Nekropatriotyzm Przemysława Dakowicza

Author(s): Paweł Tomczok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2018

The paper presents necro-patriotism in the essays of Przemysław Dakowicz. The Łódź-based writer and literature researcher has, in recent years, created a vital project of reading the Polish past of the 20th century, the purpose of which is to redefine national community based on Polish martyrdom told anew. The author analyses the strategy of using various forms of death (descriptions of death, corpses, exhumations) which he employs to define new necro-patriotism.

Hátizsákos turista voltam

Author(s): Mária Mayerné Lendváry / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

Ctitori ai Sihăstriei Putnei din veacul al XVIII-lea. Note prosopografice

Author(s): Mihai-Bogdan Atanasiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The diptychs of the worship places represent today a genuine source of information regarding the people of those times; however, to some extent, they might have no historical value if the long lists of names remain unidentified. The diptychs of Putna Hermitage, written in 1768, which our paper focuses on, is no exception. Therefore the main objective of this study is to identify some of the benefactors of this worship place as well as to draw up a brief prosopographical analysis of their lives and careers. The families mentioned here, more or less known within our historiography, are: Vârnav, Stamate, Ganea, Potlog, Butucea and Herescu, as they appear listed in the diptychs.

ISTORIOGRAFIA ROMÂNĂ ȘI DISCURSUL NAȚIONAL. CONSIDERAȚII DESPRE 1 DECEMBRIE 1918

Author(s): Corina Teodor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 21/2018

The present study analyzes the manner in which the event of December 1st 1918 was reflected in the historiography published between 1919-1943. Thousands of newspapers articles and books published on the subject during these years show that the historical moment was mostly approached at the first, first decade, second decade and first quarter anniversaries. There are few texts on the subject expect those published in anniversaries moments. Another assertion is on the typology of the writings on this major moment of Romanian history. The historiography of this period was divided in several categories: memoirs, speeches, editions of documents and scientific papers. Evidently, the last category is the most important for the historical knowledge. Amongst those who ventured to publish scientific papers during this period one finds consecrated historians such as Nicolae Iorga, Dimitrei Onciul, Ioan Lupaș, Silviu Dragomir and Ion Clopoțel.

Nemzettől a nemzeti önrendelkezésig

Author(s): Judit Szathmári / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2019

The state of American Indian communities in the United States has historically been viewed as the aftermath of colonization, rooted in exterminations, removals, assimilation, and the 20th-century policies of termination and relocation. While colonization does, through historical trauma, affect presentday issues, since the mid-20th century, scholarship has propagated a more realistic image of American Indians. The 1961 American Indian Chicago Conference serves as a milestone in the change of perception, and is responsible for the creation of the “new Indian Idealism” that reestablished America’s Indigenous population as proactive agents and not merely reactive subjects in federal Indian policy. Indigenous self-determination, de jure secured by the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act but de facto hindered by federal paternalistic practices, was revitalized at the 1961 Chicago conference and thus American Indian communities were given the opportunity to complete the cycle from NATION, through termination and determination, to Self-determiNATION.

Jego miłość Republika. Kobiety w życiu Mustafy Kemala

Author(s): Karolina Wanda Olszowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Mustafa Kemal was reformer and creator of the Republic of Turkey. The first president built a new Turkey, European and secular. He also wanted to create a model of a “new” Turkish woman modern and well educated. His private life was as interesting as political life. In his life were many women, some of them were controversial for example much younger wife Latife or mistress Fikriye (they should have religious marriage). Interesting figures were also adopted, mostly adult daughters, who were well educated, and they should give a good example to other Turkish women. To make the full image of women who had a big impact on the life of the Mustafa Kemal, it should also pay attention to his mother and sister.

Društvenopovijesni totalitet i segmentarni socijalitet u znanstvenoj konceptualizaciji društvene (kulturne) antropologije

Author(s): Igor Karaman / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/1990

Anthropology is the science of man. Since the man belongs by his origin to the world of nature, while by his own historical development he creates the world of society, anthropology has a double orientation: as natural anthropology it studies the natural/bodily being of man, while as social (cultural) anthropology it studies ten social/spiritual being of man. A fact of extreme importance is that the entire natural and social historical developments of the existence and activity of man occur within a natural and social community of people (i.e. within community of people as natural and social beings). Conformably to the above, the core of natural anthropology lies in the study of historical developments of the individual natural/bodily being of man (what we could call bio-anthropology). Interdisciplinary cooperation with other natural sciences is indispensable to natural anthropology.

The Right and the Left in Contemporary Ideologies

Author(s): Ana-Maria Ambrosă / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2018

The bipolar structure of ideological movements is based on the opposition between the conservative tendency of European aristocracy and the rebellious nature of the bourgeoisie. After the French General Assembly of 1789 established that the bourgeoisie should sit on the left side of the Parliament room and the aristocracy on the right, the modern world retained the idea that being a “leftist” meant being a supporter of revolutionary change in public order; being a “rightist” meant defending the unequal order of a pyramidal and traditionalist society.Compared with its numerous initial meanings, the ideological gap between the “left” and the “right” was reduced (after the emergence of Marxism) to a predominantly economic dimension or, more precisely, to “economic ethics”: thus, the idea took hold that left-wing doctrines are in theory protective of the poorer classes, whose unfair status, imposed by the rich exploiters, is accounted for and who are promised, if not prosperity, then at least revenge against the rich. The “left” thus comes waving the flag of economic equality and social justice. The “right” adheres to natural order, inequalities justified by personal qualities (converted into “social usefulness”), individual freedom, etc.

"U IME NARODA!"

Author(s): Marin Srakić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1994

Al tempo del comunismo, sopratutto nel primo periodo, dopo i processi artificiosi contro educatori, sacerdoti e chierici, sono stati chiusi alcuni Seminari maggiori in Croazia. Nell’anno 1959 sono stati arrestati sei sacerdoti e due chierici del Seminario maggiore di Đakovo. II capo del gruppo "proustascia" era ii direttore spirituale del tempo, ii Rev. Ćiril Kos, attuale vescovo diocesano di Đakovo e di Srijem.

„Praca będzie wymagała pewnych nieznacznych zmian”. Redakcja „Bleter far Geszichte” wobec dziennika Zygmunta Klukowskiego (1951)

Author(s): Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2019

In 1948 the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw started publishing “Bleter far Geshikhte”, a Yiddish periodical bearing the same title as a pre-war journal which used to be co-edited by Emanuel Ringelblum. The post-war continuation intended to be a forum for Polish Jewish historiography but the postwar conditions as well as emigration of many Jewish researchers turned “Bleter” into a hybrid-like periodical for the Jewish milieu in Poland and a handful of Yiddish-speaking researchers abroad. In the 1950s and 1960s the editorial board, consisting of Ber Mark, Tatiana Berenstein, Artur Eisenbach and Adam Rutkowski, struggled to keep the academic character of the journal while opening it also to authors from other Eastern European countries, mainly the USSR and Romania. Following Mark’s death, Berenstein’s and Rutkowski’s emigration from Poland and the anti-Semitic campaign of 1968, the journal got suspended in 1970 for the next 10 years, although minutes of meetings of the editorial board show that for all these years efforts were made to continue publishing the journal. It eventually reappeared in 1980 but as less and less researchers and editors were able to write and/or edit in Yiddish, the journal got finally closed in 1990. The article discusses the history of the journal as well as one particular case study of publishing excerpts from Zygmunt Klukowski’s wartime diary, regarding the Holocaust in Szczebrzeszyn. These excerpts were published in “Bleter” in 1951 and censored or changed to conform to the official vision of Polish-Jewish relations during the war. In the article the censored and/or changed fragments have been verified against the 1958 edition of the diary in a book-length form.

Przemoc w średniowiecznej Islandii – skala, charakter i czynniki ograniczające

Author(s): Włodzimierz Gogłoza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The sagas of Icelanders depict a violent society in which even the slightest transgression could result in a prolonged feud that could last for generations. The aim of this study is to ascertain how closely this description of medieval Iceland resembles social reality. Using both narrative and legal sources, as well as the anthropological research of other authors, I argue that the saga age of Iceland was not as violent as the sögumenn (storytellers) imply. I stress that the conflicts described in the sagas mostly involve the social elites, the wealthy free farmers and chieftains, who were the only members of society vested with the social and material capital necessary for sustaining prolonged feuds. Disputes between members of the lower classes, and across the social strata were less violent than those depicted in sagas. Moreover, there were several social factors in operation which limited the scale of interpersonal violence, including cultural and legal norms promoting moderation.

Koncepcja semiotycznej pamięci kultury Jurija Łotmana jako zasada generatywna w badaniach nad pamięcią społeczną

Author(s): Paweł Winiarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

For sociologically oriented research into memory, the finding of connections between cultural mechanisms of constructing the past and their socio-structural effects is important. In this context, a principle linking phenomena of memory, culture, and social structure should be of use. This article is devoted to Yuri Lotman’s concept of the semiotic memory of culture, which the author believes could serve as a generative rule for this type of research in the sociology of culture. In the case of studies on social memory, Lotman’s concept constitutes a methodological bridge between phenomena of social memory and the transmission of culture, enabling the question of how the memory of the individual participates in collective memory to be answered.

Consequences of the Schmalkaldic War (1546–1547) for the modification of the tax system in the 16th century Kingdom of Bohemia

Author(s): Petr Vorel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In the middle of the 16th century, the historical development of Central Europe was heavily influenced by the power struggle between the House of Habsburg and the Protestant opposition in the Holy Roman Empire (1546–1555), shaping the religious, political, economic and cultural direction for the next seven decades. The first part of this conflict (the so-called Schmalkaldic War of 1546–1547) also affected the development of the tax system in the Kingdom of Bohemia. The sanctions had immediate consequences for a part of the Bohemian Estates in 1547; on top of that, there was a change in the fiscal policy strategy, introduced under the reign of King Ferdinand I (1526–1564). The political agreement between King Ferdinand I and the aristocratic part of the Estates’ opposition was clearly aimed against the cities. The newly introduced tax system clearly favoured manor farms at the expense of urban economy. It also put aristocrats owning vast estates with numerous subjects and a small proportion of farm production at a major disadvantage. Despite a few minor modifications, this basic tax structure remained unchanged for several decades. Its unbalanced proportional set-up led to long-term indebtedness of royal cities and large aristocratic domains and the growing importance of creditors whose profits defied the tax system. Accompanied by a rapid increase of the sovereign debt at a time when the Imperial Court resided in Prague (1583–1611), these discrepancies resulted in a collapse of the tax system and rejection of foreign royal debts secured by future revenues from the Bohemian Kingdom in 1615. In the same year, the Bohemian Estates’ opposition took over the administration of all royal revenues in Bohemia (including the revenues from state-owned estates) as well as tax collection. The royal treasure received virtually no money from the Kingdom of Bohemia until all the royal debts were paid (planned for 1615–1620). This fundamental change in the tax system was one of the principal economic causes of the subsequent military measures adopted to solve the power crisis in Bohemia between 1618 and 1620.

„Babcia Austria”, Polonia rediviva i pułapki losu. Tadeusza Kudlińskiego glosa przewrotna do porozbiorowych dziejów – Saga rodu Grabowskich

Author(s): Stanisław Kryński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct and interpret the literary vision of Poland’s post-Partitions history as depicted in The Grabowski Saga, a story by Tadeusz Kudliński (1980). Of key importance here is a motif of “Polish fate” presented in the story as a metaphor. Kudliński refers to the well-established paradigm of the traditional Polish approach to the country’s misfortunes, perceiving them perversely as History’s fatalistic trap. The story is a parody of a saga of a landed gentry family from Galicia. The writer presents the family’s history until the communist rule in Poland following WWII, with emphasis placed on the decline of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, the Great War and the interwar period in Poland. Another literary testimony to History, the story is the writer’s voice in a discussion on the genealogy of Poland’s 20th-century identity.

Realizm i modernizm, sprawcy i ofiary. Odpowiedź na komentarz Macieja Bugajewskiego

Author(s): Jakub Muchowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

Kontakty Mieszka I z opozycją antyottońską Henryka Kłótnika. Zarys problematyki

Author(s): Mariusz Samp / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

In the 970s and the 980s, Mieszko I, the ruler of Poland, established contacts with Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, who was very persistent in his attempts at succeeding the royal crown in the time of two interregna following the death of Otto I and Otto II. During the first rebellion raised by Henry II (since 973), Mieszko even supplied him with small military reinforcements which resulted in Otto II’s retaliation against Poland in 979. On the other hand, Mieszko’s support for the rebel in the early 980s was only a short episode. The Polish duke drew the right conclusions and quickly changed sides as the opposition looked much more promising.

Štefan I. a Boleslav Chrabrý. Obsadenie časti Uhorska podľa Galla Anonyma a Uhorsko-poľskej kroniky* (Prvá časť)

Author(s): Pavol Hudáček / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2018

Gallus Anonymus, The Hungarian-Polish Chronicle and some Poles’annals mention that Bolesław I the Brave defeated Hungarians and occupied their land down to the Danube. The Hungarian-Polish Chronicle is the only medieval source that mentions the meeting of Hungarian king Stephan I and Polish prince Bolesław near Esztergom. The meeting was preceded by the war in which Stephan lost and Bolesław won and so Bolesław was supposed to take over the area around Nitra. The war between Stephan and Bolesław was not a mere coincidence. Bolesław must have had a reason to invade the northwestern part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Bolesław could not occupy the that part of Hungarian Kingdom before the year 1000 as he was not interested in the area in the south from his land at that time. He could not overtake that part neither in the year 1000 or 1001. Boleslaw was able to expand his realm only after a political change after the death of Otto III in 1002. In the year 1003, after internal dynastic disagreements of the Przemyslids, Bolesław took over Czech and Moravian area. As he did in Czech area (Vladivoj, Soběslav), Bolesław engaged a man accepted by local nobility in the northwestern part of the Kingdom of Hungary to be able to control it better. The chosen person was called Ladislav the Bald and belonged to the Árpáds. He might resided at Piast court and was prince Michal’s older son. The only information about Ladislav’s rule in northwestern Hungarian Kingdom, overtaken by Bolesław at the beginning of the 11th century, may be found in Wielkopolska Chronicle.

Ciąża i narodziny dziecka w świetle Prospektu Wesołego Miłosiernych Oczu, Przenayświętszey Maryi (...) z Gory S. Gostynskiey (XVI–XVIII w.)

Author(s): Małgorzata Delimata-Proch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

Prospekt Wesoły Miłosiernych Oczu, Przenayświętszey Maryi (...) z Gory S. Gostynskiey showed that the troublesome delivery were most frequent. As it is seen from the notes, as many as 30–40% of difficult labours resulted in giving birth to a dead baby. The remaining groups: complications of both pregnancy and puerperium, turned out to be less numerous. The book mentions also the unqualified midwives, and measures they used to apply. It should be added that the description dealt merely with procedures related to reviving a baby (mouthto-mouth resuscitation) as well as evaluation of its condition. Omitting the steps which mothers might have been subjected to was a consequence of focusing on a newborn, especially the male one. Prospekt made it also possible to answer the questions about the quality of family, neighbourly ties, votive offerers and votive gestures.

Inventing Slavic Unity or the Political Use of a Romantic Concept. The Case of Mikhail P. Pogodin and Joachim Lelewel

Author(s): Eduard Mühle / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

The Idea of a Slavic community constituted by a common language, early history, and culture since the early 19th century was developed into an instrument of concrete national-political demands and constitutional plans. A common course of political action in the spirit of general Slavic solidarity and commonality, however, was hindered by the particular egoisms of individual Slavic nations. Especially Poles and Russians took a specific stance in handling the Slavic idea. The article explores this distinct Russian and Polish approach by looking at the pan-Slavic concepts of two outstanding Polish and Russian historians – Joachim Lelewel and Michail P. Pogodin.

Uchodźstwo polskie na ziemiach białoruskich w świetle publikacji „Dziennika Mińskiego” (1917–1918)

Author(s): Ewa Borowińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

This study revolves around the lives of Polish refugees in what in now Belarus during WWI by resorting solely to articles published in “Dziennik Miński” in 1917–1918. “Dziennik Miński” was published in 1917–1918 in what in now Belarus. The newspaper was established for both Poles living there for generations as well as refugees who came to town as a result of migration enforced in the summer of 1915. The newspaper was a source of information about military developments on the fronts of the First World War, provided news about politics, social and cultural affairs and touched upon issues related with the refugees and their lives away from home. The columns provide material for research into the relationships between the refugees and the local population of Polish origin, the problems faced by the refugees on a regular basis as well as the operations of help organizations like Centralny Komitet Obywatelski (Central Civil Committee) or Polskie Towarzystwo Pomocy OfiaromWojny (Polish Society for Assisting War Casualties).