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Established on a set of scientific and utopian principles reflecting the long path of master ideas of the 18th and 19th centuries such as Romanticism, ecology is the embodiment of an ideal that seeks to put nature back at the forefront of history and societies instead of dismissing it. Instead of an “inauthentic life” in which man has lost his own freedom due to the tragic and alienating grasp of modern civilisation and its hypocritical social conventions, nature is meant to be salvation. Millennial and immaculate, it would also constitute a base of absolute values and references for societies in search of meaning. While some idealists, like Henry Thoreau (1817–1862), have found in the oneiric and metaphysical contemplation of wide open spaces an escape from the “evil of the century”, others have taken refuge in a much more political and religious radical reading.
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One of the stereotypes regarding contemporary pagans in Europe, especially in Eastern Europe, is that they adhere to right-wing extremist political views and are inherently racist. There is also the opposite stereotype of a hippie-style pagan who is profoundly spiritual and hugs trees to exchange power with Mother Earth. In the following, I will explore the ideological position of two pagan movements that emerged in Estonia during the 20th century. The main question is where do the native Estonian Taarausk and Maausk movements, stand on the ideological map, if they stand at all? Both ethnic religions emerged during the twentieth century when Estonians were establishing or reestablishing independent statehood, and both have had their roots in a broader intellectual and political movements. Both Taarausk and Maausk stressed the importance of Estonianness, resistance to cosmopolitanism and globalization, and finding the religious or spiritual dimension from the pre-Christian ‘golden age’ or from lived traditions of ancestors. Cosmopolitanism and globalization are seen as represented by the Christian Church and Christianity that was imposed on Estonians by Crusaders.
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Romuva is the name of the largest European ‘ethnic religion’. The name is already a problem. Peter of Duisburg (14th century) mentions it in 1326 in his Chronicon Terrae Prussiae as the still existing mysterious centre of the ancient Baltic religion, whose leader, called Krivis, had as much authority in the region as the Pope in Rome (whose name, the chronicler assured, was ‘Romuva’, which thus came from ‘Rome’).
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The title’s Nietzschean phrase effectively sums up the “identitarian ideology”, which is frequently invoked by various groups. At the core of this ideology lies the issue of memory, which is fundamental to the concept of identity. In essence, the ideology demands that ethno-cultural groups safeguard their cultural, religious, and racial distinctiveness from mixing and homogenisation, a right to “identity.” Consequently, so-called identitarian groups seek the reconfiguration of Europe on ethnic, regionalist, federalist, and, on occasion, neo-pagan grounds. This is known as ethnopluralism. Furthermore, these groups repudiate the nationalism espoused by “classical” far-right parties. In this instance, our focus is on neopagan identitarian groups that emerge from the radical right.
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Meryem, a 19-year-old resident of a small and highly conservative town in Northern Turkey, comes from a family that strongly identifies with Turkish nationalism and Sunni Islam. For them, the combination of the two is the only legitimate way to define what it means to be Turkish. In 2019, she was declaring to Euronews that when she sees how religion is used by politics in Turkey, she gets confused as many of her friends, and she was on her way to becoming an atheist “but don’t tell it to (her) mom”. 1 After two decades of an increasing Islamist atmosphere, the main fear of the conservatives in Turkey is to witness more believers but a less practicing generation. Indeed, to the fear of Atheism has been added since 2010 the fear of Deism, i.e., people who believe in Allah, but who think that all the ceremony of Sunni Islam is a political show at worst, a folklore at best. In this chapter, I will try to describe and analyse different attitudes in the Turkish society, especially among youngsters, that can be seen as a reaction to the formal normative Sunni Islam as defended by the political elite
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The reawakening of old national or local beliefs involving environmental, nationalist, or traditional concerns is increasingly observed in today’s societies. Of particular interest is the fact that the taking over of ancient religions and beliefs called ‘Neopaganism’ paves the way for new religious movements, and consequently new religious minorities, by affirming national or environmental identity.
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Due to financial constraints, urgent investments or even cutting-edge medical research projects with high financial requirements cannot be realized. The acquisition of major donations as an additional source of funding can contribute to this. Crucial here is the knowledge of the most potent donor target group - the high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs = financial assets of at least $1 million, UHNWIs = financial assets of at least $30 million) as major donors. However, there are hardly any comprehensive empirical data on wealthy individuals as donors to cutting-edge medical projects in Germany. This study, therefore, examines for the first time the functionality of major-donor fundraising explicitly for hospitals from two different perspectives - of hospital directors and high-net-worth individuals themselves. The study follows a mixed-methods approach, combining the three sub-studies. The study clarifies that UHNWIs and HNWIs in Germany are willing to become socially involved and that hospitals represent an attractive object of donation for them in terms of a large donation not only during their lifetime but also after their death. However, hospitals do not approach high-net-worth individuals consistently, effectively, and sustainably. This is because German hospitals are not appropriately structured and staffed to meet the wishes and needs of the target group adequately. For the future, a major rethink is coming to hospitals because major gift fundraising cannot be established as an additional funding source without first making a significant investment.
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This paper aims to differentiate between the legal norms related to genetic data exchange and the technical-scientific norms applied during biological sample collection and analysis. While legal norms are resistant to legislative harmonization, technical-scientific norms are conducive to universalization. The study will survey the sources within the European Union, which are diverse and occasionally disorganized. These sources address the sharing of genetic data during police and judicial cooperation among member states, serving different objectives. The DNA Database allows judicial authorities and police to search and exchange DNA profiles with international databases in accordance with the Prüm Treaty and "Prüm Decisions" (European Union Council Framework Decisions 2008/615/JHA and 2008/616/JHA) to combat terrorism and cross-border crime through international police cooperation.
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During the Southern Dynasty of China, the belief that human physiology and temperament derived from innate nature and external influences persisted, leading to a close relationship between personal constitution and literary style. This study investigates the connection between Chinese traditional medicine and literature in the Southern Dynasty. The weakened health of the aristocratic families in the Jiangdong region became a backdrop to showcase their political talents and moral integrity, establishing that a weak physical constitution symbolized high literary excellence, as evidenced by the famous, flamboyant literary style of the time. In this context, physical health was intimately linked to literary creation and style, forming a dynamic cycle through mutual resonance. This research provides a new interdisciplinary perspective for studying classical Chinese literature and is significant for East Asian cultural studies.
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From the beginning of the Church, the Christian faithful, vested with the authority of Jesus Christ and the Holy Apostles, have constantly stressed the importance of divine ordinances. In the Gospel of St John the Apostle, Christ reveals his central role in the work of the Church: "I am the way, the truth and the life" (John 14:6). On the basis of this truth, the Church's right to work for the Kingdom lies in the assumption of Christ, the supreme measure and model of all creation. Therefore, the Canon of the Church is founded on the work and teaching of Christ, the Head who realizes and keeps alive and whole the ecclesiological community. In this perspective, the Church's ordinance is the support of the saving work, the structure in which are methodically and systematically framed the elements of canon law by which the Church organizes and regulates its works in such a way as to contribute to the spiritual development of the Christian community, which is assured that it is always supported to advance on the path of salvation together with the community of believers who have already assumed, in good ordinance, life in Christ through communion with the Holy Mysteries.
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We are witnessing the development and opening of an increasing number of art schools and colleges. The curriculum covered by these organizations is versatile and comprehensive encompassing various emerging branches. However, a fundamental question arises: can inspired works of art be created when they are dictated by market demands and order, and to what extent mediocrity and kitsch are involved in such a process? Commercialism, pop, and marketing are susceptible areas when we talk about creation. The pandemic and the lockdown provided a unique opportunity to think, envision the future, and express our ideas. Art in the field of the market is looking for its place. Education needs to be directed and distracted from the automatic repetition of facts by increasing the level of "general culture" and encouraging pupils and students to focus on problem-solving so that they can use all available materials and resources. This kind of education enables the development of innovation rather than the complete repetition of facts. Nowadays, various media platforms and libraries inundate society with ideas and information. Progressing personally and contributing to society requires hard work. History represents the past, while homology teaches us how to upgrade and shape knowledge, but if we get stuck learning, we risk perpetuating old patterns through imitation. Therefore, it is crucial to look ahead, address problems and facilitate the enrichment of humanity's collective experience while upholding ethical principles and moral imperatives. This article emphasizes that art has a special place in this dynamic world.
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One of the powerful driving forces in any business is advertising. Business internationalization contributes to the constitution of the global market of advertising services that also is digitalized. In this article, the authors aim to uncover and explore the contemporary trends in the global market of advertising services, under globalization and digitalization socio-economic megatrends. Methodology and Results: Leaned upon the evolutionary approach to the global market of advertising services, and the analysis of relevant statistical data, the authors have systematized the main trends observed in global advertising services market and provided explanations for these trends. They also have identified and analyzed the particular directions within these general trends. Furthermore, the authors have paid attention to the shifts in global market of advertising services produced by the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and offered recommendations which, alongside the outcomes of the article, may help businesses to develop their strategies in line with the revealed and systematized trends and particular directions in order to become more competitive at the contemporary global market of advertising services. In this context a concept of performance advertising has been introduced.
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In recent years, witches have been making a comeback in Western culture, particularly in France. In bookshops, books and bestsellers have been proliferating, such as Odile Chabrillac’s Âme de sorcières and its around 50,000 copies sold . On social networks, the phenomenon quickly structured itself around hashtags such as #witchesofinstagram or #witchtok, and dedicated YouTube channels were created. In the general buzz, the term “modern witch” gradually emerged, marking a difference with the notion of “regular witch”.
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The research for contemporary religiosity in Turkey’s province of Tunceli (the former region of Dersim in central eastern Anatolia) and among migrants of Dersim origin living abroad in Turkish or European cities will confront us with a case of reconstruction and aestheticisation of a declining religion as an ancient religion. The present article will briefly describe the development in four steps: First the decline of the traditional religion in Dersim and its replacement by a standardised Alevism. Second, this decline and change led to a growing loss of acceptance among the population of Tunceli and migrants from Dersim abroad. Consequently, a growing number of intellectuals began to search among other religions for a substitution for the lost spirituality and for what might be the “roots” of their lost religion. These newly added spiritual elements were imagined as being part of their “own” former religion, or at least being closely related to it. In particular, young artists and intellectuals developed individual syntheses composed of beliefs and religious practices of different origins. Third, music also became an issue for research and reconstruction. Many musicians from Dersim identified themselves with lost religious traditions and their re-imagination as an ancient religion, rejecting the contemporary standardised Turkish Alevism. Four, eventually, the music, which already was a central part of the religion in Dersim, became aesthetically sophisticated and developed into a kind of artistic music to be presented both on the music market or in serious concerts.
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After the Second World War, the departure from modernity led to the emergence of various interpretations of paganism, a religion that regards and idolises the beings of nature as gods and demigods in art. This period reflects the rise of conceptual thought in art. Although its foundations are rooted in performing arts and in many examples of performance art as a medium of production in the field of visual arts by highlighting its spirit made of plants, trees, rocks, wind, and such, we can particularly see the resurrected traces of animistic shamanism.
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The reactivation of Paganism in contemporary societies, as meticulously explored through the diverse contributions of the authors within the pages of this book, not only provides us with profound insights into the enduring human connection with spirituality, nature, and cultural heritage but also underscores its continuous process of reconstruction and even construction .
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During the pandemic of the COVID-19 virus in Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals and society as a whole faced numerous challenges in the field of preserving both physical and mental health. The focus of protecting citizens from the pandemic was vulnerable and risky categories of the population, primarily the elderly and children. Children and adolescents were at risk, mostly due to social isolation and limited movement. Extraordinary circumstances, limited movement, lack of contact with friends, socializing, free activities, gloomy scenes and other factors that occupied them were risk factors that caused numerous mental problems. Those problems are indicative even today, and the aim of this work is to point out the numerous consequences of this pandemic.
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The dominant form of communication and understanding between people is achieved through speech. Speech development in children is a very complex process that can only be achieved in an environment where people communicate. While listening to the speech of adults, the child learns to speak, passing through different stages of speech development. The influence of biological and social factors is very important for the acquisition of speech. That is, the functioning and maturity of the areas responsible for speech development of the central nervous system, on the one hand, and social factors, on the other hand, the most important of which is the family, i.e. in the first place, the mother and the communication between mother and baby from the first day of life. Speech develops gradually from the earliest age. In this period, the movement of the speech organs matures, phonemic development, cognitive development, and maturation in the field of preverbal communication. The prelinguistic phase of speech development is a period of preparation for the development of speech in children and the acquisition of the language system of the mother tongue. The prelinguistic phase of development is divided into several subphases that all children with typical development go through. The aim of this paper is to present the pre-linguistic phase of children's speech development, and which factors are important during this transition of speech development.
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One of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic is the impaired mental health of children and adolescents, as well as other categories of the population. However, in this paper we will base ourselves on the behavioral disorders that were indicative of this vulnerable category, not wanting to diminish the difficulties faced by other categories of the population. Socialization was difficult, and life and daily activities were limited, which had incalculable consequences on the growth and personality formation of children and adolescents. Unfortunately, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic will be seen in this population, but so will the fears and phobias of similar circumstances. That is why it is very important that during their further upbringing and education we pay special attention to their mental health and education on how and in what way they can seek help, if certain symptoms of the disorder are indicated. The socially maladjusted behavior of children and adolescents during the corona virus pandemic is a topic that was not too represented and researched from a scientific point of view, and we will pay more attention to this problem in this paper.
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