За знанието, познанието и пътищата на духовната приемственост
Article telling facts about the Bulgarian history, some known, other not so well.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Article telling facts about the Bulgarian history, some known, other not so well.
More...
An interview between Dr. Anatoli Kanev and the historician - Prof. Milko Palangurski.
More...
In this article Prof. Palangurski is reviewing the political history in modern Bulgaria - from the Liberation in the late 19th century till early 20th century.
More...
Article about an accidentally found excavation site containing human remains and golden adornment and coins, all of this was dated about 5 000 years BC. What does salt had to do with it? This ancient society became rich by selling ingredient, which was much needed but rarely found back then - a nearby salt mine.
More...
As a senior teacher, who is taking active participation in the annual march "In the footsteps of warchief Tanyo", Atanaska Stoycheva is telling why this march is so regarded by the students and what they are learning through it.
More...
The article aims to present transformation of Roman aristocracy in the Gaul territory in the V century. Analyzing rich legacy of Sydoniusz Apollinaris, who represented Gaul-Roman elites, we can recreate the picture of Gaul of his days – shown against the background of transformations taking place in the Roman Empire. The V century seems to be critical in the history of Gaul, as it was then that various barbaric tribes, wading through the defense line on the Rhine, “flooded” the Gaul territory. Simultaneously numerous usurpations of imperial power occurred in the West, causing weakening of Roman influence in the dependent provinces. In this situation, Roman aristocracy, playing until that moment a key role in preservation of traditional Roman administration and of Church organizations – deeply rooted in the territories belonging to the Empire, and thus guaranteeing the continuity of the imperial authority – was bound to answer a difficult question: what to do, when the territorial dependency disappears together with the disappearance of the Western Empire? That is why in the West a certain transformation was to occur; a new order, based on three interconnected elements; Romanitas, Germanitas i Christianitas, was to be created.
More...
Pafnucy Siehen, from Bielsk, was the founder of the Suprasl monastery. He was the one who had the biggest contribution to the creation of the first churches, financial security and determination of the status of the monastery in the Orthodox Church. The Siehen family incurred costs of raising the monastic congregation in Gródek. The Siehens, who co-founded the construction of the monastery, received numerous estates from King Sigismund the Old (Zygmunt Stary). Pafnucy Siehen created a well-organized religious community and supervised legal and material protection of his monastery. At the beginning of 1509 Hegumen Pafnucy Siehen made a request to the king for permission to build a stone Orthodox church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The construction of the church began in October 1510. According to the majority of historians, this year was the date of Pafnucy Siehen’s death. On the basis of new evidence, it has been proven that Pafnucy Siehen did not die that year; he participated in the council of Vilnius in 1509–1510. At this council Pafnucy Siehen, the hegumen of Supraśl, was declared a bishop. After bishop Wassian’s death in 1512, Pafnucy Siehen became the ordinary of Vladimir-Brest diocese. His nomination was supported by the Metropolitan of Kiev, Joseph and secular Orthodox elites. After choosing hegumen Pafnucy the Vladimir-Brest leader, the importance of the Siehen family rapidly increased. Bishop Siehen, as a bishop, initiated the restoration of numerous churches and monasteries destroyed during the Tatar invasion in 1491. In the years 1514–1516 Pafnucy received from the king the confirmation of privileges granted to the episcopate and the Cathedral of the Dormition in Vladimir-Volynski. Bishop Pafnucy managed the Lutsk-Ostroh diocese since 1523. He officially took over the Lutsk diocese after the death of bishop Cyril in 1526. Pafnucy Siehen held his episcopal function in Lutsk until 1528.
More...
Daughters of the Habsburgs, fulfilling the dynastic policy of the family, married European rulers. The aim was to enter into profitable alliances or gain prospective financial aid. In 1553 Katarzyna Habsburżanka (Catherine of Austria) married Zygmunt August (Sigismund II Augustus). It was not a happy marriage. Katarzyna was not able to give her husband a much awaited son, thus, form the end of the 1550s their married life showed signs of falling apart. In 1559 the issue of the king’s divorce appeared for the first time. Despite intense exchange of legation between the Polish king and Maximillian II, Holy Roman Emperor, Katarzyna left the Crown in October 1566. However, Zygmunt August did not get a divorce and, thus, lost a chance to have a legal descendant. Archduchesses Barbara (Barbara of Austria) and Joanna (Joanna of Austria) were married to the rulers on the Apennine Peninsula. The first one became the wife of Alfonso II d’Este, Duke of Ferrara, Joanna was the wife of Francesco I de’Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Both these marriages constituted a kind of agreement: Italian dukes counted on a powerful ally in the struggle for domination of the Apennine Peninsula; the Habsburgs expected mainly financial and military help in the campaign against Turkey. Marriages of Barbara and Joanna, like that of their sister Katarzyna, were not totally happy, although they did not end in separation. The fates of the Habsburg sisters clearly show that marriages concluded between members of the reigning houses not always fulfilled the expectations of the involved parties.
More...
The article is concerned with the wardrobe of Polish ladies in the XVIII century, presenting fabrics, gowns, sportswear, coats, clothing elements and accessories. Polish fashionable ladies were highly influenced by French and English patterns. Elegant ladies of the XVIII century could be recognized by wearing corsets and onerous panniers. The XVIII century is characterized by two main fashion trends. At the beginning gowns were richly decorated and made from heavy fabrics. Although they looked showy, they were uncomfortable and unhealthy, due to tight corsets. With time gowns became simpler and more comfortable. Flamboyant and heavy gowns yielded to light and gauzy ones. The new trend in fashion was highly appreciated because of the smaller amount of fabrics indispensable to sew a dress and a reasonable choice of accessories. Polish ladies’ wardrobe was complemented by coats used in accordance with the season and the weather. Coats like jupka (sleeveless tunic), kontusik (winter fur-lined coat), salopa (coat with a cape) or caraco were not as heavily influenced by western patterns as the other elements of Polish ladies’ wardrobe. Decorative elements, such as laces, fichu, bavettes, corsets and panniers added to the charm of the ladies who wore them. Costly and showy clothing required elegant and expensive accessories. Polish ladies spent a fortune on booties, stockings, fans, jewelry, bags and hats. Ostentatiously expensive and fashionable outfits were a sign of wealth and social standing. They constituted a lifelong investment and were inherited by next generations.
More...
Thomas Jefferson’s views on the contemporary world were mostly based on his own travel observations and experience. The diplomat visited Europe only once, and stayed there between 1784–1789. The major purpose of his visit was a political mission, during which he had a chance to observe France and other European countries. The present article, devoted to Thomas Jefferson’s visit to the Old Continent, describes the journeys he made to several European destinations and discusses his views and opinions on their inhabitants and culture. His correspondence, diaries and travel notes as well as Autobiography served as sources for the article. The diplomat did not publish any of his travel reports. During his five-year stay in Paris, Jefferson made three major journeys. In spring 1786 he went to England to help John Adams with business negotiations. He was received by the King in London. With some exceptions, England hardly impressed him. Another occasion to explore the European Continent was a-three-month journey to southern France and northern Italy made in spring 1787. Jefferson wanted to relax and improve his health in a warmer climate, and also to familiarise himself with the cultivation methods in southern France. Jefferson’s last European peregrination took place in spring 1788. He went to the Low Countries and the Rhineland. The purpose of the trip was to help John Adams to negotiate loans from the Dutch bankers, but the diplomat used this opportunity to make a longer journey along the Rhine to observe agriculture, tourist attractions and people’s everyday life. Leaving France in summer 1789, Thomas Jefferson could consider himself an expert on the Old Continent. The stay assured him that Europe was well ahead of the United States in almost every field, yet it lagged far behind in the government system. For this reason he believed that the future belonged to the New World.
More...
In the article I have examined the way in which the American West of 1863–1906 was shown in the Warsaw magazine “Wędrowiec”. I have mainly focused on articles published from the late 1870s to the year 1906, when the last issue of the weekly appeared. I have chosen this specific magazine, because it specialized in issues concerning geography and travel. Throughout the period when “Wędrowiec” was published, the subject of the American West of 1863–1906 appeared in over 150 issues. Thus, one may risk a statement that the subject was quite popular with the readers. It is also to be stressed that no other region of the USA was given so much attention as the West. The magazine published the highest number of articles in the 1870s and 1880s. In the 1890s and at the beginning of the twentieth century the subject appeared only sporadically, which was due to both the change in the nature of the magazine and smaller interest of the readers in the United States. The subject of the American West, complex and exotic, was very attractive. However, with time and with the progress in the colonization process, it was difficult to find topics which had not been discussed up till then. Despite that, all major changes taking place in this region were duly observed. Also regions which earlier had not caused much interest among readers started to be reported on. The readers could also observe changes in the image of the Far West. Articles appearing in “Wędrowiec” throughout the period it was published dealt mainly with: Indians, Mormons and the Chinese. Other inhabitants of this area did not attract so much attention.
More...
Some of the works of students that were participating in the competition "In the footsteps of warchief Tanyo"
More...
In the article emigrational processes and main directions in the exodus from the Polesie Voivodeship to countries of North and South America in the interwar period have been presented. Internal and external conditions of the exodus processes, including emigrational policy of the Second Commonwealth, have been taken into account. The Polesie Voivodship, constituting a part of the eastern borderlands (Kresy Wschodnie), was a sparsely populated and economically undeveloped region, with a variety of nationalities and denominations. Emigration from the Polesie Voivodeship can be subdivided into a couple of groups, according to their nationality and denomination: Jews, Poles, Orthodox Belarusians, Ukrainians and Polishchucs. The author of the article underlines the importance of the Polesie Voivodeship in the exodus of Orthodox population from the II Commonwealth.
More...
Lada Brashavanova-Stancheva is sharing memories of the late Bulgarian artist Boris Hristov.
More...
In the third period of Ukrainian prerevolutionary statehood, called Directorate, national groups took over the authority. As a result of various events, in February 1919 Symon Petlura became the leader of the republic. One of the most revolutionary decisions of the Directorate consisted in adoption of the act of autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Although the episcopate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church boycotted this act, the Directorate strived hard to execute its resolutions. One of the most important Directorate’s actions was sending to Constantinople a representative of O. Łotocki’s government, with the mission of gaining the ecumenical patriarch’s – Germanos V’s support. A fast collapse of the new authority made it impossible for the Ukrainian nationals to achieve the main objective – the autocephaly of the Church.
More...
Advertise of the book "Seeking the medieval time" Information about a future cultural project, the purpose of which is building a memorial museum about the war 1912-1918
More...
After the defeat in the war against Poland, the Bolshevik leaders withdrew their support for the previous military policy of the Communist Workers Party of Poland (KPRP). Soldiers of Polish origin, who in 1920 had been delegated to the I Polish Red Army, were retransferred to the Red Army units, where they had formerly performed military service. After the ratification of the Riga Treaty of 16 April 1921, Polish communists had to limit their activities to psychological warfare and propaganda against their political adversaries at home and intelligence infiltration of the Polish Army structures.
More...