CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

„Pod egidą” prawa i patriotyzmu. Rzecz o zakonie faszystowskim w międzywojennej Polsce 1922–1924

Author(s): Anna Kargol / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

In the beginning of twenties in interwar Poland the parliamentary majority is formed by the right wing parties. In the same time the right extremist’s organizations are trying to find their place in the public space. Those are Pogotowie Patriotów Polskich (Polish Patriot’s Emergency) or Zakon Rycerzy Prawa (The Knight’s of Right Order). This last one is organized on freemasonry patterns including structure and ritual and builds the net of cells on the territory of the whole country. The influences of the Order reach all groups of society especially polish secret service in polish army. The leaders of the Order tend to play the first role on political and public scene. But polish authorities are going to dissolve their organization. The article presents the history of the Order, its ritual, ideology, system of gaining the members, plan of fascist revolt in Poland, finally personal and political ties.

More...

The Emerging Sino-American Cold War

Author(s): Kazimierz Dadak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The Donald Trump presidency ushered in a new era of Sino-American relations. Under Trump, American policies towards the Asian Giant evolved from antagonistic and confrontational to seemingly close and warm to eventually turn into an open economic and political conflict. The present “decoupling” of the two economies initiated by the Trump administration may be seen as an attempt to divide the world into two camps and this process may shape global politics, economics, and military affairs for decades to come. The emerging struggle for world dominance has features resembling the Soviet-American cold war. But the Soviet Union posed only a major military and ideological threat while China is quickly becoming an economic superpower and uses this strength to pry out entire regions from the American sphere of influence. China has created international trade and financial structures that challenge the dominance of the American-led World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The Asian competitor is also taking steps to replace the U.S. dollar with its own currency in international markets.

More...

Demography as a security strategy factor in Poland and the Russian Federation

Author(s): Joachim Diec / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The study focuses on the major perceptions of demographic security in Poland and Russia, regarded as an aspect of both social and state security. Demographics as a political topic has been increasingly more often exploited as a key theme in official narratives and practical policies. The similarities in the demographic dynamics in both countries, as well as conditional failures of demographic policies, may not necessarily result from evident mistakes, but are probably a result of a complex set of social factors, including the regularities of demographic development in the past. It is quite clear, however, that the Polish political narratives and declared set of state objectives concentrate rather on the social sphere, whereas the Russian rhetoric and policy are clearly more state oriented.

More...

Economic defence as one of the pillars of total defence – the case of RTAs as an instrument of strengthening the EU’s competitiveness on foreign markets

Author(s): Elżbieta Majchrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Dynamic changes taking place in the global economy make it necessary to function in a complex and unstable economic environment, to which economies must constantly adapt. This compels entities such as the European Union to systematically review and appropriately shape its foreign policy, which involves taking actions to build resilience to crises and secure commercial interests. Particularly in view of the weakening position of the organisation globally managing international trade, the EU focuses on the implementation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), which are an increasingly important element of EU trade policy and are aimed at strengthening the EU’s competitive position in the global economy and building resilience to crises, which bolsters its economic defence. These aspects constitute an important and current research problem, especially in the context of current events in the global economy. The aim of this article is to present EU trade agreements in the context of their importance for the economic defence of the trade bloc, as well as to analyse the changes that have been introduced in the EU trade policy in the last two decades in relation to this issue. The analysis is based mainly on original materials and scientific studies on EU trade policy, as well as data from the European Commission and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The analytical and descriptive methods were mainly used. The results of the analysis carried out in the article showed that the implemented trade agreements lead to the strengthening of the competitive position of the EU and the strengthening of economic defence. By taking these actions, the EU is perceived as a pillar of the economic security of the Member States.

More...

The idea of synergic quality management as a key pillar of building social resilience

Author(s): Barbara Wiśniewska-Paź / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The issues related to management, quality competences and social resilience for at least several decades have been very popular and are the subject of analyzes by representatives of various scientific disciplines. They are interesting because they concern almost every area of our life – their development and, at the same time, problems to be solved, implementing innovations, constantly taking into account the context of socio-cultural, economic, technological and other changes. Total Quality Management refers to a pro-quality approach to life and work based on cooperation, commitment, mindfulness, self-control, the need to develop and improve own qualifications and competences. Ultimately, this is to affect the long-term development and well-being of employees, institutions as well as potential applicants, customers, etc. and a wide range of institutions and people using the services of a company/institution or cooperating with it (within various spaces of social, cultural, economic, educational reality, etc.) and society understood in its various dimensions. The article deals with the key dimensions and contexts of the concept of comprehensive quality management, which is one of the key pillars of social resilience.

More...

How to build a resilient society in a weak state: the case of Lebanon

Author(s): Alex Issa / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The Beirut Port explosion brought to the world’s attention the long-term struggle of a population suffering from structural deficiencies due to the lack of efficient public policies and strong state institutions capable of fulfilling their primary roles. The weak Lebanese state is the victim of its rulers’ inability to ensure their population has access to its basic needs and rights. On the other hand, the population itself is stuck in a vicious circle due to the specificity of the Lebanese political culture that gives more power and allegiance to the community than the state itself, creating an atmosphere revolving around corruption, clientelism and violence, and leading to massive flow of educated young people who desperately want to but cannot help their country. In such circumstances, both the state and the population become a target for bigger regional powers that use the Lebanese territory as a battlefield for their own rivalries and interests. Consequently, and with an unprecedent economic crisis, building a resilient society in Lebanon is challenged by various obstacles that need to be addressed as a whole, by including the different actors involved in such processes and mostly the local population itself, whose role is indispensable in building lasting resilience and peace.

More...

A tale of two hemispheres: Norwegian and Australian approaches to national resilience. A comparative analysis

Author(s): Marco Massimo Grandi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Paper conducts a comparative analysis of two different national approaches to national resilience in an attempt to identify useful considerations and recommendations for Poland: two models chosen were the Norwegian Total Defence Concept (TDC) and Australia’s National Disaster Response and Resilience approach. They were selected due to their different areas of focus: the Norwegian model is centred on societal mobilisation and its military enablement with the primary purpose of national defence against conventional military and hybrid threats, while the Australian approach is still focused on enhancing national resilience in order to respond to major natural calamities. By examining both models and extrapolating their strengths while noting their vulnerabilities, the basis for a well-rounded national resilience strategy can be identified. While the TDC appears to best suit Poland’s current security challenges, the country would benefit from enhancing its comprehensive local engagement, perhaps through its Territorial Defence Forces. Caution should be exercised with regards to over-committing the Polish military in its support to disaster response at a time when the nation’s eastern flank is once again highly volatile.

More...

How to increase Poland’s resilience?

Author(s): Sławomir Łazarek / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The aim of the article is to identify and analyse key formal and legal documents and applicable procedures in the field of state security, which contribute to building the resilience of society and the Polish state. The main emphasis is put on the description of current regulations and the principles of managing and responding to crisis situations. Following that, based on a brief assessment of current activities, the author will present general directional assumptions of his (unofficial) concept of comprehensive strengthening of Poland’s resilience. This will include (1) a suggestion to designate national resilience areas, (2) identification of priority resilience areas, and (3) recommendation of directions for further action.

More...

Opportunities to increase Poland’s defence capacity through in-service training for teachers of military preparation units

Author(s): Ilona Urych,Zbigniew Leśniewski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The substantial re-education of the Polish Armed Forces has necessitated replenishment of the number of reserve personnel. To this end, new forms of short military training for volunteers have been introduced, in line with the objective that within the next few years the number of soldiers and civilian employees of the military will initially exceed 200,000, and later 300,000. The aim of this article is to analyse the possibilities of increasing Poland’s defence capacity through in-service training for teachers of military preparation units. The research included analysis of the literature on the subject of military education classes in Poland, as well as the study of regulatory documents in the area under consideration. Theoretical research methods such as analysis, synthesis and inference were also applied. The study presented here includes an account of the origins of the military preparation units and a description of the features of the in-service training for teachers of those units, conducted at the War Studies University.

More...

The shaping of moral attitudes as a pillar of contemporary security and social order

Author(s): Paulina Czernik,Mirosław Laskowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The long-term process of education, and above all, shaping the desired social attitudes among young citizens of each country is the basis of the future social order. Individual moral order translates directly into order in social structures and relations, which is important in the context of ensuring both internal and external security. In an orderly society, the so-called “strong moral backbone” is much more resistant to threats, and also much more effective in counteracting them. Unfortunately, the issue of moral education is not much emphasised in contemporary educational systems. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to identify the components of the moral education process as key factors shaping the contemporary order and social security. Thus, the issues of moral disorder as a source of real threats, both in the individual and social dimension, as well as the problem of moral education as the basis for shaping the desired social attitudes in the contemporary world, were analysed. In order to achieve the assumed goal, the following research methods (theoretical) were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, explanation, generalization, and inference. The research was carried out using the technique of examining documents and source materials.

More...

Dokąd zmierza NATO? Sojusz Północnoatlantycki, Europa i Polska w świetle decyzji szczytu NATO w Madrycie 29–30 czerwca 2022 r.

Author(s): Tomasz Chłoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The effectiveness and longevity of the Atlantic Alliance depend on its ability to adapt to the changing conditions of the international environment and the resulting threats. This is borne out by the outcome of NATO’s Madrid summit, which, in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine, responds to the renewed threat of global war, although it does not mark a simple return to the pre-1989 era. They refer to a fundamental expansion of Alliance capabilities in NATO’s three missions: collective defence, crisis management and collective security. The increased commitment of the Alliance on the eastern flank gives credibility to the guarantees of Article 5. The new Strategic Concept adopted at the summit increases the commitments of the European allies vis-à-vis American expectations, which is deepened by its correlation with the EU Strategic Compass.

More...

Cyber operations and Article 42.7 of the Treaty on European Union

Author(s): Ewa Suwara / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The threat posed by the occurrence of cyber-attacks constitutes a challenge to national security. Such attacks may target and disturb the daily functioning of any state. Faced with complex and diverse crises, the European Union (EU) has improved its response capacities over the last decades, introducing a so-called ‘aid and assistance clause’ into Article 42(7) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) applicable in the case of armed aggression against an EU member state on its territory. The main objective of this publication is to examine potential conditions for the application of Article 42(7) TEU in response to cyber operations. The author argues that under certain conditions, the aid and assistance clause in Article 42(7) TEU may be invoked in response to certain cyber operations against an EU member state on its territory.

More...

Prawne aspekty konfliktu w Górskim Karabachu: stan obecny i perspektywy

Author(s): Rafal Czachor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The following study picks up some important legal problems related to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh – an Azerbaijani separatist province. The Armenians claim that in 1991 Nagorno-Karabakh effectively abandoned Azerbaijan and declared independence, while the Azeris argue that an armed secession was illegal and the disputed territory de jure remains under their jurisdiction. The paper pays particular attention to the main legal arguments that have been raised by both parties to the conflict. It asserts that under Soviet law the secession of Nagorno-Karabakh was not admissible. Pertain to the contemporary public international law the discussion starts with the conclusion that the principle of territorial integrity prevails over the principle of the self-determination of the peoples. However, all minorities, including the peoples and ethnic groups, should enjoy the right to the social, economic and cultural development. Even though Azerbaijan can claim the right to exercise jurisdiction over disputed territory, it should fulfill all duties of a state under the international covenants of civil, economic, social and cultural rights and the European Human Rights Convention.

More...

Condamnées à s’allier. La Pologne et la France à la fin de la Grande Guerre et dans l’immédiat après-guerre (1917–1921)

Author(s): Małgorzata Gmurczyk-Wrońska / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

Roman Dmowski and his camp, including Erazm Piltz, used the evolution of French foreign policy and the existence of the Polish National Committee in Paris to pressure the French government to include Polish independence in the Allies’ war aims. France’s increased interest in Polish affairs in late 1917 resulted partly from the loss of its Russian ally and partly from a strong desire to weaken Germany as much as possible. France then began to modify its policy in Eastern Europe and included in its future plans the possibility of including the new Central European states in its alliance system. Finally, in 1921, France and Poland concluded a two-part alliance: a political agreement and a secret military convention. For France, in the political and military spheres, Poland was nothing more than a “rear ally”, an ally against Germany, as well as an ally that raised many objections in the Quai d’Orsay. It also played a very important role for French investors. For Poland, on the other hand, the alliance with France as a victorious power was a very important factor in its foreign policy, because Poland absolutely needed a partner among the European powers.

More...

La question polonaise au cours de la Grande Guerre et pendant la Conférence de la Paix – perspective française

Author(s): Tomasz Schramm / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

The Polish question did not arouse much interest in France after the Congress of Vienna, and its importance decreased after the Franco-Prussian War. Both political camps fighting for independence during the First World War based their strategies on cooperation with Russia, which soon proved futile (Dmowski), or on armed action on the side of Austria-Hungary (Piłsudski). France, on the other hand, saw Polish independence not accepted by Russia as a threat at the beginning of the war, and its autonomy within the Empire as the best solution. Its interest in an independent Poland as a bulwark against Germany began in 1917 with the manifesto of the Polish National Committee. Towards the end of the war, the national interests of France and Poland, for it was these and not feelings that determined policy, began to converge. Support for Poland at the peace conference was linked to the desire to weaken Germany. However, this must be qualified, because a detailed analysis shows that in the matter of the membership of Danzig and Upper Silesia, France supported the cautious and less favorable British position.

More...

Zasłużeni dla Francji, zasłużeni dla Polski. Francuscy oficerowie w polskich uczelniach wojskowych, czyli prowadzenie wojny na sposób francuski

Author(s): Lech Maliszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The importance of the contribution of the officers of the French Military Mission in Poland to the organisation and development of the Higher War School in Warsaw is not sufficiently recognised due to the decreasing knowledge of French among Polish researchers and the difficulties of accessing military archives in France. From its creation in the autumn of 1919 until 1928, when the last French officers completed their training mission, about fifty Frenchmen worked at the Higher War School in Warsaw. Their attitude towards Polish students was generally correct or good, and in the case of some of them, decidedly pro-Polish. During the ten years of the French instructors’ presence, The Higher School of War, being the most important military academy in renaissance Poland and the true cradle of Polish military thought, trained about half of all Polish staff officers serving in the Polish army.

More...

L’engagement militaire français dans la guerre polono-bolchévique et le moment polonais dans la trajectoire de Charles de Gaulle

Author(s): Frédéric Guelton / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

French participation in the Bolshevik war is presented in two ways, either minimizing its significance or making it a foregone conclusion of victory. Initial contacts between Polish and French officers are characterized by mutual polite distrust, an expression of differences in military culture and political interests. The crucial involvement in the establishment of military education in Poland and the subsequent active participation of French soldiers in the battle influenced the breaking of the distance. Polish prowess and French method yielded a joint victory. However, the true scale of French participation remains unexplored is requiring further archival research.

More...

La France, la Pologne et l’«esprit de Locarno» dans le projet de pacte oriental (1933–1934)

Author(s): Frédéric Dessberg / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

The weakness of the Franco-Polish military alliance stemmed from conflicting perceptions of security. France prioritized possible threats from Germany, while for Poland these threats came from Soviet Russia. This introduced ambiguity into their military cooperation, especially since France preferred a collective security system while Poland favored bilateral agreements. France secured its borders with the Locarno treaties, while for Central Europe it wanted a collective security agreement involving the USSR. Poland’s conclusion of a nonaggression pact with the USSR was an opportunity for France to limit its alliance commitments, which was to take concrete form in the draft Eastern Pact, rejected by Poland as an “Eastern Locarno”. It revealed the limits of the League of Nations’ collective security system and distanced Poland and France from each other, although it did not formally call into question the existing alliance.

More...

L’alliance franco-polonaise et la montée des périls dans la seconde moitié des années 1930

Author(s): Isabelle Davion / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

France considered the Franco-Polish alliance of 1921 to be part of a collective security system that included consultation with Czechoslovakia in the event of German aggression. Its position also changed because of the lack of coordination between the Quai d’Orsay and the General Staff, as it was impossible to reconcile the network of alliances in Central Europe with the preparation of a strictly defensive war. The system of collective security deteriorated in the 1930s, and became increasingly distorted thereafter. The right of peoples to self-determination was instrumentalized in the crisis over the Polish minority in Czechoslovakia, which intensified from 1937. The potential for Franco-Polish cooperation was severely undermined by the Sudetenland crisis. Bonnet sought to blame the Polish side in order to exonerate France and justify his own conciliatory stance towards Munich. In the Quai d’Orsay, on the other hand, there were tendencies aware of the devastation of Franco-Polish relations that sought to assess what could be salvaged from them.

More...

Waga dziedzictwa historii najnowszej w stosunkach francusko-polskich

Author(s): Tomasz Orłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The French Military Mission in Poland was established immediately after World War I, with the task of helping organize and train the Polish Army. It was part of a broader political project of French interest in Central European countries, which quickly proved unsustainable. However, during the Bolshevik War, its tasks fundamentally increased when a French soldier fought for the first time to defend the territory of independent Poland. This was then-Captain Charles de Gaulle’s experience, and deeply affected the role and place he assigned to Poland as President of the Fifth Republic in his vision of Europe. His recognition of the inviolability of the Oder-Neisse border, as the first Western leader as early as 1959, was one of its main elements.

More...