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This research tries to present the development of reading and text comprehension abilities of the Hungarian students based on a national research made in 2009-2010. The study was conducted in all school grades, beginning from primary school up to high school. This study presents the planification and the method of the evaluation, the processing and systematization of the material and data, then based on the results it describes the general level of the students’ reading and text comprehension abilities based on school sections, regions and years of study.
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Our research aims to approach the issue of the way in which pupils react to texts, and the way their answers reflect their subjective reactions to these. We wish to measure their autonomous thinking skills, by studying their capacities of expressing opinions, argumenting and defending their views. The answers they have offered make it possible for us to deduce their attitude towards learning, towards humour and human values. Learning appears to be a value that should stick to, an objective to follow, and they seem to prefer the personages or characters who are witty, hardworking, talented, humorous and who have outstanding drawing skills or rich imagination.
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Being a school psychologist I find interesting to search the correlation between the way of thinking of the primary school children, cognition skills, learning strategies and text comprehension accomplishment in the three different region. I would like to found out, how the primary school children can recognize and name their learning strategy, which strategies do they use when they learn new concepts, and how they apply it every day. In which way does their text comprehension skill contribute for reading could become a resource in gaining experience and forming their personality and individuality.
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The learning/teaching process never goes on amid perfect circumstances with ideal teachers and students, but with a certain social background, that influences both the process of learning and its institutional conditions. The success of learning is highly influenced by the “language” – as the one taught and asked by teachers, as a skill to be learned by students. Our researching work focuses on the reading- and text understanding skills of Transylvanian Hungarian students from Romania, who are learning in Hungarian language, in mostly because they are not the part of national and international evaluations, being underrepresented in the Romanian PISA-researches and their data gets lost between Romanian students data. My essay studies the classical variables of the social background(as sex, parents education, reading habits) and also the connections between the lingual environment and learning achievements (bilingual environment being a special condition of students living as members of a ethno-linguistic minority community).
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In the national research regarding 9th graders’ reading and text interpretation skills, we have included questions that referred to their future career options and representations. Based on the answers provided by pupils we attempt to analyse their views upon different professions, their representations of different careers and occupations, their future options. We also study the degree to which they know the in-depth features of different professions, approaching issues of successful career options.
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The objective of the study is the statistical analysis of the data referring to reading comprehension. Creating the database is to identify the research variables and introduce the data into computer generally derived from the questionnaires. To facilitate data entry and limit the likelihood of errors in data encoding is done usually by associating numerical symbols for each choice. This coding depends much on the type of scale used. For these reasons, the coding of responses in this work is approached in parallel with the input into the computer. After the data were collected they should be organized. These procedures can be done in numerical form, or tabular form. Absolute frequency distribution tables allows us to identify shared values as a variable. After mathematical-statistical processing the data, the focus was on research by analysis on contingency tables. This paper describes the basics of theory and practical applications of contingency table.
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The article is devoted to the life and work of a Lebanese scholar and politician Muḥammad Ǧamīl Bayhum (a pupil of Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes), whose activity is little known in Western Oriental Studies. Despite his very important role in the 20th century social and political life of Lebanon and the Middle East as a whole, we will not find any mention of him in the most important studies devoted to the revival of Arab social, religious and political thought in the twentieth century. He was co-founder of the National Library of Lebanon, a member of the Lebanese Academy of Sciences, and a defender of women’s rights. This study is based primarily on Arabic sources and Bayhūm’s own works. The article covers (1) the detailed description of the life and activity of M. Bayhum and the presentation and the analysis of two most important, in my opinion, books of him: (2) "Al-Ḥalqa al-mafqūda fī tārī Al-Arab" ("The Lost Epoch in the History of the Arabs", 1950) and (3) "Al-ʿUrūba wa-aš-šuʿūbiyyāt al-ḥadīṯa" ("Arabism and Contemporary Particularisms", 1957). These books show Bayhum as a historian and political thinker. The paper ends with a "Conclusion".
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The present paper seeks to ascertain whether it was possible to learn Persian in Poland in the period between the First and the Second World War. Given the influx of Polish refugees to Iran from the early spring of 1942, this question is important not only for the history of Iranian and Persian studies in Poland, but can also grant us a deeper understanding of the condition of the refugees. The subject is analyzed on the basis of Iranian diplomatic reports from Poland discussing the teaching of Persian, especially in Warsaw; in the present work, one such document has also been edited and translated. Furthermore, documents and reports kept at the Archive of the University of Warsaw have also been among the sources used in the present research. As it turns out, the teaching of Persian in the interwar period was very limited in Poland. This was both due to internal causes, especially the shortage of academic staff fluent in Persian, and to the limited support of the Iranian establishment, even in the face of the Iranian representative’s enthusiasm for broader academic cooperation.
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The paper shows how methodology of cognitive linguistics can be used in the analysis of the most ancient Sanskrit text, the Ṛgveda (ca 13 BCE). The Ṛgveda is famous for its metaphorical language difficult to understand. The assumption on the embodiment of human cognition together with the conceptual metaphor theory and blending theory applied to the Ṛgveda facilitates its understanding and reconstruction of its consistent overall worldview.
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Sādeq Hedāyat (1903-51) was one of the first Iranian intellectuals interested in popular culture. His interest, also visible in his literary work, can partly be explained by a nationalistic dream to reach the «Arian» roots of Iranian identity and culture. The article explores the ideological concept of Hedāyat’s two early collections of folklore: "Ousāne" (1931) and "Neyrangestān" (1933), with some references to his literary works. The study reveals some paradoxes of Hedayat’s attitude towards Iran’s complex cultural heritage.
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The centuries-long neighbourhood of India and Persia resulted in mutual cultural contacts, which intensified especially during the period of Mogul rule in India, when the meeting and intermingling of the two cultures created a new quality. Scholars studying the two cultures have postulated the existence of two models of cosmopolitan culture, viz. “Sanskrit cosmopolis” and “Persian cosmopolis”. In Sanskrit literature in the pre-Muslim period, mentions of Persia and the Persians are quite rare. In Vedic literature (c. 1400-500 BC) we do not come across any. They only appear in the epics, then we occasionally find mentions in classical poetry, in drama, in narrative literature, in the Puranas, in philosophical treatises, in lexicographers. This article provides a brief overview of references to Persians and Persia in Sanskrit literature from the end of the first millennium BC to the beginning of the second millennium AD.
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Relations between China and the Middle East had its reflection in the Arabic and Persian literature of the Early Abbasid period. There are geographical and travel books in Arabic and Persian focusing on commerce, including the maritime trade and exploration of new lands and peoples. Among these books are accounts on China of Sui and Tang periods. These accounts reflect relations between the Caliphate and the Middle Kingdom as well as ties connecting the Middle East, especially Iran, to China in Late Antiquity, i.e. prior to the rise of Islam. A number of texts dealing with China and other lands of the Far East belong to Persian Epic, with the most outstanding examples of "Garšāspnāmeh" and "Kušnāmeh", both written in the 11th century.
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The poetry of Iranian poet and visual artist Taher (pen name of Mohammad Ali Taheri) from Bushehr in southern Iran is an opportunity to discover contemporary verse from this less visible and less known region in the literary section of Iranian studies. Apart from a presentation of Taher’s artistic output, the introduction includes a discussion on the subject matter of his free verse, narrative poems. They span a wide range of topics, from interconnectedness of life and the contemplation of existence to migration to the situation of the Middle East torn by oil wars. In addition to fifteen Polish translations the article comprises three English renderings with their Persian originals. The translations were part of a 2021 scholarship granted by the Old Town Culture House in Warsaw. This is a printed premier of Taher’s poetry, as it has hitherto not been published either in Iran or abroad.
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The Islamic concept of the family is a group that emerges from the unison of man and woman through a marriage contract and the children that are born of it. Children are very important in the social order. For this reason the issue of the abortion is important in this religion as well. Muslim views on it are shaped by the Muslim sacred texts: Qur’an, the Hadith, and by the opinions of religious scholars. The Quran does not directly mention intentional abortion, but there is no explicit prohibition to abort, and it depends in Islamic law on woman’s will. On the other hand, the schools of Islamic law differ in their opinions when pregnancy can be terminated.The second part of the article discusses the attitude towards abortion and contraception today, referring to the differences in the regulations of legal schools and countries.
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