowns and imprisonments. Instead, the regime developed more subtle methods of policing the illicit book circulation. However, what constantly hampered the police effort to penetrate the NOW-a network was a lack of solid intelligence. The article offers a deep insight into the police investigation, agents reports as well as provides with fresh statistic on independent publishing and the police counterattacks.

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