Obozy dla uchodźców w Afryce na przykładzie Kenii. Schronienie czy pułapka?

Author(s): Maciej Zięba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

This article presents the situation that prevails in „temporary” sanctuaries known as humanitarian zones, or colloquially speaking – refugee camps managed by UNHCR in sub-Saharan Africa on the example of Kenya. The invention of refugee camps as a kind of modern refugia is increasingly being criticized in the world. „Protection” and „aid” provided there consist in controlling and keeping their residents alive without giving them the opportunity to live independently. This system is quite convenient for both host countries and the whole so-called humanitarian industry operating according to marketing logic. The system removes the burden of dealing directly with refugees from host countries and the humanitarian industry hasa kind of market of suffering and excluded refuges which legitimize its existence. It justifies the question whether the camps really provide security and help that they promise? Refugees get voluntarily to the refugee camps, but why in that case do they have a sense of imprisonment when they are there? Why the international refugee protection system that promised sustainable solutions can not solve their problems? Why do refugees in the camps often feel that they are in a trap, from which it is difficult to escape? In the text I refer critically to the existing ways of providing protection and assistance to refugees. I underline the significant discrepancies between the declarations on the part of humanitarian organizations and results of their actions. I suggest rethinking the humanitarian aid system called the „International Refugee Regime”, entangled in contradictions and helpless in the face of the suffering that he promised to remove.

Szwajcarska demokracja wobec kwestii mniejszości muzułmańskiej

Author(s): Mirosław Matyja / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Muslims in Switzerland are the third largest religious group. However, they are not legally recognized as a religion. The Swiss state is confronted with the necessity of their integration and the problem is constantly present in politics. It is a fact, that the regional differences between Muslims and other religions in Switzerland are very large. The results of referendums regarding the acceptance of the Muslim religion have been in the past only negative. The best example is the initiative and referendum „stop of minarets” in 2009. From a legal point of view, the presence of Muslims in Switzerland provokes many challenges for the Swiss state, because the systems of these two „worlds” are fundamentally different: Muslim law is based on the Islamic religion, while the Swiss Confederation is a democratic state of law and as such is based on the will of society. Recognition of Muslims as a religious minority can take place within the framework of Swiss direct democracy only in the referendum, which is currently impossible.

Félelem helyett kölcsönös segítség: a katasztrófaszociológia tanulságai a klímaválságra való felkészülésre (Rebecca Solnit: A Paradise Built in Hell)

Author(s): Ágnes Gagyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 25/2019

Rebecca Solnit has published her book "A Paradise Built in Hell" ten years ago. Its main idea was originally formulated in 2005 in an essay published on the day when Hurricane Katrina reached New Orleans. Rebecca Solnit is writer, historian and activist living in San Francisco; she has been working in various environmental, anti-war, human and women's rights movements since the 1980s. She has published 17 books so far and is a regular author of Guardian and Harpers' Magazine. In her works she continues the tradition of American progressive public intelligentsia: although she relies on historical facts and social science research, she primarily outlines perspectives to expand sociological imagination (Mills 1959) on challenges that cannot be solved by the social knowledge produced within the current social order.

Уеб телевизиите в България през 2017: от мечтата за кабелна телевизия към мечтата за високо дигитално качество

Author(s): Zhana Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The text presents the state of the web TV in Bulgarian based on the results from the project ‘Web radio and TV in Bulgarian language’ funded by the Research fund of Sofia University with supervisor prof. DSc Snezhana Popova.It is hard to show precise data about the number of web TVs in Bulgarian or with Bulgarian addresses in 2017. The platforms do not use the term web TV, ‘online TV’. In 2017 three types of web TVs prove to be sustainable: regional, lifestyle and radio and TV. The announcement style TVs that present service information as well as the only regional station ‘Epohi’ TV have disappeared. The sports TV projects do not function (with the exception of the TV of FC ‘Levski 1914’). At least formally the ‘music online TVs’ are the largest number. However, the research showed that behind this title on some of the platforms exist websites with pornographic content. Most of them are announced as pop-folk music TVs. The main problem in making web TVs in Bulgarian is the ambiguity of who is expected to watch them. Apart from regional TVs everyone else say they a looking for their audience instead of building a message for a specific group.The text presents the state of the web TV in Bulgarian based on the results from the project ‘Web radio and TV in Bulgarian language’ funded by the Research fund of Sofia University with supervisor prof. DSc Snezhana Popova.It is hard to show precise data about the number of web TVs in Bulgarian or with Bulgarian addresses in 2017. The platforms do not use the term web TV, ‘online TV’. In 2017 three types of web TVs prove to be sustainable: regional, lifestyle and radio and TV. The announcement style TVs that present service information as well as the only regional station ‘Epohi’ TV have disappeared. The sports TV projects do not function (with the exception of the TV of FC ‘Levski 1914’). At least formally the ‘music online TVs’ are the largest number. However, the research showed that behind this title on some of the platforms exist websites with pornographic content. Most of them are announced as pop-folk music TVs. The main problem in making web TVs in Bulgarian is the ambiguity of who is expected to watch them. Apart from regional TVs everyone else say they a looking for their audience instead of building a message for a specific group.

Книги 2020 – 2021

Author(s): Emiliya Voleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 42/2021

Selected bibliography in the field of Bulgarian Studies published in the current year.

ALBANIA-GREECE SEA ISSUE THROUGH THE HISTORY FACTS AND THE FUTURE OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION

Author(s): Senada Reci,Luljeta Zefi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The issue of the sea between Albania and Greece has been and continues to be an object of study for various authors. Research shows so far that many studies have tried to go slightly from the descriptive to the explanatory and analytical framework and have generally fallen into the ‘trap’ of subjective approaches creating the phenomenon of nationalism. That appears in different forms, damaging the spirit of friendship and cooperation between both countries. This paper analyzes relations between Albania and Greece and their evolution based on international acts until the decision of the Albanian Constitutional Court annulling the agreement between them on the issue of the sea as incompatible with the constitution in terms of absolute objectivity. The demands of the Greek state for extension with 12 miles under the magnifying glass of the interpretation of the norms of the international law of the sea, the principle of equality and equity are part of the insistence on gaining superiority in the sea area vis-à-vis Albania. All this leading to the dialogue for another treaty cooperation and friendship occupy a vital part of the facts, which constitute an ongoing open discussion about the future of the sea issue on the Hague International Court.

Трансформации на фолклорната и религиозната култура в Странджа през призмата на обичая Еньова буля и култа към св. Модест

Author(s): Mira Markova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

Over the last decades, the Strandzha region suffers a serious demographic crisis and the outflow of population results in significant change in the local culture. The empirical data of the current research is based on fieldwork in villages of Fakia (Central Strandzha, Sredets Municipality). The aim is to give a picture of the current condition of the folklore and religious culture through symbolic and specific phenomena. Enyova bulya custom is widely spread in Strandzha region and is conceived as an accent in the Enyovden (Yanovden) celebrations that take place on the 24th of June and is one of the main summer feast days until the ’60s of the 20th century. Enyova bulya is associated with fertility, maiden's transition and the well-being of the settlement community. Today, the custom is disconnected from the context of the festive life of the researched community as far as the world view of the main actors has been changed. Main doers are elderly women, the time of the celebrations is not exactly fixed thus the sacredness of the actions is automatically degenerated. A conclusion can be made that the custom nowadays has the characteristics of a tourist attraction in some aspects. Keeping the celebrations is perceived as a need to declare local identity and local diversity. The transformations in the religious culture of the researched community can be analysed in a similar direction. St. Modest cult (celebrated on December 18) is seen as “typical only for Strandzha region”. In the past, the cult is related to the local livelihood – livestock-raising and agriculture. For example, in Fakia village is believed that the woman that gives out ritual bread first will be the first to finish harvesting. Today, as a result of drastic changes in livelihood, the cult exists as a characteristic of local religious culture – grounds for the local dimensions of cultural identity. Anyway, ritual practices serve the local identity. Searching a motivation in tradition keeps alive a local peasant community in process of dramatic demographic and social crises in Strandzha region.

Култът към католическите мъченици на тоталитаризма в България (1944–1989)

Author(s): Valentin Voskresenski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

The article presents religious practices and politics of memory, related to the cult of the “new martyrs” (“martyrs of totalitarianism”) in the Catholic Church in Bulgaria after 1989. The paper is based on terminological apparatus and methodology in the field of anthropology of memory and anthropology of religion, and describes the procedures of beatification of Blessed Eugene Bossilkov (beat. 1998) and bishops Fr. Kamen Vichev, Fr. Pavel Dzhidzov, Fr. Iosafat Shishkov (beat. 2002), Fr. Fortunat Bakalski, Fr. Rafael Peev, and others. The objective of this study is to elucidate major moments related to the institutionalisation of the cult, the processes of construction of sacredness, the creation of new religious practices, the commemoration practices, and the places of memory. The study explores the elements of the veneration of the “new martyrs” in Bulgaria, the connection between cult and history, and the issues of memory and the policies of memory as a form of heritage. The observations and the examples are obtained through field research and interviews conducted in several settlements in the Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv and the Diocese of Nicopolis (primarily the towns of Plovdiv, Rakovski, Ruse, and Belene, the village of Oresh, and the city of Sofia). Relics, testimonies of martyrdom, stories of miracles, hagiographical and iconographical innovations, commemorational festivities, places of memory, related to the “new martyrs” – all of these are analysed through the prism of processes of invention of cultural-historical heritage, renovation of confessional identities, and creation of reworking models of traumatic memory in the period of socialism. The article looks for answers to the following questions: What is the character of the totalitarian martyrology in Bulgaria? How are the confessional consciousness of the Catholic communities and the character of their religious culture being transformed through the religious cults of the “new martyrs”?

Пандемични държавни културни политики в България в областта на изпълнителските изкуства (2020–2021). Тенденции и перспективи

Author(s): Ioana Spasova-Dikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The study is part of a larger project that aims to examine national cultural policies related to the support of various performing arts, cultural forums, and especially, some festivals of the performing arts in Bulgaria. The focus is on the professional performing arts (theatre and dance), affected by the pandemic, and on various art forums and the policy of the Bulgarian state (in particular, the Ministry of Culture) to support freelance artists, who have been heavily affected by the social isolation resulting from the quarantine due to COVID-19. An attempt is made to outline more important trends in the pandemic situation and to delineate perspectives for dealing with the crisis.

Етнология и епидемии. Социокултурни измерения на пандемията от COVID-19. Съставители: Вихра Баева и Ангелина Илиева. София: Издателство на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов”, 2021

Author(s): Valentina Ganeva-Raycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

Book review

Митът за Едип – нова интерпретация

Author(s): Grigor Har. Grigorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

In his book “The Myth of the Birth of the Hero” (1909), the psychoanalyst Otto Rank identified in various cultures numerous versions of the same narrative which was very close in content to the Oedipus myth. The structure of this repetitive plot is the following: a son of a king, sentenced to death by his father, survives miraculously and grows up far away from his family; when grown-up, he returns to his hometown, murders his father and inherits the throne. The paper argues that this plot has come into being as a narrative aimed at legitimizing the right of existence of a newly formed community by presenting its leader as the legitimate successor of the ruler of the group from which the new community has separated. After its dramaturgical rendition by the ancient Greek tragedians, the Oedipus plot has acquired a new meaning – it started functioning as a story of the great sinner.

Към историята на Българското радио като културна сила: върху ранната музикална журналистика - музикално просветителство и приложна народоука

Author(s): Ventsislav Dimov,Ventsislav Dimov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 10/2021

The study presents the contributions of Raina Katsarova (1901-1984) - one of the pioneers in establishing the Bulgarian traditional music in the first specializated music programs on Rodno Radio and Radio Sofia. It presents a researcher with experience in field work and thousands of recordings of traditional music, with publications of song collections and academic works, but also a citizen, cultural figure, public activist, media figure. The activities of Raina Katsarova as an educator, music journalist and media critic are discussed; her talks and song tales on the radio; her activities in defense of faith and rituals in the media of totalitarian Bulgaria; her role in publicizing Bulgarian traditional music on air around the world as an ambassador of Bulgarian culture, folklore and science. It is concluded that the traces of her activity in the media cover the history of Bulgarian radio, understood in the middle of the twentieth century as a public good and cultural force. It is clear to everyone that music on the radio matters. Raina Katsarova's radio appearances show how ethnomusicology is also important in and for radio.

Icons on Trial. Negotiations Between Moscow and Moldavia over Some ‘Noncanonical’ Icons in the First Decades of the 17th Century

Author(s): Elena Firea / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

En 1629, une ambassade dirigée par l’archimandrite Varlaam est arrivée à la cour du tsar Mikhaïl Féodorovitch Romanov, demandant la permission de passer une commande aux peintres moscovites, afin depeindre deux icônes pour le prince Miron Barnovschi. Les sources documentaires nous renseignent sur la dédicacedes icônes et sur le fait qu’elles appartenaient à la typologie des icônes hagiographiques, avec des portraitsde saints au milieu et des scènes narratives de leur vie sur les bords. Bien qu’achevées et payées intégralementpar le prince moldave, les icônes ne sont jamais parvenues à leur commanditaire. Le patriarche Philarète Nikititchles a retenues à Moscou sous prétexte qu’elles étaient ‘inconvenablement’ peintes. Sept ans plus tard,alors que Varlaam occupait le poste de métropolite de Moldavie, le prince Vasile Lupu envoya une autre ambassadeà la cour de Moscou, pour tenter de les récupérer. Le tsar organisa une enquête, les peintres furent interrogéssur les modèles suivis, mais le résultat resta le même : les icônes avaient été peintes de manière noncanonique et ne pouvaient pas être remises aux messagers moldaves. L’enquête sur cet intéressant ‘échec’ diplomatique fait l’objet de la présente étude. En suivant André Grabar, qui soulevait pour la première fois laquestion du prétendu manque de canonicité de ces icônes, l’article reprend toute la question des causes possiblesdu refus inhabituel des autorités moscovites de les remettre à leurs commanditaires. En corroborant lesinformations documentaires avec l’analyse des sources visuelles disponibles, dans le contexte plus large de lacommande des icônes et de l’évolution du culte de saint Jean le Nouveau à l’époque, l’étude suggère qu’uneraison possible de ce rejet pourrait être la représentation du martyr de Suceava – et ce, non pas parce qu’ils’agissait d’un saint inconnu en Russie à l’époque (cf. A. Grabar); mais surtout à cause de l’utilisation d’uncertain modèle iconographique employé dans l’entourage du métropolitain Anastasie Crimca. Ce modèle étaitsans doute susceptible d’avoir déplu au patriarche Philarète Nikititch. Varlaam connaissait bien ce type dereprésentation et avait probablement donné des instructions précises aux peintres moscovites, qui les ont sansdoute suivies à la lettre. En effet, à la suite de cet épisode, Varlaam enverra également au tsar une hagiographie etune icône de saint Jean le Nouveau, qui semblent avoir dynamisé le culte et les représentations iconographiquesdédiées au martyr de Suceava en Russie à la même époque.

Proclaiming the Eucharist on Communist Stadiums? The Multiple Meanings of the Phoenix Concept-Album Cantafabule (An Experiment in Cultural History)

Author(s): Vladimir Agrigoroaei / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

Philologists and medievalists rarely deal with the subject of contemporary Pop-Rock or Folk music. When they do it, they usually fall prey to a certain form of medievalism. The current section of Museikon follows a completely different approach. The pairing of interviews with memoirs and the introduction shaped in the form of an actual scientific study have the sole purpose of launching an experiment in the history of culture. The case study is a 1976 album of the Romanian Rock group Phoenix. The state owned record company Electrecord made a mistake, releasing it as Cantofabule, even though its correct title was Cantafabule or Bestiar. It had traditional- and medieval inspired lyrics, but most of all, it was the result of artistic synergy. A collective work of sorts, much in the manner of the medieval manuscripts of old.

Cantafabule, Drawings Made Flesh. A Tale in Search of a Lost Cover

Author(s): Elisabeth Lili Ochsenfeld / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

Born in 1951 in Timișoara, Elisabeth Ochsenfeld lives today between Heidelberg (de), Frankfurt am Main (de) and Wolfsberg / Gărâna (ro). She graduated the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Timișoara, in the class of Professor Leon Vreme (1973); she directed the Art Group—Studio 35 in Timișoara(1974-1980) and has had, from 1973 to date, several exhibitions of painting, drawing, mixed media, photography, and illustrations, being also the curator of a large number of exhibitions and artistic events. In 1975 she finalized the drawings for the cover of the double LP Phoenix Cantafabule based on an idea of Valeriu Sepi. She immigrated to Germany in 1986 and soon thereafter became a graphic artist for the project Rock Carvings and Inscriptions along the Karakorum Highway at the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (1987-2012). Her works are displayed in galleries, museums and private collections across Germany, Romania, England, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Austria, Ukraine, Hungary, Belgium, Israel, Greece, Sweden, Pakistan, Finland, South Korea, the USA, and Canada. She is the founder of Arthouse Wolfsberg / Gărâna and a member of the Association of Professional Artists in Germany, the International Women’s Cultural Federation, Freeinterartists, and Contemporanii.

Une expérience joycienne radicale en roumain

Author(s): Andrei Ujică / Language(s): Romanian,French Issue: 5/2021

Andrei Ujică est né à Timişoara en 1951. Il a étudié les lettres modernes à l’Université de Timişoara avant de poursuivre ses études à Bucarest puis à Heidelberg. Depuis 1968, il publiedes textes en prose. Il a été impliqué dans la création desdeux lp du groupe Phoenix – Mugur de fluier (‘Bourgeon deflûte’, 1974) et Cantafabule (‘Chantefables’, 1976). En 1981, ila immigré en Allemagne. À partir de 1990, il s’oriente vers lecinéma et codirige avec Harun Farocki Videogramme einer Revolution (‘Vidéogrammes d’une révolution’, 1992) et Kameraund Wirklichkeit (‘Caméra et réalité’, 1992) – deux filmssur la révolution roumaine de 1989. Out of the Present (1995) raconte l’histoire du cosmonaute Sergueï Krikalev, qui apassé dix mois à bord de la station spatiale Mir, alors que surterre, l’Union soviétique cessait d’exister. Suivent le court métrage2 Pasolini (2000) et le long métrage Unknown Quantity(2005). Depuis 2001, il est professeur à l’Université de Karlsruhe.Il a fondé le ZKM (Zentrum für Kunst und Medien) Filminstitut.‘L’Autobiographie de Nicolae Ceauşescu’ (2010), présentéeen sélection officielle à Cannes, est un long métrage demontage où les images d’archive sont présentées selon la perspective du dictateur. Actuellement, il prépare un film partiellementbasé sur des images d’archive et consacré auxévénements des 15 août 1965, date du célèbre concert des Beatles sur Shea Stadium à New York

Polish Archaeological Excavations in Faras, Sudan (1961-1964)

Author(s): Waldemar Deluga / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

L’article présente l’histoire des fouilles archéologiques polonaises à Faras, au Soudan, dans le contexte des changements politiques de la seconde moitié du xxe siècle, à partir des découvertes qui ont eu lieu avant quele professeur Kazimierz Michałowski ne commence les fouilles archéologiques en 1961. Les recherches des archéologues américains (1907-1910), allemands (1907-1908) et britanniques (1911) sont discutées par la suite, demême qu’une documentation iconographique, suivie par les différentes étapes des découvertes de la cathédralede Faras et des peintures murales au cours de quatre campagnes archéologiques polonaises, achevées en 1964, enrelation avec l’activité de Kazimierz Michałowski. La suite concerne l’histoire et la manière dont le professeur Michałowski a annoncé ses découvertes au Soudan, ainsi que les expositions individuelles, voire temporaires, dans les pays européens, surtout au Musée national de Varsovie, et une exposition permanente préparée dans lacapitale de la Pologne en 1972. L’article étudie aussi la manière dont le régime communiste a influencé la présentation des découvertes et comment les Polonais ont souhaité présenter l’art chrétien pendant la répression du Catholicisme dans leur pays, à une époque dominée par la censure de toutes les expositions et publications scientifiques. En conclusion, cette recherche évalue les résultats de l’étude scientifique des monuments fouillés lors des campagnes archéologiques, et propose la vérification (à l’avenir) de la datation des pièces polychromes, de mêmequ’une discussion de l’ensemble du programme iconographique de l’intérieur de la cathédrale de Faras.

Книги 2021

Author(s): Emiliya Voleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 43/2021

Selected bibliography in the field of Bulgarian Studies published in the current year.

ИЛЮСТРАЦИИ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

ИЛЮСТРАЦИИ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021