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A zsidó páriakapitalizmus elméletének története
There are a number of available social historical theories explaining the origins of inequality between Jews and Gentiles. One of the best known long-standing theory explains modern Jewish success with the pre-emancipation exclusion of Jews, attributing their unique business style to their pariah status. The study explores this theory’s German origins, and its subsequent history in Hungary. Following the introduction of the Marxist background of the idea, the study turns to the analysis of Weber and Sombart’s debate about the birth of modern capitalist spirit, which gave rise to the concept of pariah capitalism. Both scholars agreed that Jewish success is rooted in the otherness of Jews suggesting that their seclusion led to the development of double morality, which brought about the characteristic Jewish ruthlessness in their dealings with the outside world. The Sombart–Weberian idea of pariah capitalism was integrated into Hungarian historiography by István Hajnal. In his interpretation, the Jewish success story simply meant the upward mobility of aliens in society, which he used to reveal the structural faults of social development in East Central Europe. Since Hajnal’s interpretation was heavily judgmental about Jews, this narrative lost its legitimacy after the Holocaust. István Bibó was the first historian who managed to strip the concept of pariah capitalism of its impropriety. Following in his footsteps Péter Hanák constructed the complete historical narrative of the Jew condemned to success by his exclusion, using Weber’s puritans as exemplars for the Jewish harbingers of Hungarian capitalism. The study ends with a brief reflection whether the theory of pariah capitalism has valid conclusions to offer for contemporary historiographical interpretations of Jewish success.
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After the resumption of the magazine in 1991 as the organ of the Macedonian Scientific Institute (MSI) until now 92 numbers have been regularly issued. They have published over 1,200 texts distributed mainly in several traditional categories: research (studies, articles and reports), documents and materials, reviews and comments, news, official opinions of the MSI.
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The author of this article examines the interest of the magazine "Macedonian Review" to the new phase, in which the development of the Macedonian question enters after the Cold War.
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As a doctoral student on Homer and his evidence concerning Thrace and the Thracians in the Institute of Thracology established in 1972 I have all good reasons to offer a text on my understandings of Homer developed through the years. They took paths in an anthropological perspective understanding the past and its uses as a cultural capital in the context of various cultural politics: as procedures regulating the production of cultural products and practices from one side and as reflections of power in the representation of cultural meanings from the other side. Another important perspective in the study of Antiquity is its touristification and the “tourist gaze”. This aspect in the study of Antiquity is recognized as important anthropological perspective in the context of the “great and little traditions” in the Mediterranean space as it studies the processes of the commoditization of the ancient images. The “touristic gaze” which is always socially organized seeks authenticity and therefore it has to be produced. Usually the discourse forms the idea expected by the tourists to be seen.As a result of this theoretical background the paper discusses the space, the place and their meanings constructed through various networks of social power relations. It discusses Homer and his Troy in the context of various foundation myths produced in different times for different reasons. It studies also the process of producing the idea or better the ideal, represented as Hellenism in the sense of apology of Greece and the Greek culture and embedded in the academic space before Heinrich Schliemann. The paper presents the heroic age “imagined” by Schliemann and thus “inventing” the Dark Ages. After the Second World War a new “Dark Ages” were established in the context of the development of the archaeological discipline in the social sciences perspective. This was the theoretical perspective that diverted it from the cultural-historical approaches typical for the nationalistic cultural archaeology. This change of paradigms opened the way for redefining the Mycenaean heritage and the ideas about the social life of the Greek poleis. This paper discusses in short the position of Homer and his Troy in the Bulgarian Altertumswissenschaft. It retains the feeling produced by the old cultural-historical perspectives that the links between the “Mycenaean” Greece and the “Mycenaean” Thrace are so transparently visible that they enter all academic and touristic discourses as something natural and non-debatable.Homer and his Troy is amongst the most successful touristic destinations. It is valued today with the “authenticity” of the Trojan horse in the Turkish town of Canakkale gifted by the Hollywood production of the film “Troy” with the famous Brad Pit playing the role of Achilles. Fascinated by the “Trojan horses” in this space, monumentalizing the cunning Greeks, the tourists would hardly notice the concluding suggestion in a chapter from the Guidebook by Manfred Korfmann – the late archaeologist from the Tubingen University – who says: “what remains unconfirmed is a struggle over Troia as historic and heroic as that depicted in the Iliad”.What “proofs” do we seek in the discourse practices that have produced a reality worth to be known, worth to be seen and memorized by pictures and souvenirs?
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Relations with Byzantium occupied a central place in the foreign policy of the Bulgarian State from its foundation on the Balkan Peninsula in the late seventh century. Empire neverre signed to the emergence of new state close to its capital Constantinople. Initially, the efforts of Bulgarian rulers were aimed at defending the independence of the state. In the next stage the two countries began to compete in conquering the Balkan Peninsula inhabited mostly by Slavic tribes.
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The article traces the emergence and stratification of the word pandur/pandurin in Bulgarian language and Bulgarian dialects, of which detailed material is presented.
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This study aims at an analysis of the political space dynamic and limits, over the last century, on an area corresponding to the current Romanian-Ukrainian border area. It is analysed the impact of the successive changes of the border route and the border’s role over the regional-territorial structures and the corresponding border areas. The sequences of phases of structural political (re)modelling of the analysed geographical area are determined by three major thresholds: the two World Wars and the fall of the Socialism System.Using analytical methods and certified instruments in the scientific literature (from Cartography, Statistics, History etc.) there are compared sets of cartographic materials from various sources, aiming at capturing the major changes over the generated border level system. It have been analysed the borders routes, the sequences of the territorial-political systems, the (re)adjustment of the Historic regional systems, the impact over the communication network, the diminution or extension of the polarization areas of several historic or regional centres.It results a typology specific to the border areas with an increased dynamics, and finally there are identified the most stable and unstable territorial subsystems and border sectors, comparing to the current route of the EU/NATO external border. These results are elements with a high degree of specificity and they can be used in the contemporary strategies for (re)integration and building of the cross border territorial systems.
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Although until June 1903 Dame Gruev has not visited personally the region of Kastoria, he influenced the revolutionary development of its fighters.
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Caracterul sistemic al entităților presupune că acestea sînt formate din elemente discrete, a căror conjuncție generează structuri, funcții, forțe și roluri ierarhizate. Observarea și cercetarea entităților presupune la un moment dat segregarea lor în relație cu anumite seturi de criterii, înțelegerea entităților urmînd cuprinderii acestora în integralitate și în deplina lor conexiune cu mediul a cărui componentă, produs și factor sînt. Avînd rostul profund de a aduce ființa umană în starea de cunoaștere și înțelegere a Universului, știința (inclusiv metodologia care inventează și reglementează căi și instrumentarul care face operațional întregul demers) urmează acest model al diviziunii specializate. Plecînd de la starea inițială de nediferențiere, știința își dezvoltă observațiile pînă la identificarea și descrierea realității și a componentelor ei specializate, în conformitate cu modalitățile de orînduire și de funcționare a lor, acomodîndu-și mijloacele de investigare la particularitățile genetice, structurale și funcționale ale respectivelor aspecte. Împlinirea și evoluția științei sînt consecvente înglobării acestui nivel, depășirii celui interdisciplinar, și decurg din conjugarea cunoștințelor, metodelor și instrumentelor ei, spre a reflecta realitatea în deplinătatea și integritatea acesteia. Acest rezultat necesită periodica regîndire și reactualizare a organismului științei.
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The systemic character of entities implies their being formed of discrete elements whose conjunction generates hierarchical structures, functions, forces, and roles. While the observation and study of entities entails their segregation with respect to certain sets of criteria, their understanding follows from their thorough comprehension, in plenary connection with the environment of which they are component, product, and factor.Having the profound role of bringing the human being in the state of knowing and understanding the Universe, science (including the methodology that invents and governs paths, and the apparatus that makes the entire endeavour operational) follows this model of specialized division. Starting from the initial common state, science develops its observations by identifying and describing the reality and its specialized components, in accordance with how they are structured and function, constantly tailoring its means of investigations to the genetic, structural, and functional peculiarities of those aspects.The completion and evolution of science are consequent to the assimilation of this approach beyond the interdisciplinary level, and arise from the conjunction of scientific knowledge, methods, and instruments, aimed at reflecting reality in its entirety and integrality. This outcome requires a recurrent reconsideration and revision of the organism of science.
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István Széchenyi is one of the few historical figures that every Hungarian knows something about, regardless of school qualification. Most would, however, say the overused phrase that he was “the greatest Hungarian”. Most Hungarians who visit Budapest will encounter the visible products of his activity pursued for the ascent of Hungary, for example the building of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences or the Chain Bridge. It is also common knowledge that he did not share the same opinion in several important matters regarding the future of Hungary with Lajos Kossuth, the leader of the 1848 – 1849 Revolution and the War of Independence. Even today, Hungarian academics are still divided between those who agree with Széchenyi’s reform plans that were to “proceed slowly and with care”, and those who favour Kossuth’s revolutionary, passionate and fiercely innovative proposals. However, the general public are not fully aware of their long debate concerning many important questions of their time and that they are partly still relevant today, neither do we know most of his activity as a public writer. With the exception of his most significant political writings (Hitel ‘Credit’, Világ ‘Light’, Stádium) and his Diary, people may not even be able to mention any more titles. He dedicated several writings to the ethnic question that was the second most important matter after our relationship with Austria, and in which Széchenyi held a markedly different viewpoint from Kossuth’s. In his conviction, this question was of decisive importance and it put limits on our pursuit of independence.
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Etymologies of various world languages present “insanity” as unexplainable feelings of heterogeneous psycho‑somatic coloring; they contain a certain kind of inner emptiness, yet overfilled with a strange force that drives into unknown. Some times this enigmatic power carries away body and soul, causing fear and respect. There is a need to define, even in a general way, some aspects of such a large topic as “insanity”, namely: sacrum, superstition, taboo.
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