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Purism and the UDASEL

Author(s): Manfred Gorlach / Language(s): English Issue: 41-42/1996

These alternatives exist as a reaction to the lexical impact of English (or other languages) on Continental languages - to borrow the foreign word (with whatever formal changes), to use an existing native word and extend its meaning, and to render the English word by translating it. The paper explores the evidence for the latter policy in meeting the English challenge in sixteen European languages, distinguishing between three types of calquing: (loan) translation, rendition and creation. The data are taken from the new Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Selected European Languages (to be published by Oxford University Press in 1998), and the limitations of this source with regard to the problem in question are explored. Structural and political/attitudinal reasons are adduced to explain differences of purism apparent in the languages investigated. Selective provisional entries, with experimental grids, are printed in the appendix to detail the arguments and to visualize the geographic representation.

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Pomaknite granice ranoga jezičnoga razvoja: okvir za novu psiholingvističku teoriju

Author(s): Melita Kovačević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

Research on early language development tries to explain and describe the process of child language acquisition. It also tries to prove in an indirect way some hypotheses in the existing linguistic theories. This paper gives guidelines for a different theoretical approach with a critical overview of psycholinguistic theories which deal with language development, and stresses the need for determining new boundaries in early language development.

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Language Contract and Language Interference: The Case of Greek and Old Church Slavonic

Author(s): Henrik Birnbaum / Language(s): English Issue: 41-42/1996

Considering Academician R. Filipović's major contributions to contrastive and contact linguistics, the autor first ponders the possibility of writing an essay to his honor dealing with Balkan Sprachbund phenomena or with the linguistic contacts of Croatian and German (as well as Hungarian), or Italian. However, given the present writer's own earlier research in the area of Greek-Old Church Slavonic language contacts and interference, some hitherto less explored facts of this subject are briefly discussed. Notably, rather than once again considering the already much studied syntactic and lexical Hellenisms (Grecisms) of Old Church Slavonic, attention is focused on the semitisms (which entered via Greek, hence also referred to as "pseudo-Hellenisms") and the vernacular (non-literary) Byzantinisms of the earliest liturgical and written language of the Slavs. Yet, the latter do at most qualify as nascent (incipient) Balkanisms only.

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Morfološke i tvorbene pojave u anglicizmima ruskoga hipijevskog slenga

Author(s): Antica Menac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

U ruskom hipijevskom slengu sedamdesetih i osamdesetih godina, kako ga donosi rječnik F. I. Rožanskog, anglicizmi zauzimaju najve}e mjesto. Proučavajući njihove morfološke i tvorbene karakteristike, autorica opaža da se u njima leksička značenja izriču engleskim slobodnim morfemima, a gramatička značenja ruskim, nikada posu|enim, vezanim morfemima. Kod imenica postoji tendencija mu{kog roda. Imenice prolaze kroz nultu, kompromisnu i potpunu transmorfemizaciju, a pridjevi i glagoli samo kroz potpunu.

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The First Practical Grammar and Reader of Illyrian?

Author(s): Monica Partridge / Language(s): English Issue: 41-42/1996

Attention is called to a substantial number of loose manuscript pages of an intended Practical Grammar and Reader of Illyrian for use of foreigners with a knowledge of Italian. This survives in England in the archive of Frederick North, Fifth Earl of Guilford (1766-1827). Quotations from the text and a description of this Grammar are given and some biographical information about North, a polyglot philhellene. He visited Dubrovnik on several occasions, knew F.-M. Appendini and the Dubrovnik "latinisti" and learned Illyrian. The Grammar was intended for use in the University of Corfu, of which Guilford became the first Chancellor on its foundation in 1824, but was never published.

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Semantička neodređenost internacionalizama i njene posljedice za prevođenje

Author(s): Vladimir Ivir / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

The paper explores the implications of the fixed-meaning ("checklist") and semantic indeterminacy theories for the translation of internationalisms. Though it is widely believed that internationalisms have fixed meanings, their actual use shows as much (if not more) semantic indeterminacy as words belonging to the native wordstock. When the translator finds that he cannot directly copy the source-text internationalism in the target text, he interprets its content relying on his (encyclopedic) knowledge of the world and, relying on his knowledge of the source language, translates it intralingually within that language, ending up with some other words of the source language (which are paradigmatically linked with this internationalism). Finally, relying on his knowledge of the target language, he selects appropriate target-language equivalents for these words.

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Language and Identity

Author(s): Alexander D. Hoyt / Language(s): English Issue: 41-42/1996

This paper discusses the symbolic function of language. Language plays an important role in the identification of groups. We use it to present ourselves as a member of one or more groups. At the same time, we recognize others as members of particular groups based upon their linguistic usage.

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O hrvatskoj riječi patuljak i drugima

Author(s): Alemko Gluhak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

It seems possible that Croatian patúljak (and some other words) and Slovene patílek »dwarf« came from Proto-Slavic *p] t- »bird; young of an animal«.

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Ruski i hrvatski frazemi sa značenjem "vrlo blizu"

Author(s): Željka Fink / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

U članku se analiziraju ruski i hrvatski frazemi sa značenjem »vrlo blizu«. Autorica ih dijeli na tri grupe prema tipu komponente u njihovom sastavu. Prvu grupu čine frazemi s komponentom korak, drugu - s komponentom planina, a u treću ulaze komponente sa značenjem dijelova tijela: nos, oko, ruka, bok. Promatra se utjecaj semantičkog taloga frazema na frazeološko značenje.

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U potrazi za boljom riječi

Author(s): Anja Nikolić-Hoyt / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

This article is an attempt at defining the thesaurus as a completely specific lexicographic reference book. Since the Croatian language, in spite its rich lexicographic tradition, still does not have such a treasured lexicographical work, the article also discusses some important problems related to the theoretical preparation as well as the practical compilation of a thesaurus of the Croatian language.

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Preispitivanje jedne lingvističke doktrine u engleskom

Author(s): Damir Kalogjera / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

The paper argues that the anti-prescriptivist doctrine, well established among academic linguists in USA and Britain, inspired by American Structuralism and later accepted by sociolinguists, is facing a revision. Demands to change alleged discriminatory elements of usage remain unopposed by linguists, and "verbal hygiene" is now being explicitely justified in a theoretical work by D. Cameron. How comprehensive this revision is going to be is not yet clear. Does it include only the anti-discriminatory interventions in the usage or would it reconsider some aspects of "old prescriptivism" based on etymology, logic and chauvinism?

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Bilješka o književnome naglasku hrvatskome

Author(s): Bulcsú László / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

Well-known accentual facts are revisited and interpreted using a strict informational approach to describe samples of nominal inflection. The accentual distinctive features are quantity and position of high pitch. Variant quantity is concomitant with variant position of high pitch, invariant brevity is invariantly pitched. Underlying syllables are pitched or pitchless. If the high pitch in an accentual unit is initialized, all the syllables are pitchless, else the first underlying pitch is realized. Generally the pitch of a higher or equal rank takes priority over the following ones. Selectional criteria for literary usage are discussed. A survey of traditional types as well as an inventory of accentual stems and desinences are given. Production rules to generate the length and pitch alternations are stated.

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Funkcionalni stilovi i sintaksa

Author(s): Ivo Pranjković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 41-42/1996

This paper discusses syntactic features identifiable in different functional styles of the Croatian language (scientific, journalist's, administrative, literary, spoken). Special attention is paid to the difference between »abstract« and »concrete« functional styles and to various kinds of nominalization which is typical of the abstract functional styles (especially the scientific and administrative).

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The fequency of English loanwords in written Polish

Author(s): Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld / Language(s): English Issue: 41-42/1996

On the basis of the examination of several Polish dictionaries of frequency and one recent lexicon of foreign words used in the mass media it is concluded that though the influence of English on Polish in considerable, there is no danger that Polish will be submerged by English as some scholars claim.

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Verschuldung in Griechenland: Ursachen einer hausgemachten Krise und Folgen für den Euro-Raum

Author(s): Heinz-Jürgen Axt / Language(s): German Issue: 04/2010

Abstract. The article assesses whether the Greek economic crisis is of an exogenous nature and a consequence of the global financial crisis of 2008, or whether it rather is of an endogenous nature. The author takes both an economic and a political-cultural approach and comes to the conclusion that the crisis is homemade, with far-reaching consequences for both the Eurozone and the European Union as a whole. He analyzes Greece’s indebtedness, the consequences of the stabilisation program launched by the Greek government, the domestic and international reactions to this program, the coming about and the effects of the EU rescue package, the juridical framework of this package, as well as the perspectives growing out of the crisis, for Greece, its Southeast European neighboring states, the Eurozone, and the European Union.

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The Effects of the Greek Economic Crisis on the Republic of Macedonia

Author(s): James Pettifer / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2010

Abstract. This paper explores the current economic and political situation in the Republic of Macedonia in the aftermath of the most acute period of the international economic crisis, and reviews the prospects for government stability and the possibility of an agreement with Greece over the “name issue” in the coming months.

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Kroatien und die Auswirkungen der Griechenland-Krise

Author(s): Siniša Kušić / Language(s): German Issue: 04/2010

Abstract. The article assesses the effects of the Greek financial crisis on the Croatian economy. Where Croatia’s aspirations to EU membership are concerned, the crisis negatively affects both progress in the economic chapters of the negotiations and the general atmosphere with regard to further enlargement. As for macroeconomic parameters, Greece and Croatia are comparable, with the exception of Croatia’s foreign debt, which is much lower and corresponds to the Maastricht criteria. In the realm of tourism, Croatia profited directly from the Greek crisis, as many tourists seem to have opted for Croatia rather than Greece in choosing their travel destination. On a microeconomic level, many Croats suffer from an increasing inability to fulfill their credit payment obligations. Finally, the author assesses the possibilities of social unrest and mass protests and comes to the conclusion that there is a clear danger that Croatia’s population might follow up on Greece’s path.

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The Effects of the Greek Crisis on Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Denisa Sarajlić-Maglić,Goran Miraščić / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2010

Abstract. The Greek crisis would not have had such a severe effect on the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BaH), had it not been for the cumulative effects of its internal complexities and political challenges. BaH has in fact suffered from three distinct negative influences. On the one hand, its complex governmental structure is a major challenge to its fiscal sustainability, with thirteen fully-fledged governments that consume a large part of its revenue. Second, since the elections of 2006, the country has faced the most severe political stalemate since the Dayton Agreement and has pushed aside any serious debate about economic stability and development. And finally, the existing internal problems have been combined with the most severe global economic crisis since the Great Depression. This global financial and economic crisis only worsened the existing negative macroeconomic conditions surrounding BaH. The Greek variant of this crisis, however, in itself did not have any direct impact on the economy of BaH.

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The Politics of Reintegration and War Commemoration. The Case of the Kosovo Liberation Army

Author(s): Isabel Ströhle / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2010

Abstract. This article examines the contentious question of the appropriate position of veterans in a postwar society, by juxtaposing the externally led reintegration policies with local conceptions of (re-)integration propagated in the veterans’ circles of the Kosovo Liberation Army. Reintegration assistance, a constituent part of post-conflict reconstruction efforts, ultimately aims at demilitarization by supporting the return of former combatants to civilian life in the wake of armed conflict. As is illustrated with the case of Kosovo, reintegration programs can hardly live up to their overly ambitious aims; the assumed division between the combatants and the rest of the society is problematic in the context of partisan warfare. Despite pledges to contextual sensitivity, reintegration programs cannot do justice to the complexity of postwar realities. Hence, if disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is to be successful beyond dismantling the machinery of war, more attention has to be paid to existing social cleavages and group boundaries formed on the basis of varying wartime experiences.

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Albania – Vulnerable or Immune to Potential Risks from the Greek Crisis?

Author(s): Arolda Elbasani,Seimir Elbasani / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2010

Abstract. The Greek crisis has raised many concerns about its potential effects on the fragile post-communist Albanian economy. This report analyzes the effects of the crisis, taking into account 1) structural issues related to the model of post-communist economic development and 2) conjectural challenges to crucial sectors that constitute the bilateral relations between Greece and Albania. The analysis suggests that the potential sectoral and ad hoc consequences of the crisis could prove dangerous when combined with the overall structural weakness of the economy, which suffers from increasing current balance and budgetary deficits as well as a model of development that relies largely on external sources of revenue.

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