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The purpose of the article. To distinguish socio-cultural functions of Polish music societies of the first third of the twentieth century in Drohobych. Methods of research. Systematization – to identify types of socio-cultural activities; analytical – to reveal the essence of each function; generalization ‒ to find out the organizational and administrative experience of Polish societies under Austro-Hungarian and Polish ruling. Scientific novelty. The article was the first to classify and describe the socio-cultural functions of regional Polish music organizations based on the study of archival materials and documents, and hence, to reveal their essence. Conclusions. The socio-cultural functions of the Polish societies of Drohobych in the first third of the twentieth century are singled out. Consequently, it makes it possible to indicate their significance in a polynational, multicultural environment in specific historical conditions. The activity of Polish societies reflects the principles and interests of the Ukrainian singing and cultural-educational organizations with the aim of consolidating their own traditions and cultural dominant, uniting around the national idea.
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The Romanian University of Cluj made constant efforts to establish and consolidate a constantly expanding network of cooperation with similar institutions from Europe and even beyond the borders of the “old continent”. The long process of international affirmation began shortly after the Romanian University was organized in Cluj, at the end of the First World War. The tradition of “western education” among Romanian intellectuals facilitated the first institutional contacts with Western European Universities, especially from France and Germany. Such a tradition was missing in relation with the North-American academic community. Nevertheless, the first contacts with American higher education and research institutions were initiated during the interwar period. In this article the impact of American universities will be analysed, as a model of institutional organization, during the early years of the Romanian University of Cluj. In the first decades of the 20th century American universities were perceived as an innovative model, different form the traditional rigidity of European universities, based on functionality and social involvement. In the second part of the article the focus will be on identifying the various means of academic cooperation and their influence on the teaching and research process in the University of Cluj: academic mobility, the access to American scientific literature, the exchange of publications between the University of Cluj and similar institutions in the U.S.A., conferences and other scientific events, the presence of professors from Cluj in American scientific societies, etc.
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In the period under research, the geography of the activity of the Main Directorate for resettlement and selecting organized labor of the Moldavian SSR was radically reduced, mostly to the geographical borders of Kazakhstan. Outside of those selected for organized labor, different categories of the population migrated towards Kazakhstan, in particular, the youth and skilled workers. The majority of those sent were brought to Kazakhstan by passenger trains, which reached the destination in 6-7 days. Some migrants were put on freight trains. In the second half of the 1950s, and, in particular, during the 1960s, the fulfillment of plans on the selection and resettlement were secured with increasingly considerable efforts. The causes for this were both the growing requirements towards the quality of the workers, deployed in Kazakhstan and the gradual improvement of the economic situation in Moldova. This required the leadership of the Directorate to seek new arguments for justifying the failures in the execution of the approved plans, with these failures becoming more frequent. Their requirements for the selection of cadres, which became more drastic, as well as the constant change of the rules for the receipt of the workers, were submitted to the Directorate for resettlement and selecting the organized labor of the Moldavian SSR by the highest leadership of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and other Soviet republics.
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The goal of the study is to examine the historical sources, and to elaborate on the activity of Tadeusz Wowkonowicz. He was an active hockey player and skier, and a member of the Polish Ski Team in the 1930s. He was a multiple medalists of the Polish Ski Championships in the ski runs relay. At the beginning of the Second World War, he fled to France and joined the Second Rifle Division of the Polish Armed Forces. He fought during French Campaign, and then his division crossed the border of Switzerland, where the soldiers were interned. After the Second World War, Wowkonowicz was one of the co-originators and members of the restored Polish Ski Team. He never came back to Poland. He settled in Chamonix, France. He an active ski coach, and an activist of the French Ski Federation. His assistance to Polish people who came to Chamonix made him the “Polish ambassador in Chamonix”.
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Man is the main source of information. The prisoners of war, the deserters and the refugees from the Roman world were such possessors. Human intelligence as a product based on obtaining information from human sources also has its roots in Roman history.
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The paper offers a Polish rendering of Johannes Buxtorf’s Preface to his Latin translation of The Book of the Kuzari (Basel 1660), the first ever translation of JudahHalevi’s opus magnum into a European language. The Preface includes inter alia Buxtorf’s rendering of the famous correspondence between Hasdai ibn Shaprut and the Khazar King Joseph. As part of the article, it was translated from Latin into Polish and compared with the Hebrew original. The introductory part of the paper explores Buxtorf’s text highlighting tendentious trends in his approach to Judaism and Jews in general and to Halevi’s treatise in particular, as well as pinpointing polemical and/or apologetic comments in both his Preface to The Kuzari and his Latin translation of the Khazar correspondence.
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The documents preserved in the Ringelblum archive confirm the existence of an intense antagonism in the Warsaw ghetto between the Yiddish-speaking milieu and the Polonized intelligentsia. Based on these unique sources the author sought to map the course, manifestations and consequences of this animosity. She also determined the origins thereof. There are many indications that there were quite complex reasons for the discord. On the one hand, this was a sequel to an age-old conflict between both milieux, while on the other there was the defence of current interests.
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This article discusses two particular and complementary forms of state-organised press manipulation under the anti-Semitic and nationalist Goga cabinet and “royal dictatorship”. It examines, first, the suppression of papers that did not follow the official political line. Second, it deals with the creation of new semi-official newspapers. It focuses, in particular, on the press of the ethnic minorities, showing that not all minority communities were targeted to the same extent. On the one hand, the Germans, Hungarians, Ukrainians, as well as the Romanian- and German-speaking Jews continued to publish their own newspapers, although with some restrictions. On the other hand, the Yiddish-speaking Jews and the Russians in Bessarabia and Bukovina had their papers completely suppressed. It therefore appears that official anti-Semitism and nationalism had an impact on the press of the ethnic minorities only in connection to the apprehension of the Bucharest authorities of losing control over Bessarabia and Bukovina. It was probably because of these fears that the royal dictatorship deprived the Bessarabian border counties of Hotin, Tighina, and Cetatea-Albă even of their Romanian language newspapers, thus undermining its own influence on these territories. Perhaps for the same reasons, the royal dictatorship underfinanced the Ukrainian-language pro-government paper “Nova Rada”. However, the policies pursued by the regime of the royal dictator-ship were generally inconsistent. This probably also explains why it did not make its official newspaper, “România”, more efficient, whereas the latter still had to compete with the newspapers the royal dictatorship did not suppress.
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Dusza Czara-Rosenkranz, who was born in Boianceni, Bukovina, in 1898, is mainly known as a German-language poet. Based on new sources, including the memoirs of her brother, Moses Rosenkranz, and documents from the Romanian and Austrian State Archives
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The home front was an important part of the war effort of the Romanian state during the First World War. Behind the front there were real struggles to survive the wounded under the close coordination of Queen Maria. Under the auspices of the Red Cross, the National Society of Orthodox Women and Research, the work of helping orphans, the needy and injured in hospitals has had beneficial effects on the optimism of soldiers on the front and the civilian population. Iaşi and surrounding areas have undergone a complete process of transformation, as most of the city’s schools and monasteries have been converted into hospitals. In these rooms, poorly equipped for such sanitary facilities, hygiene conditions were precarious and food and medication insufficient. The high society ladies who acted as volunteers in Iasi hospitals played an important role in maintaining the optimism of the injured. In the new capital of the country, several charity actions were organized to raise funds to help refugees and war orphans. The money received from the Royal House, government, and private individuals were used to build orphanages and canteens for the needy. Thanks to these actions, the refugee population in Iaşi managed to survive and believe in the realization of the national ideal.
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