Încercare de istorie semantică

Author(s): Jacques Le Rider / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Noțiunea istorică și geopolitică de Mitteleuropa1 nu corespunde unei realități geografice care poate fi clar definită. Ea păstrează prin însăși natura sa contururi vagi și variabile, potrivit cu împrejurările. Așa cum nota recent un eseist german : „în mica mea bibliotecă mitteleuropeană, pot să găsesc argumente pentru a exclude din acest spațiu Noul-Brandenburg, la fel ca și Ucraina și Macedonia. Dar găsesc și argumente pentru a include fără restricție Noul-Brandenburg și Skopje în Mitteleuropa. Imprecizia și fluctuațiile contururilor fac parte integrantă din utopie. (...) Istoricul maghiar Péter Hănak spunea : «Mitteleuropa nu se poate defini decît în raport cu estul și cu vestul și în funcție de relația pe care o întrețin aceste două extremități ale continentului».

Să nu ne înșelăm asupra paradigmei

Author(s): Daniel Beauvois / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Formularea problematicii, acel „asupra paradigmei” din titlu, presupunea că ne vom ocupa de o chestiune în devenire, că vom propune o proiecție spre viitor, că vom elabora, într-o manieră futurologică, o nouă construcție geopolitică, în vreme ce, de fapt, noi doream mai curîncl să definim un spațiu rupt de restul lumii, în care cîteva afinități socio-culturale comune ar ține loc de rațiune de a fi și ar fi oferite ca model. O simplă privire a acestui program ne convinge, într-adevăr, că majoritatea subiectelor tratate își propun să marcheze o comunitate a trecutului sau se străduiesc să construiască imaginea unei identități comune a acestui mic număr de țări.

Europa centrală. Între helvetizare și balcanizare?

Author(s): Radu Enescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Curînd după terminarea celei de a doua conflagrații mondiale, a avut loc la Geneva o conferință în care s-au reunit intelectualii marcanți ai Europei, care au discutat și s-au confruntat asupra viitorului bătrînului nostru continent. „Vedetele” acestei reuniuni au fost filosoful german Karl Jaspers, care reprezenta valorile democrației occidentale, și esteticianul Georg Lukăcs, care tindea să ilustreze pretinsa superioritate a țărilor răsăritene în drum spre socialismul ce le-a dus la inevitabila catastrofă. La acest conclav academic Jaspers i-a spus franc lui Lukăcs: „Dumneata dorești balcanizarea Europei, eu doresc helvetizarea ei”. Desigur, în 1946 cînd totul era încă fluid, cînd Estul nu se statornicise în tiparele rigide ale stalinismului importat cu forța,Jaspers preconiza un model posibil. Azi, actualitatea a devenit acută. Prin helvetizare, gînditorul german nu înțelegea o helvetizare a Europei în cantoane, ci o confederalizare a unor state independente, cu specificul lor, dar păstrînd anumite valori fundamentale ca libertatea, valoarea existenței individuale, respectarea drepturilor minorităților, societatea civilă consolidată, dreptul imprescriptibil la proprietate și last but not least relații civilizate între state și indivizi. Nu represiune, nu un naționalism tribal și xenofob, nu domnia bunului plac, la latitudinea unor comitagii autoinvestiți cu puteri absolute și capricioase. Jaspers afirmase odată că spiritualitatea europeană se întemeiază pe trei piloni de bază : profunzimea gîndirii elene, claritatea spiritului juridic roman și patosul eroic al profeților ebraici. într-un fel, preocupat de continuitatea axiologică a temeiurilor adînci ale Europei,Jaspers, în intervenția sa de la Geneva, pășea pe urmele istoricului elvețian Jakob Burckhardt, originar din Basel, o urbe ce reprezintă o Europă abreviată istoric și geografic, o Europă în miniatură. Burckhardt era acut interesat de crizele istorice, întrucît o fisură provoacă discontinuitatea, amenință umanismul, cu valorile sale culturale, zestre axiologică față de care istoricul din Basel manifesta mai mult decît o preocupare științifică, era angajat existențial vizavi de această Europă, eréde legitimă a umanismului clasic. Depășirea crizei rezidă în restaurarea continuității și în statuarea perenității valorilor culturii europene.

III. Tragedia Europei Centrale - Tragedia europei centrale

Author(s): Milan Kundera / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

1. în noiembrie 1956, cu puțin înainte ca artileria să-i distrugă biroul, directorul Agenției Maghiare de Știri a transmis întregii lumi un telex disperat ce anunța începerea atacului sovietic asupra Budapestei. Depeșa se încheia cu următoarele cuvinte : „Murim pentru Ungaria și pentru Europa”.

Mai visează cineva la europa centrală?

Author(s): György Konrád / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

1. Ei bine, da. însă perceperea acestui vis necesită o doză de sofisticare, de înțelegere a istoriei și deschidere spirituală. Cultura de masă e o cultură națională. Visul Europei Centrale nu este un fenomen de masă; el este un fenomen romantic și subversiv. Noțiunea de Europă Centrală transcende granițele blocurilor politice și le pune sub semnul întrebării. O parte a Europei Centrale se află în Vest, iar o alta în Est. Afinitățile acestora sînt un fenomen istoric, și el are rădăcini adînci; deosebirile sînt superficiale. Europa Centrală supraviețuiește sub forma unui ideal; idealurile vechi de secole nu dispar fără urmă. Cum învață popoarele care trăiesc împreună să coexiste unul cu altul? Diversitatea este o stare de fapt; respectarea realității este imposibilă fără respectarea diversității. Cultura Europei Centrale ne oferă o șansă naturală de a ne extinde orizontul.

Despre revoluții și istorie

Author(s): Émil Michel Cioran,François Fejtö / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Filosof de origine română, afirmat astăzi ca maestru necontestat al limbii franceze, Cioran descinde din stirpea marilor scriitori care, precum Beckett, Julien Gracq, Noel Devaulx - fie din orgoliu, fie din timiditate - evită cu strășnicie marele public. Iată însă că tocmai el care se jurase să nu acorde interviuri nici unei publicații, nici unui organ de presă sau mass media din țara sa de adopțiune, nu a izbutit totuși să se pună de-a curmezișul valului de popularitate stîrnit de una din ultimele sale cărți - Exercices d’admiration - care a străpuns meterezele tăcerii, dindărătul căreia scriitorul își apără solitudinea împotriva oricăror zgomotoase manifestări ale popularității. Admirat și respectat de multă vreme de un număr restrîns de cunoscători genuini, iată-1 astfel devenit, în pofida voinței sale, un autor despre care lumea vorbește și ale cărui cărți se vînd. Astfel nasc în Franța gloriile.

« Une femme aimée » – le seuil en verre, l'antichambre du consumérisme et l'univers des solitaires

Author(s): Ana-Maria Roșca / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Usually, two cultures hold the reigns in Andreï Makine’s novels – the Russian matrix and the French catalyst. However, the novel “Une femme aimée” has a slightly different structure, because the Russian catalyst overpowers any other culture. Every time Oleg Erdmann turns a pocket mirror over and over in his hand, he thinks about the hidden alcove of the Empress Catherine the Great – a big, heavy threshold, made of glass, that falls and rises over the years. Meanwhile, Russia, as he knows it, changes and then ceases to exist. On the verge of this new world, the financial censorship tears the humanity apart even more than the pollical one did.

Търновски принцеси като иноземни владетелки

Author(s): Rumyana Komsalova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

An important medium of diplomacy during the Middle Ages were the dynastic marriages and a number of Princesses of Tarnovo became foreign rulers. Have they faced the dilemma of acting in the interest of their homeland or to support the policies of their ruling spouses and how much did they have the opportunity to participate actively in the power structures?

Цар Иван Александър и развоят на гражданската война във Византия през 1343 – 1344 г.

Author(s): Momchil Mladenov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the key moments of the participation of the Bulgarian state in the Civil war in Byzantium. The author emphasizes the information of the Turkish poet Enveri (15th century). He reports that Bulgaria is part of the sacred alliance organized by the Papacy to fight with emirate of Smirna. Аccording to the author, Tsar Ivan Alexander is part of the Christian coalition. His involvement in Byzantine civil war is a consequence of these diplomatic actions.

Залезът на двете царства – татари и българи през втората половина на XIV век

Author(s): Aleksandar Uzelac / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Atatürk ve Mustafa Suphi Olayı

Author(s): Girayalp Karakuş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

TBMM Hükümeti ile Sovyetler Birliği arasındaki ilişkilerin başlangıcı, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Avrupa’nın yeniden düzenlenmesi sürecinde yer alır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Türk-İslâm coğrafyasındaki gelişmeleri Enver, Talat ve Cemal Paşa aracılığıyla takip etti. Bu süreçte Sovyetler Birliği’nin izlediği dış politika ikiye ayrılabilir. 1917-1921 ve 1921-1923 arası dönem. Birinci dönemde iç savaş koşulları hüküm sürerken ikinci dönemde devrimin ihraç edilmesi söz konusu olmuştur. Yani Doğu halklarıyla işbirliği süreci başladı. Sovyetler 3 Aralık 1917 tarihli kararıyla Doğu Müslümanları aleyhine yapılan bütün anlaşmaları tanımadığını beyan etti.

Bir Lider Olarak Haydar Aliyev’in Vefatının Ardından Türk Basınında Yer Alan Haber Fotoğraflarının Göstergelimsel Analizi

Author(s): Eda Er / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Toplumların yönetimi oldukça hassas ve tarihin akışı üzerinde belirleyici etkisi olan bir konudur. Bu yönetim sürecinde ‘liderler’ ön plana çıkan aktörler olarak önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu nedenle toplumsal yaşamı merkezine alan tarih, siyaset, iletişim ve sosyoloji çalışmaları içinde “liderlik” dikkat çeken bir kavram olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Özellikle siyasal iletişim çalışmaları içinde ‘liderlik’ konusu, üzerinde önemle durulan ve çalışmalar içinde sıklıkla yer verilen bir alandır.

Kıbrıs’ın İngiltere’ye Geçici Olarak Devrine Giden Süreçte İngiliz Parlamentosu ve Kamuoyundaki Tartışmalar

Author(s): Gül Çakır / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Cyprus fell out of the hands of the Ottoman Empire after a series of crises towards the end of 19th century, which originally had been under the rule of the empire since 1571. Lands of the Ottoman Empire, defeated in the 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War known as the 93 War, came under Russian danger with the Treaty of San Stefano. The fact that the capital of the Ottoman Empire and eastern lands were under Russian threat, and the Russian pressure in the Balkans alarmed England. The British Administration, considering a new mission for the future of India, the Mediterranean and Europe, created a great sensation with the request to use Cyprus as a military base. Britain led the convening of the congress in Berlin to nullify San Stefano and entered a new era in its policies regarding Ottoman Empire. With the Cyprus Convention of June 4, 1878, the British promised to help Ottomans against a possible Russian attack on the Ottoman lands, and aimed to use Cyprus as a base to fulfill this promise. On July 1, 1878, the British gained the right to temporarily settle in Cyprus with an additional agreement. Through this process British Prime Minister Beaconsfield was subject to criticism by liberal wing at the British Parliament. The general arguments of the liberals were as follows. The Cyprus Convention imposed responsibilities on Britain that were difficult to fulfill. It was not a proper method to finalize the agreement secretly before it was presented to the British public. It was believed that the settlement of the British in Cyprus was not a peaceful policy. This project would bring costs and serious liabilities to England. It was believed that there was not enough research before decisions on the island were made. It was implied that the administration added territory to its lands with an imperialist motivation. These were some of the common points of the parliament and the press. When the British landed on the island, the opposition's accuracy in these predictions emerged one by one. They could not achieve their goals. Due Liberals taking power in 1880, and the occupation of Egypt, Cyprus was no longer suitable for British goals. However, the Liberals neither left Cyprus when they came to power, nor they give it back to the Ottoman Empire.

Kırgızistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetinde Kültür

Author(s): Füsun Kara / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

The Tsarist Russian government implemented a policy of Russification in the field of education under the pretext of bringing civilization to the Turks living in Turkestan. In the Russian Tuzem schools established for this purpose, it was aimed to educate students who would instill Russian culture to the local people. After the start of the Soviet period, the decision of the Soviet People's Commissariat of the Turkestan Republic was passed regarding the right of all workers to receive education regardless of their nationality, age and religion. Educational policies were built in order to disintegrate the Turkishness that is being lived in Kyrgyzstan and all of Central Asia. The task of the first Soviet teachers was not limited to teaching. According to this education policy, teachers were charged with actively participating in the life of the society and making the public adopt the policy of the Soviet power. The decree to eradicate the ignorance of the peoples of the Russian federation, created after the October revolution, played a major role in education policies. Accordingly, the education policy was determined in line with the needs of the new Soviet government. With the decision of the People's Soviet Committee of the Turkestan Republic to "eliminate ignorance among the people", the campaign for the education of the whole people was strengthened. Short courses were opened for Party and Soviet workers. In the history of Kyrgyzstan, the 1920’s passed with the search for education and propaganda. The establishment of the Kyrgyz state and the increase in educational activities played an important role in the development of Kyrgyz culture. School books, newspapers and magazines began to appear in the Kyrgyz language. The number of libraries and cinemas has increased. However, there were serious problems such as the shortage of teachers, the absence of school books in the mother tongue and the lack of regularization of school hours. In 1930, a social cultural mobilization began to eradicate ignorance. In 1931, education was prepared in a programmed way and primary education was compulsory. In this study, the implementation and development process of education, literature, art and language policies in the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist People's Republic will be examined.

Demokrat Parti Dönemi’nde Türkiye-Yugoslavya İlişkileri ve Yugoslavya’dan Gelen Göçmenler (1950-1960)

Author(s): Muhsin Ertürk Budak / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

This study deals with the political, commercial, cultural and sportive relations between Turkey and Yugoslavia during the Democratic Party Period in the Republic of Turkey between the years 1950-1960 and the issue of migration. The Balkan lands, which have a special importance in the foreign policy understanding of the Democratic Party, which came to power in Turkey in 1950, have an important issue in terms of regional alliance. It is noteworthy that Yugoslavia, which has the largest piece of land in this region, is home to more than one nation. Turkey, on the other hand, developed its relations with Yugoslavia through the Balkan Pact and the Balkan Alliance and made mutual visits with state officials. As a result of the developing relations, although the two states were at different poles ideologically, relations in the political, commercial, cultural and sports fields continued increasingly. While Turkey and Yugoslavia were improving their relations, on the other hand, problems arose between the two states due to the issue of immigration. The assimilation policy implemented by Yugoslavia against the Turks living in the region and the situation of forcing them to migrate have caused immigrants to come to Turkey for years. Turkey, on the other hand, did not turn these immigrants back and systematically took them into their lands. After the immigrants were taken, they were settled at certain points and they were taken into business life.

Enderun-u Hümayûn Muallimlerinden Kolcalı Abdülaziz Bey’in Gözüyle Çin’deki Müslümanlar ve Türkler

Author(s): Zeynel Özlü,Mustafa Murat Çay / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Abdulaziz Bey from Kolca was born in 1863 in Ghulja, which is located within the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China today. Some studies indicate that he probably settled in Istanbul in 1900. Abdulaziz Bey worked as a writer for the newspapers İkdam and Metin, and worked as an Arabic teacher and administrator in public schools (Enderun). As it is covered within the framework of this study, bringing Turkistani intellectuals/intelligentsia like Abdulaziz Bey to Istanbul or the interest shown in Turkistan, especially in the Chinese regions became a necessity of the Islamist and, in a way, the Turkism policy followed during the reign of Abdulhamid II. The works of Abdulaziz Bey, who contributed to the world of science with extremely important studies, created significant influences in Turkey, especially with studies such as Bir Çin Âlimi Nazarında İstikbal-i Şarkın Yeni Güneşi Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hazretleri and Umum Türklerin ve Bütün İnsaniyetin İttihadı. On the other hand, the actual fame of Abdulaziz Bey stemmed from being effective in the relations with China and his studies and works on the circumstances of Islam in Chinese regions. Within this scope, his works, such as Çin’de Din-i Mübîn-i İslâm ve Çin Müslümanları, proved to be significant contributions in terms of providing information about China and rational criticisms covered by his works. The works published by the Ministry of Education (Maarif Nezaret-i Celîlesi) with the permit dated 22 April 1319 and numbered 109 consisted of 9 sections. The author drew attention to the existence of numerous studies and works on the circumstances of Islam in Chinese regions in the period while stating that the publication in question was written to reveal the realities on the subject due to the incomplete and inaccurate news that emerged in Europe. Abdulaziz Bey analyzed the main reasons for the respect and countenance offered to Islam and Muslims by the Chinese Government, provided information about the general conditions of Turk-Muslim peoples who maintained their lives in these regions, and most notably, revealed the main principles of the reform and correlational movements that could enable the development of the Muslims in the region in terms of science, politics, and social fields. This work of Abdulaziz Bey can be evaluated as a collection of works and studies that were created to inform both the Ottoman community and the Ottoman State officials about the circumstances of Muslims living in China in line with Islamism and Turkism political views.

Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Lise Ders Kitapları’na Göre Lozan Antlaşması

Author(s): Seher Akça / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

After the Greeks occupied İzmir on May 15, 1919, they started to advance towards Ankara from several directions. The Turkish Nation first tried to stop this progress with the Kuvâ-yı Millîye Organization, but it was unsuccessful. Thereupon, the Turkish Grand National Assembly was opened in Ankara on April 23, 1920. The Turkish Grand National Assembly established a regular army to stop the Greek advance. On the Western Front, the regular army won the First Battle of İnönü on 6-10 January 1921, the Second İnönü Battle on 23-31 March 1921 and battle of Sakarya on 13 September 1921. On August 26, 1922, under the command of Commander-in-Chief Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Turkish Army launched the Great Offensive from Afyon and reached Izmir on September 9, 1922. Between 3-11 October 1922, The Mudanya Armistice was signed as a result of the negotiations held in Mudanya, a small town on the Marmara Sea. After the Mudanya Armistice, the Ankara Government and the representatives of the Allied Powers gathered for a conference in Lausanne. The Lausanne Peace Treaty was signed between the Ankara Government and the Allied Powers on July 24, 1923. With this treaty, the Ankara Government was officially recognized by the Western States. In this article, how the Treaty of Lausanne was made, what were the solved and unsolved problems in Lausanne, and what were the similarities and differences between the the Turkish Republic History textbooks, prepared for high schools by the Ministry of National Education in the years 1934, 1958, 1973, 1976 and 2000, have been examined in detail.

Hâkimiyet-i Milliye ve Cumhuriyet (1919-1920)

Author(s): Girayalp Karakuş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Batı’da düşünürlerin hemen hemen her şeyi tartıştığı felsefe ortamında Batı felsefesinin karakteristik özellikleri ortaya çıktı. Ludwig Feuerbach Doğu ve Batı medeniyetini şu cümlelerle izah eder: “Doğu bilgeliği birlik uğruna farklılıkların değerini düşürürken, spekülatif Batı felsefesi farklılıklar nedeniyle birliği unutur.” Farklılıktan birliğe giden düşünce yapısında her iki medeniyetin doğru bir sentezde buluşamadığı gerçeği var. Avrupa’da feodalitenin çöküşü, kilisenin siyasal nüfuzunu kaybetmesi ve birbiriyle çatışan Batılı krallar ve prensler otoritesi altında bölünmüş insanları ülke ve millet kavramı etrafında toplayan yani yeni bir kuruluş, siyasal bütünleşme, yeni ve değişik bir örgütlenme ortaya çıkmıştır. Bugünün milli devletlerin kuruluşu 15-16. yüzyıllar içinde ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır.

1965 Genel Seçimlerinde Kadın Milletvekilleri ve Meclis’teki Faaliyetleri

Author(s): Nuran Kılavuz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Osmanlı Devleti’nde kadına yönelik ilk Batı tarzı adımlar Tanzimat’ın ilanıyla (1839-1876) başlamıştır (Taşcıoğlu, 1958). Sosyal ve siyasi alandan soyutlanmış olan kadın, batılılaşma ve modernleşme çabalarıyla beraber her ne kadar kısıtlı olsa da toplumsal alanda yer almıştır. Meşrutiyet dönemleriyle beraber kadına yönelik hareketlenmelerde hız kazanmış, I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında bazı iş sahalarında etkin rol oynamıştır (Kurnaz, 1991). Savaş sonrasında ise kadın, Milli Mücadele sürecinde cephede, cephe gerisinde çaba sarf etmiş, bununla birlikte basın-yayın hayatında, dernek ve cemiyetlerin kurulmasında askerin ve devletinin yayında olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (Tuncer, 1989:168). Cumhuriyet’in ilanıyla birlikte kadının sosyal ve siyasal alandaki istekleri fazlasıyla artmış, birçok ünlü kadın yazarın faaliyetleriyle birlikte Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın (Caporal, 1999) önderliğinde, 1934 tarihli ve 2599 yasa ile kadınlara ilk defa temsil yetkisi verilmiştir (Tekeli, 1982). 1935 genel seçimlerinde (Şahin, 2022:78) ise 18 kadın milletvekili Meclis’e girmiştir(Kaplan, 1996:276). 1939 ve 1943 genel seçimlerinde 16’şar kadın milletvekili Meclis’te yer almıştır (Milletvekili Genel Seçimleri 1923-2011, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara 2012:4 http://www.tuik.gov.tr/.).

The Effects of Russia on Central Asia Politics: After the Fall of Soviet Union

Author(s): Farahila Babayeva-Shukurova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this article, Russia’s foreign policy towards the Central Asian countries after gaining its independence was examined. The questions determined as research questions were answered and examined in a detailed and understandable way. I have divided my study in three parts. In the first chapter, I have analyzed the general politics between the Russian diplomacy. We divided Russia’s process after 1991 into two parts and examined Boris Yeltsin’s foreign policy preferences towards Central Asia and Vladimir Putin’s foreign policy preferences towards Central Asia. We mentioned that these two presidents have different attitudes. We will examine our investigations in this section in more detail later in our research.