Uwarunkowania funkcjonowania palestyńskiego ruchu narodowowyzwoleńczego w latach 1919-2006

Author(s): Beata Belica / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2014

The article describes the awakening of Palestinian national consciousness since the time of the Ottoman Empire, through the period of the British Mandate, the creation of Israel, until the division of the Palestinian national authority in 2006. The analysis shows, that there has been a rise of the Palestinian people on the basis of opposition to discrimination - social, political and economic – and under the threat that caused the British, the Jewish settlement policy in Palestine. The author also points to the groups in which focused the Palestinian society and the objectives and measures for their investigation. The researches were carried out on the basis of English books and articles.

ПОГЛЯДИ ДЖОНА СПЕЛМЕНА НА СУТНІСТЬ КОРОЛІВСЬКОЇ ПРЕРОГАТИВИ

Author(s): O. Ivchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 27/2016

The article deals with the contradictions between of supporters of Parliament and supporters of the King concerning royal prerogatives during the English Revolution of the XVII century. The author examines the types of extreme rights of kings, and the possibility of their implementation. Particular attention is paid to the views of John Spelmen as one of the brightest representatives of the constitutional royalism on the nature of the royal prerogative.

Transforming the Narrative of the History of Chinese Technology: East and West in Bertrand Gille’s Histoire des Techniques

Author(s): Yao Dazhi,Per Högselius / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

In his magisterial The History of Techniques, the French historian of technology Bertrand Gille (1920–1980) constructs a Western-centric world history of technology based on a technical systems approach. In doing so, he is forced to deal with the tension between Western-centric approaches and the conventional narrative of the history of Chinese technology. In order to avoid internal contradictions within his world history framework, Gille reconfigures the historical narrative about ancient China’s great inventions, arguing against unidirectional technology transfer and introducing the alternative notions of technological concomitant evolution and technological exchange. While Gille integrates ancient China into the general technological development of the world, he treats China as a blocked technical system and as “the other” in the West’s technological self-perception.

Georgius Frommius (1605–1651) and Danish Astronomy in the Post-Tychonian Era

Author(s): Helge Kragh / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Danish astronomy in the first half of the seventeenth century reflected the enduring legacy of Tycho Brahe and was dominated by his former assistant Longomontanus. This paper focuses on his successor as professor of astronomy, Jørgen From (1605–1651) or Georgius Frommius in the Latin version, who was also the second director of the Round Tower observatory in Copenhagen. Before becoming a professor, Frommius travelled to the Netherlands and other countries. The letters from his journey cast light on the training of a young astronomer at the time. He most likely was the first Dane to observe the heavens with a telescope. In the 1640s, he got involved in a controversy with the French astronomer and astrologist Jean Morin, and he later contributed to Pierre Gassendi’s pioneering biography of Tycho Brahe. Although Frommius died at the age of 46, his brief career as professor and astronomer is of interest to national as well as international history of science.

The Role of Historians of Science in Contemporary Society

Author(s): Joseph Agassi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

The famous gulf between the arts and the sciences comes from the current pervasiveness of scientific illiteracy. The resultant increased fragmentation of science threatens scientific research; the resultant increase of the portion of the population of the advanced world that shows general ignorance of science threatens Western culture and democracy, and thus science itself. Historians and popularizers of science can help reduce this gulf. Introducing science historically can help solve many acute social and political problems. Historians of science can try to bring this about. Discussions of the social role of intellectuals (and of historians of science in particular) require a great deal of a sense of proportion, since most people are still barely educated, hardly familiar with science, much less with its history. Science nonetheless influences lives. Current increased inaccessibility of science boosts the prevailing excessive scientific specialization that scientific and technological progress have imposed. Consequently, the search diminishes severely for comprehensive overviews of the world and even of specific parts of it, leading to disorientation that imperils even the normal functioning of science. There is then a vital need for a search for remedy. Philosophers and historians and popularizers of science can help develop the tools necessary for this vital search.

The Problem of Understanding of Nature in Exact Science

Author(s): Leo Näpinen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

In this short inquiry I would like to defend the statement that exact science deals with the explanation of models, but not with the understanding (comprehending) of nature. By the word ‘nature’ I mean nature as physis (as a self-moving and self-developing living organism to which humans also belong), not nature as natura naturata (as a nonevolving creature created by someone or something). The Estonian philosopher of science Rein Vihalemm (2008) has shown with his conception of phi-science (φ-science) that exact science is itself an idealized model or theoretical object derived from Galilean mathematical physics.

The Life of Józef Warszewicz (1812–1866): the Kraków Period

Author(s): Piotr Köhler / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

Józef Warszewicz (1812–1866), one of the most prolific nineteenth-century plant collectors and one of the top field experts on tropical American plants of his time, after spending several years on expeditions to Central and South America, was to be employed as Inspector (the main gardener) of the Botanical Garden of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. His employment encountered resistance from the Ministry of Denominations and Education in Vienna. After a nearly four-year effort Warszewicz took up his post in Kraków in 1854. He worked on the reorganisation of the Botanical Garden and supervised new projects there. His activities contributed to an expansion of the Botanical Garden’s plant collections. Warszewicz also brought a herbarium and a collection of tropical animals to Kraków. During his life in Kraków, Warszewicz was widely honoured, and after his death, a monument was erected to him and one of Kraków’s streets was named after him.

The Learned Gardeners of the Botanical Gardens of the University of Tartu and Their Activities (1803–1918)

Author(s): Heldur Sander,Toivo Meikar,Anita Magowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The paper discusses the individual learned gardeners and assistant learned gardeners of the Botanical Garden of the University of Tartu against the backdrop of the development of botanical research areas at the university and species diversity in the botanical garden in 1803–1918. It also addresses the university’s botany professors / garden directors and assistant directors, focusing in more detail on the learned gardeners, who were more notable for their activities prior to commencing work in Tartu or during or after their Tartu period. A total of 22 learned gardeners and 14 assistant learned gardeners have been identified. Among them were persons from Germany, as well as representatives of other nationalities, including Estonians, Poles, Russians and local Germans. The employment duration of the learned gardeners at the botanical garden lasted from a few months to 42 years. The longest serving learned gardener was Wilhelm Eduard Stelling, a local German. Among the learned gardeners, the career and activities of Johann Anton Weinmann, Ludwig Riedel and Jan Muszynski stood out. After leaving Tartu, Weinmann and Muszynski became outstanding researchers in St. Petersburg and Poland, respectively, and Riedel emerged as a successful plant collector, scientific organiser and developer of park culture in Brazil.

Latvian Scientist Jānis Stradiņš Turns 80

Author(s): Alīda Zigmunde / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Jānis Stradiņš will celebrate his 80th birthday on 10 December 2013. Having authored several hundred scientific articles and 28 books about a wide variety of subjects, he is the best known and one of the most productive scientists in Latvia. Stradiņš studied chemistry and was quite successful in his profession, but his activities were not limited to chemistry. His father, the well-known Latvian surgeon, Pauls Stradiņš (1896–1958) was very interested in history of medicine and since 1953 was the director of the association of historians of medicine. In the early 1930s he started a private collection on history of medicine and the collection became the basis of the Pauls Stradiņš Museum for the History of Medicine, founded in 1957.

Ammianus Marcelinus și cultura violenței în secolul al IV-lea

Author(s): Nelu Zugravu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IV/2018

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„Moderné historiografie spracovávajú veľmi špecifické čiastkové témy.“

Author(s): Jaroslav Nemeš / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

Gabriel Hunčaga has been since 1996 member of the Dominican Order. As a historian is he specialising in medieval history and medieval religious movements. He was born on September 21, 1971 in Liptovský Mikuláš. He studied master’s degree studies of History, Museology (1996, Silesian University in Opava) and Catholic Theology (2004, Catholic University, Faculty of Theology in Košice). In 2008, he finished postgraduate study of Slovak history at the Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica (PhDr.) and in 2012; he finished his PhD study of General history at the Comenius University in Bratislava. During his academic activities, he attended two long-term research fellowships in abroad. In 2000/2001 at the Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät der Universität Wien and in 2017 at the Istituto Storico Domenicano in Rome. He is member of the administration board of interest association Centre for Study of Christianity, vice-president of Slovak committee of CIHEC and member of the Board of History at The Conference of Bishops of Slovakia. Between 2011 and 2013, he used to teach at the Faculty of Theology at Trnava University in Bratislava and between 2013 and 2017 at the Faculty of Arts at Catholic University in Ružomberok as well. Since 2016, he has taught about medieval orthodoxy and heterodoxy at the Faculty of Arts at Comenius University in Bratislava.

„Млада Босна” и философија

Author(s): Ilija Marić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 169/2019

„Млада Босна” назив је за покрет омладине у Босни и Херцеговини на почетку 20. века (1908–1914). Без обзира на верску припадност, имали су свест да припадају српском народу. Борили су се за ослобођење свих јужнословенских народа од туђинске власти и уједињење у оквиру заједничке државе. Интелектуални вођа „Младe Боснe” био је Димитрије Митриновић, а идеолошки вођа Владимир Гаћиновић. У Босни и Херцеговини тада су постојале само основне и средње школе, али не и факултети, што је било веома неповољно за неговање философије. Средњошколци и студенти, од којих су неки студирали и философију, на више начина су допринели њеном развоју код нас. Прво, својим чланцима и преводима философских текстова шире су промовисали философију на тлу Босне и Херцеговине. Друго, први су код Срба уопште шире пропагирали ирационалистичку оријентацију у философији. Треће, допринели су српској рецепцији нових философских струјања у свету. “Young Bosnia” is the name of the youth movement in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the early XX century (1908–1914). Irrespective of their religious denomination, they had an awareness of belonging to the Serbian people. They fought for the liberation of all South-Slavic peoples from foreign control and for the unification within one common country. The intellectual leader of “Young Bosnia” was Dimitrije Mitrinović and the ideological leader was Vladimir Gaćinović. At the time, in Bosnia and Herzegovina there were only elementary and secondary schools, but there were no universities, which was very unfavourable for cultivating philosophy. Secondary school students and university students, some of which were philosophy students, contributed in many ways to its development among our people. Firstly, with their articles and translations of philosophical texts, they promoted philosophy on a large scale at the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Secondly, they were the first among the Serbs to widely propagate the irrationalist trend in philosophy. Thirdly, they contributed to the Serbian reception of the new philosophical trends that were current abroad.

The Shape-Shifting Body of Historiography

Author(s): Alicja Bemben / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2019

The basic purpose of this work is to juxtapose late 19th-century and early 20thcentury conceptualisations of time, cultural distance, a/historicism, agency, historical knowledge, causality, objectivity, scriptocentrism, mode of writing about the real, and space, as they surface in British historiography. These juxtapositions serve as the grounds on the basis of which the mechanisms that concatenate the transformation(s) of each of these notions are pinpointed. The end purpose of this work is to substantiate the thesis that the variety of the mentioned mechanisms disallows treating the late 19th-century and the early 20th-century British historiography as two contrastive bodies of ideas.

...despre Romulus Guga și revista Vatra

Author(s): Dan Culcer / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01-02/2018

This article gives an insight of the origins of Vatra Literary Review.

Aristotelismul medieval și umanismul renascentist. Reflecții la împlinirea a 500 de ani de la moartea lui Leonardo da Vinci

Author(s): Alexandru-Florin Platon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 86/2019

This study proposes a reflection on the relationship between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, taking into account the major changes that had taken place especially during the12th and 13th centuries. The rethinking of the status of the human being in the world and the reconfiguration of the relationship between Nature and the "celestial kingdom" are two of them, occasioned by the rediscovery of the Aristotelian corpus. Thus, in our vision, we can explain during the Renaissance the crystallization of a new concept of man and his abilities; including the emergence of a personality of the height of Leonardo da Vinci.

ROLUL IDEII DE SOLIDARITATE ÎN PROGRAMELE DE EMANCIPARE NAȚIONALĂ ALE ROMÂNILOR ȘI SÂRBILOR BĂNĂȚENI (1868 – 1869)

Author(s): Miodrag Milin,Diana Draghici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 86/2019

La fin de l’année 1860 coïncide avec la fin de l’autonomie du Banat et de la Voïvodine serbe. Ces deux régions, caractérisées par une importante diversité ethnique, sont en effet rattachées á la Hongrie. Cet événement a provoqué une vive réaction de la part des Roumains et des Serbes, solidaires face aux prétentions d’hégémonie de la classe politique hongroise. Notre étude se focalise sur un moment important de cette solidarité, celui de la lutte parlementaire de 1868, autour de l’élaboration de la loi des nationalités dans le cadre de la Monarchie Austro – Hongroise. Le projet de loi qui fut alors déposé conjointement par les députés serbes et roumains à la Diète de Budapest fut repoussé. Mais c’est autour de ce projet que se dont rejoints les stratégies et les programmes politiques nationaux des Serbes et des Roumains. Leurs partis respectifs, crées en 1869, se sont en effet construits sur l’idée d’une solidarité politique et culturelle des deux nations face à l’hégémonie de la thèse du dualisme austro-hongrois.

DEZBATEREA, DE LA CONCEPTUL TEORETIC LA PRACTICA DIDACTICĂ

Author(s): Ana Preda-Tudor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 86/2019

The article suggests a theoretical and practical analysis of debate as a methodological pattern that could be used during history classes. Insights into teaching methodology have rendered the selection of debate as a case study to be fully illustrative, a theoretical perspective on it that could be a method combining different forms of complementary activities, an outlook on the proposals which refer to the domain of our subject matter that are made available by the Romanian Association for Debate Oratory and Rhetoric. Nevertheless, we have subjectively interpreted them owing to our teaching experience but at the same time, we have made the right decision as to what, when and how much time to dedicate to them during the history classes.

UTILIZAREA ENCICLOPEDIEI LIBERE WIKIPEDIA ȘI A INSTRUMENTELOR DIGITALE ASOCIATE ÎN ACTIVITATEA DE PREDARE-ÎNVĂȚARE A ISTORIEI

Author(s): Antonio Bera,Diana Georgiana Lutz,Iulian Macreanu,Cosmina Vaduva,Vlad Popovici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 86/2019

Although Wikipedia is nowadays one of the most important encyclopaedic resources available online and, for sure, the most popular among the general public, its relation to the educational process goes mostly one way. The online encyclopaedia is primarily used as a multi-purpose source, but often its proper referencing process is overlooked by the users, a situation that unfortunately implies the risk that this extremely generous instrument, both in information and educational potential, could become an untrusted and blamed resource. In this article, we intend to offer a glimpse on today’s Romanian Wikipedia development, to promote the affiliated instruments and platforms that can be used in teaching and learning History and to offer a short guide on how to create Wiki content, for teachers, pupils, and students. The benefits of this undertaking in teaching History, in science popularization and in local history research will be exemplified through the presentation of a project that took place between March-December 2018, as a result of the collaboration of Wikipedia Romania and the History and Philosophy Faculty of Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca.

Adrian CIOROIANU (editor), Un Centenar și mai multe teme pentru acasă. Ce au învățat și ce nu au învățat românii din ultimul secol de istorie, Iași, Editura Polirom, 2018, 342 p.

Author(s): Gabriela Avram / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 86/2019

Dějiny medicíny jako dějiny vědy a vzdělanosti

Author(s): Petr Svobodný / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

Using as his chief example the interdisciplinary area of history of medicine, the author presents various intersections and links common in current, up-to-date approaches to the history of education. Various functions of university clinics as subjects of interest to the historians of medicine of the Modern Era (eighteenth to twentieth century) can serve as a model of research in a number of areas. These include the history of education (clinical internships), history of science (clinical research), history of healthcare and social care (their therapeutic functions), history of professions (physicians, scientists, teachers), and the social role of scholars. In this way, the subject encompasses most areas belonging to a broadly conceived history of education.