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Przemiany instytucjonalne w Unii Europejskiej na przykładzie wspólnej polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa

Author(s): Tadeusz Gadkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Zarówno w przedlizbońskim, jak i obecnym stanie prawnym wspólna polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwa, jako płaszczyzna współpracy w ramach Unii Europejskiej, wyróżniała się i nadal wyróżnia na tle innych rodzajów polityki prowadzonych w traktatowych ramach tej organizacji. Najważniejsze kierunki ewolucji WPZiB wytyczyły dwa traktaty, a wiec traktat amsterdamski i traktat lizboński. Ten ostatni zasadniczo zmienił usytuowanie WPZiB w ramach UE, co wiązało się z likwidacją charakterystycznej, trójﬁlarowej konstrukcji prawnej UE oraz z istotnymi zmianami instytucjonalnymi w jej strukturze. Specyﬁka współpracy w ramach WPZiB spowodowała jednak, że została ona wyraźnie wyodrębniona zarówno z całego katalogu pozostałych unijnych rodzajów polityki, jak i z całej grupy działań zewnętrznych Unii.

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Odpowiedzialność za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych w Polsce na tle rozwiązań przyjętych we Francji, w Niemczech i Wielkiej Brytanii

Author(s): Wojciech Bożek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest porównanie przyjętych w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej rozwiązań prawnych, które mają na celu ochronę ładu i bezpieczeństwa ﬁnansów publicznych, a dotyczą systemu odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny ﬁnansów publicznych, z rozwiązaniami prawnymi wybranych państw Unii Europejskiej oraz ukazanie znaczenia kryteriów 3E oraz value for money w ocenie sprawnego funkcjonowania jednostek sektora ﬁnansów publicznych. W każdym z omawianych państw utworzono instytucje publiczne wyposażone w instrumenty prawnoﬁnansowe, które mają na celu zapewnienie przestrzegania przepisów regulujących procesy gromadzenia i rozdysponowania środków publicznych. Omówienie francuskich, niemieckich i brytyjskich rozwiązań prawnych na tle tych, które funkcjonują w RP, umożliwi wykazanie unikatowości polskiego systemu odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny ﬁnansów publicznych. W opracowaniu uwzględniono stan prawny obowiązujący na 18 lutego 2015 r.

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Rola salda pierwotnego w stabilizowaniu długu publicznego w krajach członkowskich strefy euro w latach 1999-2013

Author(s): Kamilla Marchewka-Bartkowiak,Marcin Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Problem stabilizowania zadłużenia stał się szczególnie istotny obecnie w kontekście kryzysu ﬁnansowego w państwach strefy euro. Rodzą się pytania: czy państwa te są w stanie ustabilizować zadłużenie w ciągu najbliższych lat? czy obowiązujące obecnie traktatowe kryterium deﬁcytu sektora general government jest wystarczające do oceny sytuacji ﬁnansów publicznych, w świetle braku oceny jego struktury wskazującej na obciążenie budżetu bieżącymi kosztami obsługi długu? czy ocena poziomu salda pierwotnego (deﬁcytu pierwotnego) nie byłaby bardziej adekwatnym warunkiem weryﬁkacji bieżącego stanu ﬁnansów publicznych? W artykule tym autorzy dokonali analizy sytuacji ﬁnansów publicznych w krajach strefy euro z uwzględnieniem wybranych wskaźników budżetowych. Celem badania było wskazanie podstaw do oceny możliwości stabilizowania długu przez te kraje, a tym samym próba wskazania na możliwe odpowiedzi na powyższe pytania.

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Kryteria konwergencji w świetle kryzysu 2008+

Author(s): Magdalena Nawrot / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o skuteczność kryteriów konwergencji oraz przyczyny niewystarczającej zbieżności między państwami strefy euro. Przedstawiona będzie geneza kryteriów konwergencji oraz ich teoretyczne podstawy. Zaprezentowane zostaną doświadczenia pierwszej dekady funkcjonowania strefy euro, kiedy to kryteria konwergencji były niekiedy traktowane jedynie jako luźne wskaźniki. W celu odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy kryteria konwergencji są wystarczającymi oraz adekwatnymi warunkami członkostwa w streﬁe euro, analizie zostaną poddane najważniejsze przyczyny leżące u podstaw kryzysu 2008+ w Europie, zmiany w zarządzaniu gospodarczym strefą euro oraz najważniejsze koncepcje literatury przedmiotu. W efekcie możliwe będzie sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących skuteczności kryteriów konwergencji oraz nowych rozwiązań dotyczących zarządzania gospodarczego w streﬁe euro.

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Środki protekcji uwarunkowanej w Unii Europejskiej w świetle przemian w gospodarce światowej

Author(s): Małgorzata Czermińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka środków protekcji uwarunkowanej stosowanych w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zmian dokonujących się na jednolitym rynku wewnętrznym i w gospodarce światowej. W opracowaniu skupiono się na środkach ochrony przed nieuczciwym importem, w szczególności instrumentach antydumpingowych, gdyż te stosowane są najczęściej. Wykorzystana w opracowaniu metoda badawcza obejmuje analizę źródeł literaturowych, w tym aktów wtórnego prawa Unii Europejskiej oraz danych statystycznych dotyczących środków protekcji uwarunkowanej, a także praktykę gospodarczą.

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Konflikty w Afryce i Jemenie w 2018 r. – ekspansja dżihadystów a wzrost intensywności i umiędzynarodowienia

Author(s): Kamila Pronińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to analyze the conflicts which were ongoing in 2018,in Yemen and Africa. The selection of armed conflicts was made on the basis ofthree main criteria: intensity, i.e. the scale of battle-deaths; internationalization, i.e.military involvement of third countries; the activities of jihadist groups. The articlediscusses armed conflicts in the Sahel region and the Lake Chad, in Libya, Somalia,and Yemen. As part of the Strategic Yearbook series that reviews current armedconflicts, this study is a continuation of the analyses from previous years. Its purposeis to explore the conditions and dynamics of the 2018 armed conflicts and theirimplications for international security. It explains the reasons of their increasingintensity and internationalization. The expansion of jihadist groups, especiallythose related to IS (Islamic State of Iraq and Levant, the so called Islamic State) orAl-Qaeda (AQ), is perceived as an important factor in this regard. It is argued thatthe activity of armed jihadist groups leads also to greater military involvement ofWestern states.

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Energia i klimat – współczesne trendy i wyzwania bezpieczeństwa energetycznego

Author(s): Kamila Pronińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article offers an analysis of the most important energy market trends from theperspective of their importance for energy security and climate change. The energyand climate systems are two areas of human activity strongly influencing each other.On the one hand, the way energy is produced and consumed influences the globalclimate system, on the other hand, climate policy impacts energy security. The articletherefore focuses on the directions and dynamics of changes taking place in theenergy sector and which are of particular importance for global reductions of CO2emissions. It gives an insight into the policies of the world’s largest consumers offossil fuels and into the extent to which their activities favour energy transformation.This analysis critically assesses the feasibility of achieving the global climate policytargets set in 2015 in Paris. Especially importantly for the Strategic Yearbook, the2018 events and current trends serve as points of reference: the article outlines theconditions and results of climate negotiations of COP24 held in Poland and thenewest IPCC report on Global Warming of 1.5°C. An analysis of demand-supplytrends, recent trends in the area of CO2 emissions as well as current events leads toconclusions concerning some long-term challenges for energy and climate security.

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Rosja: zbierają się ciemne chmury

Author(s): Marek Menkiszak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In 2018, even though Vladimir Putin’s mandate was formally confirmed ina presidential election, his approval ratings fell significantly, particularly becauseof his highly unpopular decision to raise the retirement age substantially. Thedecision was one of the ways of seeking savings and building reserves in case theeconomic situation became worse as a result of multiplying American sanctionsand changes in the energy resources market. It was a challenge for the Kremlin, andthe Russian government looked for a way to strengthen the political legitimacy ofPutin’s rule while trying to keep their foreign policy directions unchanged withoutunduly escalating the conflict with the US. Russia attempted to make use of growingtransatlantic tensions while looking to normalize its relations with the main WesternEuropean countries and tightening its unequal anti-American quasi-alliance withChina.

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“Capture” of the Post-Socialist State as a Challenge to the EU Integration

Author(s): Andrey Nonchev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Different trajectories of post-socialist societal transformations and their alternativeconceptualizations are discussed. The paper addresses the specific mode of post-socialist societydesignated as "state capture" and its economic, political and social dimensions. The paper offers atheoretical model of the captured state, identifying its differentia specifica and its economic,political and social effects. The interaction between state institutions, political and economicpower networks and their rational strategies to capture the state is identified. The implementationof these strategies involves the formation and operation of politico-economic power networks thatseek to control key public legislative, executive and judiciary institutions and to extract economicand political benefits. The state capture has fundamental political, economic and social consequences that could become serious barriers to deepening European integration and even stimulate disintegration processes.

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The Western Balkans in the EU Accession Process: PES(I) Assessment

Author(s): Galya Mancheva,Elena Simeonova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Despite the internal destabilization and ongoing asymmetric crises, European Unionstill tends on extending its borders. The main target destinations are Western Balkans countries,which, undoubtedly, present a more complex case compared to previous rounds of the EU enlargement. In the same time, as a result of acceleration, EU has set standards higher than ever. Inthe strive to cover the EU-set acquisition standards, and to attract foreign investments, WesternBalkans countries produce different degrees of political risk which affects the business and investors. The article presents a part of the results of a complex authors’ research with а main focus of evaluating the Western Balkans countries political, economical, social, and risk environment inthe Eurointegration processes in the region. A specially designed modification of the well-knownPEST analysis (PES(I)) analysis is applied on 10-year period (2007-2017). It is concluded thatWestern Balkan accession to EU is more a political rather than an economical issue. Based on theanalysis, Republic of Albania is shown to be the best performing country among the region, doingthe biggest progress in economic and political aspects, generating the lowest political risk levels.Keywords: Western Balkans, political regime, democracy score, exchange rate regime, GDP,GDP per capita, population growth, age and educational structure, key interest rate, sovereignspreads, sovereign credit risk, credit rating, financial markets, political indicators, political risk.

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Badanie opinii mieszkańców Poznania dotyczących rozwoju funkcji turystycznej

Author(s): Agnieszka Niezgoda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Procesy konkurencji w układach regionalnych i lokalnych zmuszają do poszukiwania rozwiązań wynikających z przyjęcia zasad i reguł zapewniających większe powodzenie w osiąganiu celów rozwojowych jednostek przestrzennych. Jednym z najważniejszych celów w takim ujęciu jest dobrobyt społeczności zamieszkującej miasto. Kategorią uwzględniającą stopień satysfakcji pewnej grupy obywateli (np. mieszkańców gminy, miasta czy regionu) z całokształtu egzystencji jest jakość życia. Jej poziom zależy m.in. od działalności gospodarczej miasta i związanych z nią efektów ekonomicznych. Jedną z funkcji gospodarczych miasta może być turystyka. Jednak zależności pomiędzy procesem podnoszenia jakości życia a rozwojem turystyki mają charakter bardziej złożony. Przyczynia się do tego złożoność produktu turystycznego danego obszaru oraz rola mieszkańców w jego kształtowaniu.

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Foreign market entry and growth in emerging markets: The case of Guinness in Nigeria

Author(s): Barbara Jankowska,Małgorzata Bartosik‑Purgat,Peter Victor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

1. Conceptual remarks. 1.1. Internationalisation—what is it? 1.2. External determinants of firm’s internationalization (social / cultural environment, legal environment, economic environment, political environment, technological environment). 1.3. Modes of foreign market entry. 1.4. The Uppsala model of internationalization. 2. The Guinness brand: Historical evolution and entry strategy into Nigeria. 3. Guinness Nigeria: Market share, portfolio and brand values. 4. Guinness Nigeria: Survival in Nigeria based on the chosen mode of entry and business sustainability strategy. 4.1. Foreign market entry mode and business survival of Guinness Nigeria. 4.2. Guinness Nigeria business sustainability strategy: A critical element for survival within the Nigerian business environment (product innovation and diversification strategy, leadership in alcohol in society, building striving communities, reducing our environmental impact). 4.3. Challenges to Guinness Nigeria’s continued survival in Nigeria.

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Euro-Türkler ve Kimlik Tartışmalarına Sivil Toplum Perspektifinden Bakmak

Author(s): Fatih Yaman / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanlar arası ilişkilerin hakkaniyetli bir toplumsal zeminde inşa edilebilmesinin ve sürdürülebilmesinin önündeki en büyük engellerden biri, “biz” ve “onlar” ayrımını oluşturan “sorunlu” kimlik belirlenimleridir. Etnik, dini, kültürel, ideolojik ya da cinsiyete dayalı bir şekilde geliş(tiril)en kimliklere bağlı hak talepleri ve çatışmaları özellikle son elli yılın önemli siyasi ve sos-yo-kültürel değişimlerinin katalizörü olmuştur. Teknik ilerlemenin belirleyiciliğinde çok katmanlı bir sonuç olarak ortaya çıkan küreselleşme, bir yönüy-le adeta küçülerek sıkışan bir dünya durumuna, yani farklı coğrafyalardaki insanları kuşatan zaman ve mekâna dair türdeşlik algısının hızla yayılmasına sebep olurken, diğer taraftan, kimliklere dayalı talep ve çatışmaların yaygın-laşmasına, engellenemez bir yükseliş göstermesine ve farklı siyasi stratejilerin temel söylem ve eğilimini belirleyerek (Keyman, 2007: 110) kamusal ilginin odağına yerleşmesine zemin oluşturmuştur. Dolayısıyla, farklı temel-lerde ortaya çıkan kimlik talep ve çatışmalarına değinmeksizin yaşadığımız dünyayı anlamak, söz konusu talep ve çatışmalara kalıcı çözümler bulmadan da güvenli bir dünya düzeni ihtimalinden söz etmek olanaksız görünmektedir (Yaman, 2016: 730).

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Политическата култура и предприемаческата активност като предпоставки за позитивно развитие в България

Author(s): Daniela Pastarmadzhieva,Mina Angelova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Thirty years ago, Bulgaria made a shift towards democratic development, but the social environment has the potential to strengthen or undermine the selected direction. The aim of the current work is to identify the state of Bulgarian political culture and entrepreneurial activity and make a forecast about their future development. The object of the study is Bulgaria since 1989. The focus are a selection of indicators, regarding the political culture and entrepreneurial activity. In order to achieve our goal we make review of the studies, regarding the topic and use quantitative data in order to evaluate the political culture and entrepreneurial activity. Among the sources are European values study, World values survey, Eurostat and Global Entrepreneurship Index.

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How Covid-19 impacted the European integration processes? The case of EU Cohesion Policy and budget

Author(s): Ida Musiałkowska,Piotr Idczak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The current pandemic crisis caused by Covid-19 significantly impacted the processes of European integration. The European Union decided to act within and beyond existing competences and instruments to support the efforts of its Member States, along with regional and local authorities, in the fight against Covid-19. Our study sheds light on the instruments and solutions proposed within the framework of the cohesion and budget policy to tackle the problems related to Covid-19 in Europe. The analysis focuses on two strands: 1) EU assistance offered through cohesion policy (CP) instruments toward above areas; 2) the future evolution of EU budget, and therefore integration shifts, provoked by the Covid-19 crisis. Design/methodology/approach: The study analyzes statistical data with regard to the use of instruments of the Cohesion Policy under the Covid-19 pandemic, but also the amendments introduced to legal acts and decision-making processes that refer to the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2021–2027. Findings: We notice a strong shift of priorities regarding environment transformation, digitalization, and health protection, reflected in the MFF. The coordinative role of European institutions and the redirection of different financial instruments to health care follows the neofunctionalist paradigm and represents a spillover effect resulting from integration. The crisis analyzed from the institutional perspective is seen as a chance to reform the decision-making process, while on the other hand, as a threat to the inclusive integration of all Member States. Originality and value: The paper is an original contribution on the overall use of both financial and legislative instruments in the times of unprecedented health and economic crisis caused by Covid-19 in the European Union. The text can be a valuable insight for both researchers and practitioners in the field of broadly understood European studies.

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Constructing Their Own Liberation: Youth’s Reimagining of Gender and Queer Sexuality in Iraqi Kurdistan

Author(s): Hawzhin Azeez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Youth across the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) are consistently an influential generational cohort that contributes to progressive and evolving visions of Kurdishness. Not only are they impacting the nature of Kurdish identity through their activism and shrewd use of social media, but they are also moving toward a more critical views of patriarchal nationalism (Kurdayetî) and challenging gender norms. In the past half century, the KRI has become the locus of Kurdish nationalism, which has acted as a means of entrenching patriarchal, clientelistic, and patrimonial attitudes in the name of the national and Kurdish struggle against the Iraqi state. More recently, this patriarchal nationalism has become increasingly fragmentary, promoting a sense of disconnect and apathy within society, since the political elite has reduced Kurdayeti to a tool used to loosely legitimize their diminishing claims to power. This approach by the political elites has failed to create a united and consistent shared sense of belonging in society for a largely adolescent and youth cohort. Kurdish leaders continue to use past glories, struggles, successes, and achievements to maintain power, even as their current policies no longer feasibly represent or entice the evolving interests of a substantially youthful population.

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Kurdish Youth and Civic Culture: Support for Democracy Among Kurdish and non-Kurdish Youth in Iraq

Author(s): Dastan Jasim / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The foundations of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) were laid in 1991 and what started as a form of de facto autonomy became official in 2005, being enshrined in the new Iraqi constitution. This brought major changes to how Kurdish people were socialized in the newly established Kurdish region. A new generation was born in this decisive period during the 1990s that has now grown up to be citizens of the Kurdistan Region and Iraq, with the cohort of people under the age of thirty constituting most of the country. The systematic changes of governance in Kurdistan and Iraq in 1991 and 2003 have led to a situation in which the members of this cohort were politically socialized much differently than their parents.

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Principles of the United Nations Global Compact

Author(s): Anna Mravcová,Jana Gálová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The United Nations Global Compact represents one of the biggest voluntary initiatives under the United Nations organisation. This initiative was founded in 2000. It is strongly connected with Corporate Social Responsibility and efforts in achieving sustainability as it is a call for businesses worldwide to contribute towards sustainable world development in economic, social as well as environmental areas. Until last year, when the UNGC celebrated its 20th anniversary, it already had over 11,500 participants all around the world. This fact can have significant impact on achieving its goals which were set in the form of 10 principles divided into 4 main areas, where the positive and sustainable operating of business as well as other types of organisations is much than needed today. Therefore, in the text of this subchapter, the basic information about the very Global Compact initiative is presented, as well as its 10 universal principles set in the areas of human rights, labour standards, environment and anti-corruption, through which the participants are required to take strategic actions in achieving broader societal goals, mainly current Sustainable Development Goals,the interconnection of which is also presented and highlighted. The aim is to help understand the importance of this UN initiative for creating a better and sustainable world by incorporating business and other organisations.

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„O teorie a dreptății“ și reconectarea filosofiei politice românești la sursele contemporane ale modernității

Author(s): Laurenţiu Gheorghe / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

After 1990, the Romanian political philosophy freed from the compulsory official Marxist dogma had to choose between a range of inadequate options from the viewpoint of current reality: reconnecting with the interwar tradition but in a different historical context; replaying the cold war ideological clash this time from the anti-Marxist perspective, that seemed redundant given the political and economic failure of Marxism or embracing the western post modern discourse, that didn’t reflect in any way the current Romanian political and social realities. Faced with these alternatives it was necessary to regain a philosophical experience of the transition from modernity to post-modernity that will enable the adequate approach to the realities of the transition from communism to post-modern capitalism. Given this context, from a certain philosophical perspective, the study of Rawls from A theory of Justice to Political Liberalism provided a unique opportunity to escape tradition without canceling it, to overcome the socialist-capitalist dichotomy and to connect to contemporary philosophical debates without losing the local perspective.

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MARGINAL, DAR DESCHIS COMUNICĂRII – SHAKESPEARE ÎN INTERIORUL COMUNITĂȚILOR. CAZUL TEATRULUI PENTRU EMIGRANȚI ȘI PENTRU VETERANI

Author(s): Ioana Petcu-Pădurean / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Considering as premise the playwriting of William Shakespeare being one of the touchstones of humanities, in this study we will rise the question about the method through which the work of the classic writer became a way of the contemporary society to reflect some of its most polemized, keen, difficult or challenging topics. Going on, a necessary answer will be given regarding the fact that the plays of the English author get today rather the utilitarian aspect in the scenic approach or if, in fact, there are more nuanced positioning. And there are, as we can not put aside the way that artists are often perceiving the message in a whole, not only on the edge of social, documentary or politic theatre. Therefore, what is it transmitted to us and what do we transmit to history when Shakespearean plays are staged in refuges camps or when debating the veteran’s status. In our approach we will focus on some main artistic directions or forum theatre examples: Love’s Labour’s Lost directed by Corinne Jabel at Kaboul in 2005, the Hamlet Globe Théâtre's production directed on refuges camp in Calais, in 2016, and also Macbeth directed by Peter Callender or the one directed by Amy Attaway from 2019, both talking about the veteran’s or vulnerable groups status. But we believe that each of those visions are simply emphasizing the idea that the great literature fights for fundamental humanist and moral principles.

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