Zadanie bojowe 2 Armii Wojska Polskiego w operacji łużyckiej w świetle źródeł rosyjskich i dotychczasowych ustaleń badaczy. Historia do poprawki

Author(s): Leszek Kania / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article presents the combat task of the Polish Army grouping, the core of which was the 2nd Polish Army under the command of Gen. Karol Świerczewski in the Lusatian operation (April 16–30, 1945). The findings of Polish and foreign researchers to date incorrectly assigned the Polish group to the role of securing the left wing of the 1st Ukrainian Front in the attack on Dresden. The article verifies these findings on the basis of original sources in the form of orders, which are currently available online in the database of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Ołeksandr Kozyr-Zirka – sylwetka niezdyscyplinowanego atamana z okresu rządów Dyrektoriatu Ukraińskiej Republiki Ludowej (1918–1919)

Author(s): Marek Bogdan Kozubel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article is devoted to Oleksandr Kozyr-Zirka, one of the most famous atamans of the period of the Ukrainian national revolution 1917–1921. In November 1918, he joined the uprising against Hetman Paweł Skoropadski. After the overthrow of the Hetmanate, he became famous mainly for the robberies in the rear of Ukrainian Army and the pogroms in Owrucz at the turn of 1918 and 1919. His fate inspired Mikhail Bulgakov to create the character of the bloody ataman KozyrLashka, one of the side characters of the novel „The White Guard”.

Powstanie listopadowe w świetle wspomnień Erazma Rozwadowskiego

Author(s): Maciej Trąbski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

Like many of his contemporaries, Erazm Rozwadowski, who served as an officer in the 5th Mounted Riflemen Regiment of the Royal Polish Guard, left behindan account of his service career. Importantly, Rozwadowski only presented what hewitnessed himself, in the way he remembered the event. Rozwadowski’s accountincludes personal details, such as his view of the uprising as seen through the eyesof a student at the Riding Cadet School, his stay at the camp of Grand Duke Konstantin near Wierzbno, and the financial difficulties he faced in order to properlyequip himself upon becoming an officer.

Wkład Wojskowego Biura Historycznego w obchody stulecia powstania listopadowego

Author(s): Marta Cękalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

This article presents the course and effects of the work that was produced by theIndependent Department of Old Wars of the Military Historical Bureau to commemorate the centenary of the November Uprising. This work included materialprovided by the 5th Congress of Polish Historians in Warsaw and a special issueof Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy and important publications such as The Guide tothe Battlefields of the Polish-Russian War 1830–1831 (edited by Otton Laskowski,Warsaw 1931) and Sources for the history of the Polish-Russian war 1830–1831, Vol.1–4 (ed. Bronisław Pawłowski, Warsaw 1931–1935).

Początki żandarmerii wojskowej na ziemiach polskich

Author(s): Dariusz Andrzej Nawrot / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Aresztowanie Jadwigi Kuberskiej „Mei” i Ireny Kalinowskiej „Ludki” oraz likwidacja konfidenta Mieczysława Darmaszka

Author(s): Bartłomiej P. Szyprowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article presents the case of the elimination of the German informer Mieczysław Darmaszek, carried out by female soldiers of the Women Mining Patrols of the Directorate of Diversion in the Home Army District of Warsaw. The author presents the character of Mieczysław Darmaszek and the circumstances of his informer activity and his elimination. Moreover, the article attempts to explain the inaccuracies concerning the arrest of the Kuberski family and the people staying at their house, as well as to analyze from the legal point of view, whether it was a preventive elimination or a verdict of the underground court had been issued.

Cóż będzie dalej? Nieznany list gen. broni Kazimierza Sosnkowskiego z roku 1945 o sytuacji międzynarodowej i perspektywach sprawy polskiej

Author(s): Jerzy Kirszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

After his dismissal from the post of Commander-in-Chief, General Kazimierz Sosnkowski was given a leave of absence and via New York he went to Canada to visit his juvenile sons, who were evacuated there. Unintentionally, Canada became a place of his half-internment. From across the ocean he followed the development of the international situation, the assessment of which he presented, among others, in a letter to a former trusted subordinate, Colonel Franciszek Demel. Sosnkowski aptly predicted a number of events and socio-political processes of the near and far future. For example, he forecast the imminent disbanding of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, the end of Stanisław Mikołajczyk’s activity in Stalin-controlled Poland, or the constant expansion of Russian imperialism. He also showed the backstage and effects of his removal from the post of Commander-in-Chief, which made the process of dismantling the army in exile much quicker, and due to which the opportunities for securing a better existence of soldiers in exile and funds for organized independence activity in the free world were lost. The General’s statement presents a clear-headed assessment of the political activity of the highest Polish state and military authorities in the last months of the World War II, and carefully analyzes the behind-the-scenes personal games which led, for example, to the dismissal of General Władysław Anders from the post of Acting Commander-in-Chief in favor of General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski. This document is an interesting material for researchers of the beginnings of post-war emigration, the process of dismantling the Polish Armed Forces, and finally makes a valuable contribution to the biographers of Kazimierz Sosnkowski.

Pułkownik Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński i jego sprawy honorowe w 1923 r.

Author(s): Grzegorz Kulka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

At the turn of 1922 and 1923 there were two incidents of honour that involvedColonel Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński. First, he committed an insult against policeofficers in Cracow, and later – while already on duty in the capital – he got intoa dispute over a council flat with another officer of the Polish Army. This article,based on unpublished archival materials, presents both these cases, which becamethe subject of proceedings before the officers’ court of honour.

Podpułkownik Marian Chodacki „Maracz” i jego dziedzictwo

Author(s): Mariusz Krzysztofiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

Regionálna výchova a tradičná ľudová kultúra vo výučbe na základných školách

Author(s): Margita Jágerová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 7/2019

Since 2008 the elementary schools in Slovakia have been given the opportunity to educate children in the field of “Regional education and traditional folk culture“ focusing on local history, geography, natural environment and basic ethnographic knowledge, related to the place in which each school is functioning. Therefore, these schools can be considered as one of the most important mediators in the process of imparting this knowledge amongst the youngest generation in today’s society. The paper is based on a research conducted at 5 elementary schools that declared the implementation of “Regional education” and some components of traditional culture and folklore in their teaching process. At the beginning of 1990s, these schools were leaders in this process and became an inspirational role model for other ones. The author describes the current situation in these schools, the possibilities, tools and mechanisms applied by individual schools (teachers) in the process of education in the above-mentioned field. Furthermore, the paper describes the forms, educational content and factors determining this area.

RITUAL ROADWAYS AND PLACES OF POWER IN THE CHACO WORLD (ca. AD 850–1150)

Author(s): Robert S. Weiner / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This paper considers the topic of sacred spaces in North America through the vantage offered by Chacoan roads, monumental avenues constructed by Ancestral Four Corners people of the US Southwest from ca. AD 850–1200. I begin with a critique of the concept of the “sacred” as applied to the Chacoan past, suggesting instead that the Indigenous North American concept of power (in the sense of potent, generative force infused throughout the environment) offers a more culturally relevant framing. Next, I present three examples of locations along Chacoan roads that I argue were recognized as places of power due to the inherent landscape affordances of these locales. I close by briefly describing some of the practices carried out along Chacoan roads and drawing a connection between the understanding of “sacredness” evidenced through the archaeology of Chacoan roads and contemporary Native American activist efforts to protect landscapes of great power and meaning.

BĂLȚI LOCALITY FROM FAIR TO MUNICIPALITY: URBAN IDENTITY AND HISTORICAL-POLITICAL FLUCTUATIONS

Author(s): Ludmila Șimanschi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

In this study, we intend to reveal the modification of the identity of Bălți locality with the historical-political changes, so to achieve an evolutionary historical panorama of urban identity change. At the beginning, we synthesized all the theories that define the concept of "urban identity", in order to diachronically analyze the urban image of Bălți and to gather all the important components in the formation of identity: both those referring to natural elements (topography, climate, geology, location) and those referring to social identity (demographic structure, institutional structure and cultural structure) and to the human landscape, the artificial built environment, because the series of attributes identified with the city can add symbolic value to the identity of the Balti urban space, modified over time. Bălți has the most spectacular urban evolution compared to other localities in Bessarabia, starting from the uncertain hypostasis of a fair, it becomes an urban locality with a fragile identity, subordinated to the subjective factor, to the entrepreneurial spirit of Alexandru Panaite, the owner of the city; becoming the capital of a county, by chance, and a municipality. Over time, it changed its identity depending on the change of the political regime: tsarist, Romanian, Soviet, neocommunist, and urban function: commercial and economic communications center important for the northern area of the country, episcopal, industrial, university center.

FORMS OF LEISURE AND SPORTS IN TRANSYLVANIA OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Author(s): Denisa Elena PETREHUŞ / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2023

Forms of leisure and life of society in the second half of the nineteenth century are extremely complex and are in a changing influence under the models of Western. Romanian society is proving to be very responsive to these changes, other than rural. We can say that now is born the modern concept of "free time" as the expression of his most devoted of leisure.These aspects of modernization could not get around Transylvania. The inhabitants of this region are more closely into contact with the Western paradigms that seek to shape and to learn. May be leisure become part of our daily lives? Can we talk about sports as a form of leisure?

HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY SUBJECTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN INTERWAR BESSARABIA (1918-1928)

Author(s): Ana Onofrei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

In interwar Bessarabia, history and geography played a considerable role in the creation of national sentiment. In all regions of Romania, these subjects began to be taught in schools starting with the 1918-1919 school year. In all secondary schools, the History of the Romanians was introduced instead of the History of Russia and the Geography of the Romanian Countries, instead of the geography of the homeland. National history was taught not only to students, but also to Bessarabian teachers, who wanted to serve in the villages of the region. These disciplines did not aim at the transmission of information, but at the formation of character and love of country. During the school inspections, the inspectors confirmed the fact that history and geography were well rooted in the consciousness of students and teachers, in other cases, they noticed their impassiveness or ignorance in the development of these Romanian objects.

Aufnahme und Ablehnung: Die Sudetendeutschen in (Nieder-)Österreich 1945/46

Author(s): Niklas Perzi / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

The article deals with the process of the reception of the so called “Sudetengermans”, who have been expelled form Czechoslovakia in 1945 and arrived completely without means to (Lower-)Austria. This aggravated the situation in the country occupied by the Allies and scarred by war and Nazi terror, where about 1.6 million so-called "displaced persons" were staying, almost 25% of the whole population However, Austrian policy was also hostile to the persons concerned because they regarded them as "Germans" in the course of now strongly emphasising an independent Austrian identity. The article deals with the actions of politics and authorities as well as the reactions of those affected and the civilian population. Therefore the article used a combination of archival sources as well as narrative interviews with people, who were children or adolescents at the time.

Заслугата на Стефан Чапрашиков за учредяване факелното бягане от Олимпия до Берлин 1936 гoдина

Author(s): Emilia Vitanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2023

The purpose of the present research is aimed at presenting new information related to the activities of Stefan Chaprashikov and his role in conducting the first Olympic torch relay for the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936.Several areas for gathering information are covered: research of foreign literature, review of all publications of Bulgarian researchers in the field of the Olympic movement in Bulgaria, which present information on the subject. In terms of methodology, all information found in scientific and popular sources is systematized and processed on the basis of the biographical method, content analysis, comparative and critical analysis. This publication presents newly discovered information, in three articles from periodicals and in two official BOK documents, which present information that the idea of holding the first torch relay was Stefan Chaprashikov’s. These findings will shed light on the history of the Olympic movement in Bulgaria and will form a new perspective in discussions on the topic discussed by other contemporary researchers of the Olympic movement.

Użytkowe i symboliczne znaczenie roślin leczniczych na planie opactwa Sankt Gallen (pocz. IX wieku)

Author(s): Norbert Mojżyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The world of the Latin Middle Ages was marked by the spiritual-corporeal binomial: the real space was connected with many threads with the spiritual space. Religious symbolism and imagination played a huge role in this binomial. A particular concentration of symbolic and mystical-allegorical meanings was present in the monastic space (Latin claustrum). Monks living in monasteries were separated by a double barrier from the world: real – by walls and symbolic – internal discipline (rule). This separation was archetypal – in monasteries there was a border between the cosmos and chaos, between the earthly paradise (paradisus terrestris) and the damned world (terra damnata). In such an antithetical, terrestrial and supernatural key, the culture of the Middle Ages read various elements of monastic life, defi ned by the vectors of time and place, ranging from the symbolism of the temple as the eschatological Heavenly Jerusalem, through buildings and monastery gardens (biblical Eden), ending with the plants cultivated in them. Plants were grown in monasteries for functional (edible and medicinal) reasons, as well as for spiritual reasons (they were attributed apotropaic properties) and for aesthetic reasons (beauty was also considered a spiritual factor). Medicines were seen in medicinal plants for the body and soul. They had an important symbolic and religious meaning in the monastic life, they symbolized virtues or sins. Such an understanding of plants can be found in an important document that was created in the Carolingian era, the plan of the Benedictine abbey in Saint Gall. The abbey plan provides precise information not only about the structure of the monastery buildings, but also about medicinal plants, individual species and places of their cultivation within the monastery walls.

Образец на регионално изследване, посветено на Котел и Добруджа

Author(s): Rumyana Radkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

Book Review

Der Bergarbeiterstreik in Pécs 1893: Die Herstellung sozialer Ordnungen in der Berichterstattung ungarisch- und deutschsprachiger Lokalzeitungen

Author(s): Mate Eichenseher / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

This article takes a look at cultural practices of Hungarian- and German-language newspapers in the multi-ethnic city of Pécs (Fünfkirchen) in dealing with the strike action of the immigrant miners in 1893. The historical-ethnographic analysis shows that, in a variety of ways, the papers used physical and ideational distances, spaces, routes, and the representation of people’s actions in them, to construct an imagined topology of their society; a social space in which the miners were located as a marginalized group. This social space was constituted by those above and those below: locals, immigrants who had been living in Pécs for some time, and recent arrivals who were to become members of an imagined Hungarian nation. The languages used in this process served as the media of the negotiation processes practiced for this purpose. Spatial attributions function as cultural means for the production of social orders, and languages served not only as a means of communication, but also of demarcation, distancing and spatial positioning.

Contested Paternity: Seeking Reprieve from Anti-Jewish Persecution in the Nazi Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

Author(s): Tatjana Lichtenstein / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This article examines how Jews and their families sought reprieve from persecution by contesting their own or their children’s paternity in the Nazi Protectorate. The study’s three cases concern people, defined as “non-Aryan”, meaning Jewish or part-Jewish, according to Nazi racial laws, who pursued formal, legal challenges to their own or their children’s racial status. While the Czech and German civil courts resolved some cases quickly, others dragged on for years. Most importantly, “pending” cases delayed deportation for the individuals whose status was in question. Using a micro-historical lens on the legal process, this article shows how the persecuted exercised agency and how local non-Jews assisted or hampered their struggle to mitigate persecution and escape deportation.