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Sydney Waterlow (1878-1944), Minister Plenipotentiary of Great Britain in Bulgaria (1929-1933) can be defined as one of the most active in the diplomatic activities of the Foreign Office in resolving the Macedonian issue in between the two world wars.
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In the final years of his life Ján Jablonický wrote his memoirs which can serve as a chronicle of the life at the end of the 19th and almost complete 20th century. From his subjective point of view he records not only the events around his hometown – Jaslovské Bohunice, but also in much larger region and in the world. He describes his childhood and the everyday life in a village, different manual labors, habits and traditions and even his school attendance. The article describes lot of already forgotten but ethnologically interesting traditions connected to various holidays (mostly marriages) which are no longer carried out. Special attention is paid to religious life in which Jablonický was involved particularly thanks to his role as a sexton. The life in the village was marked by the two world wars. In his chronicle, Jablonický describes looting of the Jewish property, new administrative divisions after the war, collectivization and the difficulties it brought. He also describes introduction of new machines and gadgets and even new agricultural crops and the reaction of population to those changes. Large portion of the article describes family relationships and individual family members, their activities, destinies and participation in the social life of the village. The article offers a fascinating example of "oral history" and the survey of a family life which is also an interesting testimony about this time period.
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This article gives an account of the military exercises code-named ‘Tempest’ and carried out in the autumn of 1961 by the army of the Polish People’s Republic under the supervision of Soviet officers. In the course of the war game the Polish staff members were placed in charge of the Baltic Front which, was given the task of seizing control of Denmark and the northern parts of Holland and Germany. These were the first large scale military exercises (a separate Polish front) to be organized after 1956.
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Photography is a unique medium that can convey information about events and actors of the past for the present. This is where its primary value lies as a historical source; and this is what can be used in historical research in versatile ways. At the same time, a photographic image can go beyond its primary documentary character by also attesting to its past and present audience as well as cultural, ideological, and power relations. The essay explores the statement that a photograph – as any narrative or visual representation – is both interpretation and selection at once. Further, Elek examines the ways in which a photograph can interpret and select, that is, the layers of meaning that the very characteristics of the medium has to offer for historical research. Following a brief overview of the theory of photography, the essay moves on to tackle questions of the visual turn, and the attributes of the technical image. The author then turns to the issue of memory in photography from the angle of memory studies, which have been the subject of increasing attention in historical research in general. The study aims to demonstrate that using photography as a historical source necessitates uncovering a number of various meaningful layers. Raging from the motifs found in the image, the subject of the image, and the technological fac- tors, through the institutional background conceiving and adopting it, to the paradigms of the history of science, many factors are involved in the ways we integrate visual sources into the study of past and present society.
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The author analyses the official correspondence of the commander of the Russian army Mikhail N. Krechetnikov, revealing completely different accounts and opinions of the events of the 1792 war and the creation of pro-Russian confederations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. One part of Krechetnikov’s letters to Empress Catherine II and her favourite Platon A. Zubov is widely known; it was published as early as the nineteenth century, and when there was no access to Russian archives, it often served as a basis for researchers’ theses and establishments of facts. In this part of his letters, Krechetnikov described in detail the victories of Russian troops and their political consequences in the form of the creation of local confederations, while refraining from comments that could even partially overshadow the success in the eyes of the empress. His other, much more personal and real opinions about the events of 1792, are to be found in Krechetnikov’s letters to the head of the Military College in the person of Nikolai I. Saltykov, which have not been published.One of the main subjects of this correspondence was the sharp conflict between Krechetnikov and Szymon Kossakowski, one of the members of the confederation of Targowica and Zubov’s protégé. It is this part of the letters that remains unknown even to specialists, while it contains in the most objective Kreczetnikov’s presentation of military and political events of 1792, with a description of numerous problems of the Russian army, their fears of uprising at the back of their troops and difficulties in creating local confederations. After comparing the content of Krechetnikov’s correspondence to various recipients, we can clearly see that the reports sent to Empress Catherine II by military commanders did not provide a real picture of the situation; only after analysing other archival materials (in this case correspondence with Saltykov), we can learn the real situation. Most importantly, this image shows in a completely different light the scene of the struggle in the war of 1792 and its assessment from the perspective of its main actors, Russian commanders.
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To head mostly towards oral history narratives becomes state of necessity in the way for process and practices of traditional folk life to be followed under chronologic course. A lot of components of folk life, such as practices of folk (public) law, which have not registered due to their informal quality, are able to be determined from primary oral sources as well as detecting in the form of the anonymized narratives. During processes of following of folk life, not only general and regional representations can be encountered but also local ones of which following-up is possible in far more limited area. As a matter of fact, taking over-property (ownership) based marriages which constitute heart of this study had been practised till the late 1920s at some settlements connected to today’s Of and Hayrat districts of Trabzon city. During periods when traditional life and the extended family model are prevalent, in addition to the fact that women who spouse had died are forced to the marriage by members, who have already been married, of powerful families for the purpose of taking over property, taking over the abandoned (become ownerless/unclaimed) property by powerful families through symbolic actions constitutes fundamental problem of this study in invention aspect. Oral history narratives which contain examples of both cases were handed down new generations over experiences and narratives of primary sources who have not lived today, and they gained anonymous character in time. Narratives constituting population of article were determined from old-aged source persons at some settlements connected to Of and Hayrat districts by way of using methods and techniques of field study. In this study, the fact that taking over-property based marriages and actions-for laying claims (ownage) to the ownerless property have become an indigenous folk practice by legitimizing over tradition and belief arguments was discussed through dimensions of culture/tradition invention and social history.
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This work presents the second part of gathered primary material on the topic of the natural trade among Bulgarian lands through the second half of 19th and the first decades of 20th century. I hope that the represented materials can serve for a good basis about further researches as the distant goal is to reveal in maximum details the system of paying in kind services across Bulgarian lands and to be used in the reconstruction of the economic models from the far way past.
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For centuries, marriage was the bedrock of societies, and its purpose was to beget children and prepare them for the future life. In such context, impotence was regarded as an important lack of physical capacity for consummation of the marital union. The consistorial records of the Poznań Diocese from the years 1404–25 include 22 instances of the marriages with the problem of impotence. On their basis the author answers the questions about their origins and solutions of similar matters proposed by the ecclesiastical courts.
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The article deals with the contribution of Sebastian Sierakowski (Cracow prelate, academic, and politician) to the formation of the myth of Cracow as the “city-monument” to the historic glory of Poland in the era of Duchy of Warsaw and Free City of Cracow. The author discusses Sierakowski’s various undertakings of a commemorative, editorial or architectural and artistic character.
More...Драгутин Джеркович – Джерко, Подгорица Записал: Славко Оташевич
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