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INTELLIGENCE – COORDINATE OF NATIONAL AND GLOBAL SECURITY EQUATION –

Author(s): Ovidiu Fratila,Iosif SOLOMON / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

Regardless of controversies, different conceptual approaches, and substantive and formal changes in the intelligence activity, intelligence professionals, historians, political scientists, sociologists and policymakers agree on only one aspect: the possession of valuable information is as important now as it was two thousand years ago, and the rapid and profound changes in the global environment require flexibility, accuracy, increased capability of forecasting and acting, and especially structures able to cope with the new intelligence requirements. The author considers that not all intelligence professionals value scientific and theoretical approaches to intelligence activities, although they may represent a necessary foundation of doctrinal changes and bureaucracy reduction in intelligence services.

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O analiză iconografică a reversului monedelor aspron trachy nomisma de tip C, emise de împăratul Manuel I Comnenul (1143-1180)

Author(s): Ionuț Badea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-3/2023

From the 10th century onwards, the Byzantine Empire’s coinage began to prominently feature the likenesses of the emperor’s chosen patron saints. Notably, early coinage depicted saints like St. John the Baptist and Archangel Michael, reflecting the personal convictions and aspirations of the reigning emperors. By the 11th century, as societal dynamics shifted and the Comnenian dynasty rose to prominence, images of military saints became increasingly prevalent. Fast forward to the 12th century, such depictions became standard on coins. This study delves into the representation of Saint Theodore on the coins minted during Emperor Manuel I Comnenus’s rule (1143-1180), aiming to draw connections between the Type C aspron trachy nomisma coins and the events of the Norman Byzantine war (1154-1158).

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“I Had No Childhood”: A Trauma History of Deported Ukrainians from Western Boykivshchyna

Author(s): Oleksandr Kolomyichuk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The article is devoted to the trauma history of Ukrainians from Western Boykivshchyna, part of the Boykivshchyna ethnographical region situated in modern Ukraine. Operation Vistula (1947–1950) was the forced resettlement of more than 150,000 Ukrainians and mixed Polish-Ukrainian families from the territory of Rzeszów, Lublin and Kraków provinces (Voivodeships) to the western and northern territories of Poland, leading to radical changes within this regional group. The article deals with the difficult experience of the resettlers not only in the context of psychological, but also cultural, trauma. According to the theory of Polish sociologist Piotr Sztompka, three main phases of cultural trauma induced by resettlement have been highlighted and are outlined as strategies to cope with trauma: contemporary resettlers’ preservation of native culture, religion and family tradition, and sharing memories of the past.

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Who should Issue a Permit for the Memorial? Administrative Law as a Platform for the Conflict over the Construction of the Monument to the Victims of the Smoleńsk Tragedy in Warsaw

Author(s): Piotr Eckhardt / Language(s): English Issue: 4 (112)/2023

Circles associated with the ruling Law and Justice party decided to build a monument to the victims of the crash of a Polish government airplane in Smoleńsk on April 10, 2010 in Piłsudski Square in Warsaw. However, the authorities of that city, associated with the political opposition, were not positive about the project. Government bodies instrumentally used (and even abused) existing institutions of administrative law to build the monument despite the opposition of the local self-government. First, control over Piłsudski Square was taken away from the city authorities. Then the square was declared a closed area of military importance so that the city authorities could not make it difficult to obtain permission to build the monument. Finally, the Polish parliament created special legislation to make it more difficult to remove the monument in the future.

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„Sunkiose grandinėse“: elgesys su karo belaisviais Vokiečių ordino valstybėje Prūsijoje, Lenkijos karalystėje ir Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje XV amžiaus pirmoje pusėje

Author(s): Antanas Petrilionis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 52/2023

This article delves into a analysis of the treatment of prisoners of war during the late 14th and 15th centuries. The study not only examines the challenges encountered by the prisoners themselves, as documented in their letters, but also sheds light on the difficulties faced by the officials of the Teutonic Knights and lords involved in their release and care. The work highlights the most salient aspects of captivity, including the deprivation experienced by the prisoners, the means by which they were able to obtain basic necessities such as food and clothing, and the types of places in which they were typically detained. Moreover, the article explores the various factors that influenced the behavior of both captors and captives, and distinguishes between the appropriate and inappropriate treatment of prisoners based on the established norms of medieval times.

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Palestine in a Vicious Circle of Violence, Wars and Terror (1948–2023)

Author(s): Jan Eichler / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

This article deals with one of the most explosive areas of the world today, which is the Near and Middle East (NMEA) and especially the territory of historical Palestine, where the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (IPC) has been going on for a long time. The text deals primarily with historical and military factors and is written as a historical explanatory analysis. It focuses on the most significant historical events and explains the ways of functioning and the consequences of the processes that have been taking place there for a long time.

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The formation of artillery in the Czechoslovak legions in Russia

Author(s): Tomáš Havlík,Ladislav Potužák,Ondřej Pekař,Michal Švehlík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The article deals with the formation of artillery in the Czechoslovak legions in Russia. Using information drawn from contemporary sources and books from the 1930s, it presents the basic milestones that were at the birth of this important part of the Czechoslovak legions.

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Нарратив в книге Т. Кескисарьи «Война "шляп"»

Author(s): Nadezhda Stanislavovna Bratchikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

The research is carried out within the framework of a narratological analysis, the material for which was T. Keskisarja’s military historical monograph “The War of the Hats.” Keskisarja’s work is a historical narrative with literary features. The narrative strategies implemented in the text are considered. The starting point of the research was the juxtaposition of historical and literary narratives, scientific and artistic styles. Keskisarja’s book is dedicated to the Russian-Swedish war of 1741–1743 (known as the War of the Hats), which Sweden began in the hope of regaining the territories lost during the Northern War (1700–1721). The scenes of the past are presented mainly through the decisions of military and civil courts, clergy records, various documents (letters, orders, petitions), historical maps. Keskisarja uses interpretation as the main tool for analyzing archival materials, which makes it possible to reason about human experience. The method used by Keskisarja to present archival data to the 21st-century reader through the prism of a novel with the features of a psychological analysis fully meets the needs of the present time. The fascinating manner of narration, combined with the historian’s professionalism gives the reader a completely adequate idea of the political situation in Europe and the tragic events of the 18th century. Keskisarja uses the expressive means of fiction, inserts a fictional, independent, third-party observer into the historical narrative — a “sentient being” who evaluates events and conducts a dialogue with the reader. Such features of the text under study as dialogicality, anthropocentricity, emotionality, and hybridity are noted. The details of the fates of real people give the narrative volume and expressiveness. The author of the monograph does not “invent” certain events of the described reality — he conjectures and interprets them, trying to discover their meaning, their connection with the past and the future.

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KAYNAK MOBİLİZASYONU TEORİSİ ÜZERİNDEN 9 MART 1971 CUNTASINI OKUMAK

Author(s): Rasim Özgür Dönmez,Hasan Mesut Önder / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2024

This study analyses the dynamics of the Mach 9, 1971 military junta alliance with YÖN magazine and National Democratic Revolutionary (MDD) circles led by Doğan Avcıoğlu, through resource mobilization theory. The theory consists of three components. These are political atmosphere, resources and political motivation. In terms of the political atmosphere, the US-UK rivalry in the Middle East started to operate through right and left organizations in Turkey and the social turmoil created an opportunity for the MDD circles. In terms of resources, the MDD movement tried to access material resources through the junta in order to realize its ideological and political goals. Finally, the political motivation of the MDD relies on its intersecting ideologies with the junta affiliated organizations, and the individual career calculations of the top cadres.

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Introduction: Wartime Suffering and Survival

Author(s): Jeffrey Kenneth Hass / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2023

This roundtable reviews Jeffrey Hass’ Wartime Suffering and Survival, an in-depth historical ethnography of the Blockade of Leningrad. Reviewers address various empirical, thematic, and theoretical facets of the book and raise questions regarding each of these topics. Important issues include the nature of explanation in the humanities (especially history) and the social sciences (in this case, sociology); the role and form of power in such circumstances; and the nature of the Blockade itself as historical event. Reviews from the Southern Conference on Slavic Studies, the Association of Slavic, East European and Eurasian Societies, and European University at St. Petersburg provide further insight into the book and reflections on the Blockade. It is an important contribution to the understanding of human resilience in the face of great suffering, and its implications for history, politics, and society. It explores questions such as what happened to political identities, institutions, authority, and cultural tropes when survival was at stake, and if there is a homo sovieticus that responds to trauma and survival differently than a person elsewhere in human history. This roundtable seeks to provoke further rethinking of the Blockade, of the Soviet experience of war, of the nature of survival and human resilience, and of the nature of explanation.

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The Leningrad Blockade through the Lens of Historical Sociology and Social History

Author(s): David Brandenberger / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2023

Jeffrey Hass’ study of the 872-day blockade of Leningrad is groundbreaking interdisciplinary research, weaving together history, sociology, economics and behavioral psychology to explore how individual Leningraders survived the siege’s inhumane conditions and why society in the northern capital didn’t collapse. He examines how the blockade challenged notions of gender and class identity and at the same time reified them, reinforcing traditional patterns and behaviors. Hass focuses on the siege of Leningrad, which was probably the most sustained experience of urban hardship, suffering and starvation in World War II. He is aware that his findings may not necessarily apply to other contexts in World War II or beyond, and instead investigates larger questions about systemic collapse, such as what determines when communities, institutions or civilizations break down and the sources of resilience that allow society to survive extreme hardship. The disciplinary perspective of the book is historical sociology, which is an empirical study of society in the past. There has been tension between social history and historical sociology, with the former emphasizing the sociocultural context of separate and distinct events and actors, and the latter stressing more generalizable theory. Social historians focus on the distinctiveness of historical experience and phenomena, while historical sociologists investigate these topics in ways governed by their relevance to broader conceptual areas of scholarship. Historical sociology offers a deductive approach, identifying evidence capable of supporting or refuting theoretical propositions, while social history suggests an inductive methodology, attempting to make broader sense of disparate historical data. These differences have been discussed by well-known critics such as Eric Hobsbawm, who argued that historical sociology’s focus on generalizable patterns and behaviors rendered it mechanistic. Hass’s book, as a premier example of modern historical sociology, is careful enough to deflect many of these traditional criticisms of the field.

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Inequality of Blockade Suffering and the Nature of (Soviet) Class

Author(s): Andrew Sloin / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2023

Jeffrey Hass’ Wartime Suffering and Survival is an important study of the social history of emotions and group psychologies during the siege of Leningrad. Hass explores how Leningraders responded to the inhuman conditions of suffering, death, and starvation. Following Pierre Bourdieu, Hass examines the collective responses of different social strata to the siege, and how class was reconceptualized in terms of mental frameworks of meaning-making, rather than relations to private property ownership. His analysis reveals how entrenched class distinctions were in Soviet society, and how they impacted the strategies of survival employed by the population. By combining theory with archival documents, Hass provides an innovative approach to understanding the class-food nexus in Soviet society, and how the extreme conditions of the siege amplified the exploitative wage labor relationship. Jeffrey Hass’ work shows how theory can allow deeper access into archival documents and enrich analysis, thus offering an innovative avenue for reconceptualizing class as an agentive category. To push back on the question of class, the Marxist understanding of class is critiqued, as Marx is quite critical of the idea that class can be reduced to relations of private property. Class is instead seen as a phenomenon created through the process of proletarianization and the alienation of human labor — and not simply as one of property ownership. It is thus suggested that, in the context of hyperinflation, siege, scarcity, and threatening social breakdown, food also began to function as money, constituting part of the wage and the most desperately needed part. Read through this perspective, Jeff’s workers seem far less like a group bounded together not only by habitus and customs of thought, but also by a social system of hyper-statist domination grounded from the outset of the revolution on the wage labor form.

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SIX DECADES SINCE SIX DECADES SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NATO OF NAT

Author(s): Petre Otu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

On March 17th, 1948, the Brussels Treaty was signed being, for 50 years, the first form of coalition of the Western European states with the purpose of defending security. Through Article IV, the most important one, the signatory states committed to afford reciprocal aid, military included, against any aggression. In the preamble of the document, Germany was explicitly mentioned both to spare the Soviet Union’s suspicions and to draw France in, as the country could not forget about its past relations with its Northern neighbour. In this context, the emergence of NATO represented a major event in international relations that were marked by the beginning of a completely new phenomenon – the Cold War. It was for the first time in history that the two sides of the Atlantic were connected through a formal agreement, which united their destinies.

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Slučaj Gornja Toponica: O ponekim detaljima iz istorije srpsko-slovenačke bliskosti tokom Drugog svetskog rata ili o Srbima barbarima

Author(s): Zoran M. Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

The article discusses around thirty Slovenian nationals with severe psychiatric disorders whom the Nazis collectively moved from Slovenia (i.e. the area of the former Drava Banovina) to Serbia in the summer of 1941. This took place as part of a project to deport 12,000 to 15,000 Slovenian women and men to occupied/quisling Serbia. The exiles that are the subject of this article were welcomed solicitously in Serbia and then sent to a hospital for psychiatric illnesses in Gornja Toponica near Niš, unlike their compatriots with similar diseases that the Germans had euthanised shortly after occupying Slovenia. The study is based on previously unknown archives. At the same time, it testifies to another segment of the diverse mutual closeness of the Serbian and Slovenian nations during World War II, which did not assert itself because it ran counter to the prevailing ideological, national and religious matrices.

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Ruski emigranti v Jugoslaviji med sovjetskimi obveščevalci in jugoslovansko tajno policijo

Author(s): Željko Oset / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

The year of 1943 was the first year of the Second World War when the Slovenian Partisan leadership hoped for a quick end to the war. Even before the Italian capitulation, it therefore (re) organised its forces to some extent and made its first major incursion into Slavia Friulana. The Italian surrender led to the strengthening of the Partisan army with new personnel, arms and military equipment, but the arrival of German occupying forces showed that the newly established Partisan units were mostly incapable of acting against a more experienced enemy. After the Italian capitulation, new (re)organisations were thus undertaken, establishing a structure that would then remain almost unchanged until the end of the Second World War. At the same time, a strategic balance of sorts was established betweenthe Partisans and occupying forces, with neither side able to achieve dominance.

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Человечеству не нужна холодная война - Рец. на кн.: Шэнь Чхихуа. Экономический водоворот: начало холодной войны с нового ракурса.

Author(s): Sun Yizhi / Language(s): Russian Issue: 46/2024

This review focuses on the book by leading Chinese historian Shen Zhihua, Economic Vortex: The Beginning of the Cold War Reinterpreted (Hongkong, 2022). The central question that Shen wants to answer in his work is “Could the Cold War have been avoided?” The professor examines this question through a “new angle” — the economic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Professor Shen concluded that the Cold War was an “accidental product” that could have been avoided. Further political and economic cooperation between U.S. and Soviet Union after World War II was in fact possible. The coexistence of two different ideologies and systems was also possible. The monograph consists of seven chapters. Shen analyzes in detail how the U.S.and the USSR gradually fell into an “economic vortex”, severing all economic relations between them. History — lessons for the future. The current situation in the world, the conflict between the two superpowers, China and U.S., has made the issue of the Cold War particularly relevant. Professor Shen believes that the outbreak of the Cold War in the middle of the last century is a “historical nuisance” for all mankind and contradicted the main course of the history of all mankind — the peaceful way of development. The PRC and the U.S.must not repeat the mistakes made by the American and Soviet leadership in the 20th century, which ended up dragging the entire world into a long and senseless conflict.

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Eine Gemeinschaft im Belagerungszustand? Die Siebenbürger Sachsen und ihre befestigten Städte am Ende des Mittelalters

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Eine Gemeinschaft im Belagerungszustand? Die Siebenbürger Sachsen und ihre befestigten Städte am Ende des Mittelalters

Author(s): Von Liviu Cîmpeanu / Language(s): German Issue: -/2023

Die bloße Anwesenheit deutscher Siedler an der südöstlichen Grenze des ungarischen Königreichs sicherte der ungarischen Krone, der die Ansiedler unmittelbar unterstellt waren, schon früh einen zuverlässigen Stützpunkt. Aufgrund ihrer geografischen Lage waren die siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Ansiedlungen jedoch der fortgesetzten Bedrohung durch die Steppenvölker (im 13./14. Jahrhundert) und die Osmanen (im 14.-16. Jahrhundert) ausgesetzt. Infolgedessen erlaubten die ungarischen Könige den Siebenbürger Sachsen, ihre Pfarrkirchen und später auch ihre wichtigsten Städte zu befestigen1. Die Stadtgemeinden verfügten zudem als einzige Körperschaften über die menschlichen und materiellen Ressourcen, die für die Anlage eines komplexen Verteidigungssystems aus Mauern, Toren, Türmen und schließlich Basteien erforderlich waren. Zusätzlich waren die Stadtbefestigungen gewöhnlich durch ein wohldurchdachtes Gewässernetz aus natürlichen Wasserläufen und künstlich angelegten Teichen verstärkt, wobei die letzteren auch wirtschaftliche Zwecke erfüllten: Sie lieferten nämlich den „Warenbedarf“ für den Fischhandel. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der umfassende Befestigungsprozess der siebenbürgischsächsischen Städte sowie das Organisationsprinzip ihrer Verteidigung am Ende des Mittelalters beleuchtet. Ferner wird, unter Hinzuziehung der urkundlichen Quellen und der Fachliteratur, eine „Auflistung“ der Belagerungen jeder siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Stadt vorgelegt – die allerdings viel kürzer ist, als von der älteren Geschichtsschreibung gemeinhin angenommen.

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Western Hemispheric Security and the U.S.: Japanese Peruvian Wartime Incarceration During World War II

Author(s): Matti Izora Ibrahim,Segâh Tekın / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2023

Following the participation of the United States of America (U.S.A.) in World War II in 1941, the U.S. incarcerated 120.000 Japanese Americans during the war under the pretense of “military necessity”. At the same time, with the claim of guaranteeing the security of the Western Hemisphere, the U.S.A. coerced Latin American countries to deport thousands of their Japanese descendent citizens and place them in the custody of the U.S.A. among them, Peruvian Japanese citizens were kidnapped, taken to the U.S.A., and incarcerated indefinitely. This paper focuses on the incarceration of the Japanese Peruvians in the camps and their lives during and aftermath of World War II within the context of universal human rights and international law. This period in the history of the Americas has resulted in the breaching of internal and universal human rights legislation besides enduring human suffering.

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İran’ın Orta Asya Politikası: Siyasi, Askerî, İktisadi ve Kültürel İlişkiler Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Doğacan Başaran,Emrah Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 27/2023

When a power gap arose in Central Asia after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Iran did not remain indifferent to the developments in the region. On the contrary, Iran's Central Asia policy has revealed that the ideological-idealist discourses in its foreign policy are only rhetoric. Because Tehran has paid strict attention to developing pragmatic and realistic relations with the states of the region by considering the region in question as an "escape route" especially for overcoming the sanctions. It is known that the four states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan) other than Tajikistan, which has a Persian ancestry among the Central Asian states, are of Turkish origin. This circumstance is one of the factors limiting Iran's relations with the region. Especially the integration policies carried out in the Turkic world led to the weakening of Iran's influence in the region. Being aware of this situation, the Tehran administration attempts to make a presence in Central Asia by establishing relations with regional capitals on a pragmatist basis. The political, military, economic, and cultural dimensions of Iran's relations with the Central Asian Republics are analysed in this article. In this study, in which content analysis was adopted methodically, Turkish and English sources were used. Articles, reports/analyses of think tanks and news in media organisations were evaluated within this scope. Thus, a holistic perspective on Iran's Central Asian policy has been attempted to be put forward.

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Rada Regencyjna z perspektywy polskiego Wilna

Author(s): Joanna Gierowska-Kałłaur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 71/2024

The objective of the paper is to characterize the Polish society of the North-Eastern Territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth towards the German occupation of Ober-Ost against the background of the socio-political situation in Vilnius in the years 1916–1918. As a consequence of the special policy pursued by the Germans (the implementation of war goals) and the relations that it generated, as a national group, Poles in Vilnius chose the status of a para-internal Polish party (still) abroad instead of becoming a political partner of Lithuanian Taryba.

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