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Německý zvláštní soud (Sondergericht) v Brně - součást nacistického teroru na Moravě

Author(s): František Vašek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/1997

The article discusses the establishment and activities of the German Sondergericht (Special Court) in Brno during the Nazi occupation of Moravia and Silesia. This court was part of the Nazi regime's broader system of terror and repression, targeting political opponents and enforcing wartime laws. The court handled numerous cases, including political crimes, economic offenses, and violations of wartime regulations. It worked closely with the Gestapo and other Nazi security agencies to suppress resistance and maintain control. The article highlights specific cases and the harsh penalties imposed, including death sentences for aiding resistance fighters and illegal possession of weapons. The court's activities continued until the liberation of Brno by the Red Army. The article provides detailed statistics on the number of cases handled and the types of offenses prosecuted. It also discusses the broader context of Nazi legal and judicial changes during the occupation.

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Činnost meziministerské pohraniční komise v roce 1947

Author(s): Ladislav Vojáček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/1996

The article discusses the activities of the Interministerial Border Commission (MPK) in Czechoslovakia during 1946-1947, focusing on the continuity of legislative proposals to strengthen national defense and security. It highlights the myth that extensive security measures at state borders only began with post-war Czechoslovakia, showing that these ideas were already being developed in the early post-war years. The MPK aimed to protect borders not just for economic reasons but primarily for military and police purposes. The commission's work was influenced by pre-war measures and the traumatic experiences of the Munich Agreement and subsequent occupation. The MPK's proposals often prioritized security interests over economic and social considerations, leading to significant restrictions on citizens' rights. The commission's efforts included creating a border security zone, resettling border areas, and organizing forces to guard state borders. The article also notes the influence of the Communist Ministry of the Interior on the commission's work and the general public's support for these measures due to the prevailing sense of insecurity.

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Schmoranzova skupina tiskových důvěrníků

Author(s): Milan Vyhlídal / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The present article deals with the issue of Zdeněk Schmoranz’s resistance group. This group operated throughout the entire territory of the Protectorate in 1939 and was mainly engaged in intelligence activities against the German occupants. This research deals with the regional aspects of the aforementioned group in the city of Olomouc and the specific activities of the former member of Czechoslovak Army Jaroslav Hess (1896–1940).

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Mulieres in Military Milieu of Troesmis

Author(s): Roxana-Gabriela Curcă / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

The current research focuses on the identification of certain patterns, specific to the analysis of women mentioned in the epigrahical records of an important military settlement of Moesia Inferior, Troesmis. The case study of female figures at Troesmis could serve as a reference for similar investigation of other military milieu of the same province regarding the subject.

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Religio castrensis: A Case Study of Potaissa (Dacia)

Author(s): Sorin Nemeti / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

There was a standard religious observance in the Roman army, attributed to the reforms of the age of Augustus, but not documented until the time of Severus Alexander, through famous religious calendars on papyrus discovered at Dura Europos, known as Feriale Duranum. The document contains the dates of the religious year, the days being divided into three main groups: imperial anniversaries, certain common holidays (Kalendae Ianuariae, natalis Martis patris Victoris, Quinquatria, natalis Urbis Romae aeternae, Vestalia, Neptunalia) and only three proper military celebrations (honesta missio on January 7 and two Rosaliae signorum on May 10 and 31). How are these common celebrations reflected in the votive activity that leaves material traces on a legionary camp like that of Potaissa? Archaeological research of the principia (1974–1989) and the courtyard of this building (atrium) (2008–2011) led to the discovery of six bases of statues and a plinth, which it should be associated with the marble slabs, fragments of which were discovered scattered throughout the basilica principiorum, in the courtyard (atrium) as well as in the side porticoes. According to the reading of these six inscriptions in the principia of Potaissa, in the cases where the emperors could be identified, there was in the 3rd century AD statues dedicated to Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Julia Domna (two inscriptions), possibly also for Elagabalus associated with Julia Maesa and Julia Soemias, Gordian III and Sabina Tranquillina and Philip the Arab and his son. Thus, one can imagine the celebrations evoked by Feriale Duranum (natales and dies imperii of these emperors of the Severian dynasty, respectively of the barrack emperors) which took place in front of the statues dedicated by the officers and optiones of the legion.

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Pottery Vessels with graffiti Discovered in the Fort of Ala I Batavorum in Dacia

Author(s): Rada Varga,Alexander Rubel,George Valentin Bounegru / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2024

This paper presents graffiti discovered on a few plates discovered in a barrack from the fort of ala I Batavorum milliaria in Dacia. Typical for the Batavian troops, the onomastics is Latin and Greek. The instrumenta prove that the soldiers scribbled their names on every-day use vessels and offer us a glimpse of the very men that lived there together.

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF MAJOR GENERAL IOAN CULCER, COMMANDER OF THE FIRST ARMY, TO ROMANIA'S WAR EFFORT DURING THE 1916 CAMPAIGN

Author(s): Andrei Popete Pătrașcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 37/2024

Commander of the 1st Army, during the 1916 campaign, Ioan Culcer was one of the Romanian generals who pleaded for neutrality and did not agree with the idea of engaging the army in war, on two fronts, as its general condition was precarious from the point of view of the effectives, equipment and endowment of the troops. However, he devotedly fulfilled his mission, so under his command, the actions taken by subordinate troops were successful at the beginning of the campaign of this so-called War for National Integrity. Later, due to not having sufficient forces to cover the entire area of responsibility and no close reserves at his disposal, in the face of the offensive responses of an increasingly numerous and well-equipped enemy with weapons and combat techniques, General Ioan Culcer submitted to the General Headquarters a detailed plan that suggested retreating the troops of the First Army, the reorganization of the operative device and the defense on a strongly fortified alignment on the left bank of the Olt. Considering that the retreating would be the equivalent of a defeat, on October 11, 1916, General Ion Culcer was relieved of command, but the unfavorable evolution of the subsequent military actions in Oltenia, Muntenia and Dobrogea, resulting in the general retreating of the army and all political-administrative institutions in Moldova at the end of 1916, confirmed the correctness of the strategic vision of this important general.

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THE ROMANIAN ARMY IN THE 1916 CAMPAIGN – FROM ECSTASY TO AGONY

Author(s): Stelian-Cătălin Ghițuleasa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 37/2024

The Romanian Army entered World War I at a time when it was not prepared, under pressure from the Entente and with the enthusiasm that had gripped the entire nation. The 1916 campaign, which began so promisingly, would end disastrously for the Romanians, who were forced to see their great hopes dashed so quickly, just a few months after the euphoria that had swept the entire nation. Romania was to go through a truly agonizing period, during which the failures on the front seemed endless. It was a painful lesson from which we would learn enormously in the summer of 1917, the year of the resounding victories of the Romanian Army in the Great War.

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Sprawy zagraniczne w polityce Rady Regencyjnej

Author(s): Marek Kornat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 71/2024

The proclamation of Polish statehood and the establishment of the Regency Council in 1917 enabled the undertaking of diplomatic activities in the Central Powers to ensure the conditions for the Polish state to be viable. The aim of the paper is to present the construction of the foundations of Polish politics – the diplomacy of the Regency Council administration through its government offices, as well as to seek answers to the questions whether the assumed intentions were implemented and what was the result of initiatives and activities in this area on the international arena?

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Ustalanie właściwości sądów polskich (nieniemieckich) w sprawach karnych przez prokuraturę niemiecką w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie w latach 1939–1945

Author(s): Hubert Mielnik / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2023

The article discusses the issue of determining jurisdiction by the German prosecutor’s offi ce in criminal cases in the General Government concerning the Polish (non-German) judiciary. The study uses the legal-history methodology. The author indicated and analyzed the legal basis for the subject matt er. The procedure for determining jurisdiction has been reconstructed, from preparatory proceedings to the possibility of changing fi nal judgments. In addition, criteria were indicated that determined the selection of a specifi c type of court to consider a case. The article also analyzes the practice of the German prosecutor’s offi ce in this regard. The research was based on the analysis of the preserved fi les of proceedings of German courts, special courts, and Polish (non-German) courts, which met the criteria of the adopted methodology. The thesis of the work assumes that the German prosecutor’s offi ce transferred to special courts, apart from those cases that belonged to their jurisdiction under the provisions of the regulations in force in the General Government, also those that concerned acts and perpetrators requiring severe punishment, under the Nazi views on criminal law.

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Развитие, функции и употреба на каменометните машини в кралство Франция и кралство Англия (средата на XI – началото на XIV в.)

Author(s): Ivelin Vanchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This paper aims to shed more light on the use of stone throwing machines in Medieval France. The covered period in the article starts from the middle of the eleventh century to the beginning of the fourteenth century. It should be noted, that a large part of these machines owe their designs from their earlier ancient counterparts, so their ancient models are briefly described too. Afterwards, the study describes the main types of stone throwing artillery used in the covered period. Since many researchers question the existence of the conditionally named in the text “onager” in the Middle Ages, the paper also contains arguments for and against its use in medieval Europe. The paper also explains the way that stone throwing machines worked. It also contains a list of sieges where these mechanisms were used and their effect on the overall siege according to the author. The study also contains two example illustrations – one for the counterweight trebuchet and one for the “onager”.

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Революционни е еволюционни процеси в Източна Балтика в контекста на Северните походи (XII – XIII в.)

Author(s): Martin Valchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Towards the end of the twelfth century, the lands of the Eastern Baltic began processes that would lead to revolutionary changes of a religious, social and material nature. The carriers of these changes were Western merchants, clergy and knights, whose interests intersected in the context of the Northern (Baltic) campaigns. These processes lead to the Christianization of the last “pagan island” in Europe and the emergence of a new state entity – Medieval Livonia. These changes are not only revolutionary, but also extremely durable over time, and their consequences are clearly visible even today.

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Крепостта Оряхово и кръстоносните походи от 1396 – 1445 г

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Oryahovo is a border fortress of the Kingdom of Tarnovo, so it is not surprising that in the sources its name is found mostly in connection with military conflicts. The most comprehensive are the accounts of the crusades of King Sigismund in 1396, of Władysław of Varna in 1444, as well as the action of Valerien de Wavrin in 1445. The information is contradictory, but it paints a picture of destruction and ruin. The fortress is partially destroyed and gradually loses its strategic importance, and its name disappears from the sources.

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Историческата еволюция на конфликтите в Черно море (XVIII – XIX век)

Author(s): Atanaska Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Both to the Russian and Ottoman Еmpires the Black Sea is of great importance. From the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Empire was striving for a wide outlet to the Black Sea. In the report emphasis is placed on the Russo-Turkish War (1768 – 1774) and the Crimean War (1853 – 1856). While the Russian Empire became one of the main Black Sea powers, the Ottoman Empire began to lose ground.

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Кубинската революция (1 януари 1959 г.) през погледа на испанския вестник „Ла Вангуардия“

Author(s): Gergana Aleksieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Spain and Cuba have a common historical past, complicated relations in the first half of the 20th century and friendly relations in the 1950s. Madrid closely monitors developments in Cuba and, on the other hand, is categorically against left-wing rule in any Latin American country. The article traces the attitude of the Spanish newspaper “La Vanguardia” to what was happening on the Caribbean island in December 1958 and early January 1959 and how it was received in Spain.

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Някои аспекти на употребата на химически оръжия – исторически преглед и перспективи

Author(s): Maria Nenovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

A historical review of the use of chemical weapons, emphasizing the Battle of Ypres (1915) and Germany‘s role in the development and use of chemical warfare agents is provided in the report. Possible perspectives for the use of chemical substances and hybrid threats in modern conflicts are outlined.

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Bellum aeternum hominis militaris romanitas vs. barbaritas

Author(s): Dorothea Valentinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Human history is a history of triumphs and tragedies, wars and golden ages, revolutions and pogroms, evolutions and devolutions, confrontations and enmities. Unlike other historical confrontations, the clash between Romanitas and Barbaritas does not cause only endings, death, and destruction. Paradoxically, the Barbarians received and adapted legal decisions, principles, and norms of ius Romanum, mixed them with their tribal traditions and customary law, and thus built a future. Thе present paper focuses not only on Romanitas vs. Barbaritas, but also on this phenomenal continuity and reception, from which arise not only a new type of laws and relations in the Barbarian regna, but also the foundation of the future Romano-Germanic legal system was built.

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THIRD WAR OF INDEPENDENCE? THE ANTI-COLONIAL DYNAMICS OF UKRAINE’S POLITICS OF MEMORY AFTER 2014 ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE HISTORY OF UKRAINE IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN KYIV

Author(s): Tomasz Stryjek,Barbara Markowska-Marczak,Joanna Konieczna-Sałamatin / Language(s): English Issue: 128/2023

The article discusses the transformation of Ukraine from a peripheral colony to a European nation-state. It examines changes in the interpretation of Ukrainian-Russian relations in historiography, public perceptions, and museum exhibitions related to the ongoing war. It demonstrates that since 24 February 2022, Ukraine’s politics of memory has exclusively followed a continuously expanding anti-colonial perspective. The article highlights a shift in Ukrainian society’s view of its past, with growing interest in the country’s history and a move away from the Soviet perspective. Museums are crucial in shaping these narrative changes and fostering Ukrainian national identity. The article also explores societal transformations since 1991, showing an increased identiﬁcation with the state and a gradual distancing from Russia. This is accompanied by a westward turn in geopolitical orientation and a desire to join the European Union. The National Museum of History of Ukraine in the Second World War in Kyiv serves as an example of these processes, reﬂecting a nuanced portrayal of the war and of its human dimension. The museum’s commitment can be seen as a pillar of a nation-state building project, with symbolic identiﬁcation shifting from the East to the West, towards the EU and NATO.

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Бургграфовете на Нюрнберг и Никополският кръстоносен поход (1396 г.)

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Бургграфовете на Нюрнберг и Никополският кръстоносен поход (1396 г.)

Author(s): Milen Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The Crusade of Nicopolis of 1396 can be seen as a turning point in both the crusading movement as a whole, as well as in the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. In recent decades, quite a few studies examining different crusading contingents – Burgundians, Hungarians, Poles, etc. have been published. In comparison, participants from the Holy Roman Empire attract less interest.This study aims to present some aspects of the involvement of the Burgraves of Nuremberg from the Franconian branch of the house of (Hohen)Zollern with this crusade. Their politics and the dynamics of their relationship with the rulers of the Empire can be used as a starting point in examining this problem. Their marriage ties with other participants in the crusade of 1396 – the Luxemburgs, the Valois and the Wittelsbachs on the Rhine – are not insignificant in this regard and also offer valuable insight. A closer look at their military activity, both inside and outside the Empire, including crusading traditions and participation in similar campaigns, is used when identifying patterns and possibly, models of behavior. Another important problem is the significance of the campaign for the subsequent relations of the Franconian Hohenzollerns with Emperor Sigismund and King Wenceslaus of Bohemia.

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The Hot Summer of 1939. Polish and Czechoslovak Military Intelligence on the Eve of the Outbreak of War in the Light of Reports by Polish Officers

Author(s): Dariusz Dąbrowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The purpose of this paper is to present contacts between Polish and Czechoslovak military intelligence in the last months before the outbreak of World War II. The paper outlines the military and political relations of both countries in the second half of the 1930s and the related organization of Polish military intelligence directed at Czechoslovakia. Sudden developments in the situation of Poland’s southern neighbour after the Munich Conference of 1938 made it necessary to introduce changes regarding Polish intelligence objectives in the south. The pace of changes increased after the collapse of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. The establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia became a clear signal to Warsaw that its existing strategies must be redefined. Facing the threat of a German attack on Poland, direct contacts were established between Czech emigration intelligence centre in London and Polish intelligence service. Based primarily on the accounts of Polish officers, this paper is an attempt to discuss the course of negotiations and indicate problems the new allies had to face.

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