Książka o getcie białostockim
Remarks about the book: Rafael Rajzner, Henry R. Lew: Losy nieopowiedziane. Zagłada Żydów białostockich 1939-1945 (Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. E. Ringelbluma : Warszawa 2013)
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Remarks about the book: Rafael Rajzner, Henry R. Lew: Losy nieopowiedziane. Zagłada Żydów białostockich 1939-1945 (Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. E. Ringelbluma : Warszawa 2013)
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The Haggadah is read out during the seder dinners with which the Pesach holiday begins. Its text assumed its final shape gradually over several centuries and only became a separate text in the 13th century (until them it was incorporated in the prayer book). Between the 14th and 16th century this was one of the most frequently copied and embellished texts. At first, it was just adorned by the simplest of motifs, which followed from the fact that its oldest examples originated in a Muslim environment, where figurative presentations were forbidden. At a later time, illuminated codices with the text of the Haggadah were produced in Jewish communities all over Europe, and the ornaments in the haggadot gradually got richer and richer. Not only were they supposed to adorn the manuscripts, but also to facilitate locating a specific passage in the text and help the children concentrate during the night seder feast. Over the ages, an iconographic programme evolved, characteristics of this type of manuscripts, in which it is possible to identify four basic groups of illustrations: ones concerning the Haggadah text proper, ones dealing with the Pesach holiday, ones of a biblical nature and those on eschatological subjects. The graphic side is one of the distinguishing marks of the three main types of such manuscripts: Ashkenazi, Sephardic and Italian ones. The article briefly examines examples of such manuscripts and the chief differences between these types, e.g., from the point of view of the placement of text and ornamentation on the page.
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Wadowice, the home town of John Paul II, like nearly every town in Poland, had its Jewish population. They were the only ethnic majority of any size in the Polish-dominated town, accounting for approximately one-fourth of its population (2000 persons). From the middle of the 19th century they were a permanent element of the town’s cultural image. During World War II they met the same fate as almost all the Polish Jews: they became the target of the Germans’ criminal Holocaust programme. Barely 150 of them survived. The Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw contain 13 accounts of Jews from Wadowice who survived the Holocaust, prepared right after the war, and in just one instance in the 1960s. They are an interesting and special supplement to the stories of the fate of that community known from literature and reminiscences contained in the „Remembrance book” of Wadowice Jews published in Israel in the 1960s. Starting with reprisals in the early months of the Nazi occupation in 1939 (including the burning down of the synagogue and confiscation of the Jews’ businesses), through restrictions on movement in certain areas of the town in 1940, the first mass deportations to the Bełżec death camp in July 1942, to the establishment of the Wadowice Ghetto immediately afterwards, to its liquidation on a symbolic date commemorating the destruction of the shrine in Jerusalem, i.e., on 10 August 1943. The survivors’ reminiscences contain many names of the Wadowice Jews. In the footnotes the Author attempted to shed more light on these persons and the history of their families as this was an additional opportunity to show how vast was the institutional network of the small community of Wadowice Jews and how well organized it was before the war. The survivors’ stories can be quite long. They concern their dramatic fate throughout World War II. Therefore the author decided to summarise in parentheses the “non-Wadowice” threads from these stories, with only the experience from Wadowice itself published at length.
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Andrzej Osęka - Buy Polish from a Pole ("Alien and Unpleasant". Antisemitic Drawings from the Polish Press 1919-1939. Exhibition, JHI, 2013-1014); Jan Doktór - Great Maimonides or the Great Library (Moshe Halbertal, Maimonides. Life and thought); Helena Datner- About the Unequal Treatment of Jews in Poland's 2nd Republic (Jerzy Ogonowski, Sytuacja prawna Żydów w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918-1939); Hanna Kozińska-Witt - Alicja Maślak-Maciejewska, Rabin Szymon Dankowicz (1834-1910). Życie i działalność; Tomasz Wiśniewski - Szymon An-ski, Tragedia Żydów galicyjskich w czasie I wojny światowej; Olaf Bergmann - Bernard Wasserstein, W przededniu. Żydzi w Europie przed II wojną światową; Alina Cała - Lesestunde / Lekcja czytania; August Grabski - Beate Meyer, A Fatal Balancing Act. The Dilemma of the Reich Association of Jews in Germany, 1939-1945; Sylwia Grochowina - Mark Roseman, Wannsee. Willa, jezioro, spotkanie; August Grabski - Andrzej Rykała, Mniejszości religijne w Polsce. Geneza, struktury przestrzenne, tło etniczne.
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The Kielce pogrom was one of the most important turning points in post-war history of Polish Jews. Over the last two decades, these events served as the subject of several important scientific works and were also present in the media and in the general consciousness of Poles, first of all thanks to Jan Tomasz Gross’s book Strach (“Fear”). Even so, we still lack full knowledge of the causes, course and consequences of the outbreak of anti-Jewish violence in Kielce. In these circumstances, the locating of all the existing source materials documenting the Kielce events is extremely important. The article analyses two documents not published so far, concerning the pogrom of the Jews in Kielce on 4 July 1946, which were discovered among the records of the Branch of the Institute of National Remembrance in Kielce. These are the minutes of interrogation of two persons directly connected with the developments in Kielce. The first document is the original version of the testimony by Henryk Błaszczyk, a nine-year old boy whose disappearance is regarded as the immediate cause of the outbreak of violence. The record of Błaszczyk’s testimony presented below probably served as the basis for producing the document which until now was regarded as the boy’s first account and which was published in 2006. The differences between the two versions of the document are reviewed in the introduction preceding the presentation of archive materials. The second document is the transcript of a deposition by Kielce Jew Gerszon Lewkowicz. This is one of just a few known accounts made back in July 1946 by a person who happened to stay in the Jewish Committee building at ul. Planty 7 during the pogrom. Lewkowicz’s testimony has not been published before. Likewise, it was not probably used in the course of the criminal trials held in the wake of the pogrom or served as source material in scientific research.
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For the Jewish citizens of the Turkish Republic, the year 1934 was one of the defining moments in their status quo within Turkey. In June of that year, they became the target of a number of criminal acts in various towns and villages of Turkey's North Western region (Thrace). Turkish state condemned the events and affirmed that it would not allow anti-Semitism, which was rooted in Germany, surface within the borders of the young republic. However, notwithstanding the measures taken by the state, many Jews left their home towns and migrated to other towns of Turkey as well as to Palestine. The “1934 Events” were analysed from various perspectives. Many scholars provided differing explanations about the nature, causes and consequences of these events referring to their international, national and local dimensions. Their representation and reflections in the press, however, were not explored in depth. Drawing on the discourse analyses of Turkish national newspapers of the time, the article explores the similarities and nuances in the discourse of Turkish national press about the incidents that took place in 1934 as well as about the status of the Jewish community in the society. The article also highlights the relations between the state and the press and between the state and the minorities at the time by addressing the impact of the state’s dominant discourse about minorities on their representation in the Turkish national newspapers in the course of the “1934 Events”.
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The subject of this article is a Jewish family from Wolsztyn (Wollstein) from the years 1875-1914. This was a time when, after two centuries of growth, the Jewish community in w Wolsztyn began to shrink, and so did its significance to the town’s life. Until the mid-19th century this was one of the most populous communes in south-western Greater Poland. The study was based on records from the registrar’s office. While they were viewed as belonging to modern Western societies from the demographic point of view, Wolsztyn Jews remained conservative in other respects. Despite the fact that the emancipation process was completed many years ago, they remained faithful to traditional Jewish occupations, which means they did not differ greatly from the Jews from the Poznań region. Merchants and traders predominated among Wolsztyn Jews, followed by independent craftsmen. Occasionally one could come across an owner of a larger business. From the demographic point of view, Wolsztyn Jews fit well in the West European social patterns. In the case of marriages this means that men do not start a family until they are 30 years old or so, and the women enter into matrimony at or above the age of 24, the age difference between the bride and groom is rather small and the ratio of remarriages is low. The fact that the Wolsztyn Jews leaned toward the modern model was also confirmed by the low fertility and mortality rates: the birth rate should not exceed 38 per 1000 inhabitants, while in Wolsztyn it did not exceed 30. Although the authors writing about Wolsztyn wanted to view them as Germans of Mosaic faith, it appears as though the process of their acculturation was only beginning. This could be seen in the selection of names of the newborns, which were less and less likely to be traditional “Jewish” names. Nonetheless, religion and ethnic background continued to be the most important thing for the Jews in Wolsztyn, both when choosing their life partners and friends. Several decades after the end of the emancipation process in the Prussian state, only one mixed marriage was recorded in Wolsztyn. This begs the question whether this was a closed community, only maintaining closer contacts with fellow believers, or whether they were isolated by other residents of the town. The author ends her analysis with the year 1914. On 5 January 1919, Polish insurgents captured Wolsztyn and began taking over power. The town’s German residents began to leave. Wolsztyn Jews were leaving the land for quite some time by then. After World War One, only a handful of them remained in town. The most important contributing factor was not high mortality but the emigration of young people, which resulted in a significant aging of the population. It then comes as no surprise that fewer and fewer Jewish births, marriages and deaths were recorded by the registrar of Wolsztyn.
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This article is Part II of the text published in „Dzieje Najnowsze” (2006, No. 1, p. 163-184). The reason it is being published is the discovery of a further part of Abraham Gepner’s correspondence to his family, which emigrated from occupied Poland around the end of 1939, in the collections of YIVO Institute of New York. The previous article contained seven letters by Gepner and his expanded biographical note, the first scientific contribution to his biography. In the previous article the author published seven Gepner letters and his extended biographical note, the first scientific contribution to his biography. This time the author focused on recently discovered letters, this time as many as 28 of them. Not all of them were penned by Abraham Gepner himself. Several of them were likely written by his wife, which is what their tenor and subjects suggest. Most of the persons mentioned in the correspondence remain unknown. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to contact Abraham Gepner’s relatives living in the U.S., which could help determine their identity. One exception was the famous Polish inventor Tadeusz Sendzimir. Similarly as in the previous part, these letters constitute a document of the times of the Holocaust and a testimony of the people who try to spare their relatives the suffering, by not mentioning the real tragic situation in the Warsaw Ghetto.
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Text príspevku je rozdelený do dvoch základných častí. Prvá je orientovaná na kľúčové faktory, ktoré charakterizujú vyšehradskú spoluprácu už dlhšie časové obdobie. Predstavuje stručné zhodnotenie aktuálnej situácie, v ktorej sa spolupráca nachádza – vzhľadom na jubileum autor dáva do popredia pozitívne momenty. Druhá časť sa zameriava na priority V4 v roku 2010 s dôrazom na prípravu a implementáciu slovenského predsedníctva vo V4. Vzhľadom na zameranie publikácie, ktorej primárnym cieľom je analyzovať konkrétny kalendárny rok, v tomto prípade rok 2010, je analýza limitovaná obdobím január 2010 – marec 2011.
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Na začiatku volebného obdobia 2010 až 2014 sme považovali za nevyhnutné vniesť do našej zahraničnej politiky novú kvalitu a nový rozmer. Stabilnú hodnotovú základňu, od ktorej možno odvíjať pevné a principiálne postoje k jednotlivým konkrétnym otázkam.
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Rok 2010 (s presahom do roku 2011) sa do bezpečnostnej a obrannej politiky premietol tromi základnými udalosťami. Prvou boli voľby do Národnej rady SR v júni 2010, druhou bol proces finalizácie konečného textu novej Strategickej koncepcie NATO a jej prijatie a trečou konkrétne úsilie o vypracovanie nového strategického dokumentu, ktorý by kriticky zhodnotil stav obrany a stal sa východiskom na obranné plánovanie v nasledujúcom období.
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Text prináša hodnotenie slovenskej verejnej diplomacie v roku 2010. Zatiaľ čo predchádzajúci rok 2009 priniesol v tejto oblasti viaceré nádejné momenty, aktuálne hodnotené obdobie možno označiť skôr za obdobie rekonfigurácie. Rok 2010 v prípade Slovenska potvrdil analýzy odborníkov, podľa ktorých sú projekty verejnej diplomacie v krajinách strednej a východnej Európy obzvlášť zraniteľné a náchylné na diskontinuitný vývoj, súvisiaci s volebným cyklom.1 Práve s voľbami do NR SR v júni 2010 súvisia viaceré zmeny v inštitucionálnom aj v obsahovom zameraní verejnej diplomacie SR , ktorými sa tento text zaoberá. Zároveň ponúka prehľad praktického výkonu tejto politiky a jej využitých i premárnených príležitostí v skúmanom období i zamyslenie sa nad ďalšou perspektívou verejnej diplomacie v kontexte zahraničnej politiky SR .
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Oblasť západného Balkánu patrí dlhodobo k prioritám slovenskej zahraničnej politiky a S lovensko si v tejto oblasti získalo nepochybne autoritu a hodnoverné politické pozície, čo oceňujú aj naši spojenci v NATO a EÚ . Kontinuita tejto línie bola v roku 2010 očividná v politických a diplomatických aktivitách Slovenska nielen na vládnej úrovni, ale aj v pôsobení mimovládneho sektora.
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Tarmo Kulmar. Tõsilood muinasrahvastest. (‘True Stories about Ancient Peoples’) Eesti Mõttelugu 76, Ilmamaa, Tartu, 2007, 348 pp. (Editors Simo Runnel and Urmas Tõnisson; foreword by Märt Läänemets). Peeter Espak reviews the book Tõsilood muinasrahvastest by Tarmo Kulmar, professor of comparative theology at the University of Tartu. The book is a collection of academic articles on the beliefs and history of ancient peoples. During his long scientific career, Tarmo Kulmar has mainly dealt with the history and religion of the Inca people in Peru and Aztecs in Mexican area as one of his main subjects. The book is divided into six different sub-topics: “Holy Text”, “Holy Creature”, “Holy Place”, “Holy Event”, “Holy History”, and “Holy State”. The use of the term “holy” refers to the fact that in his research Kulmar has taken the viewpoint of a theologian – and not that of an anthropologist or historian. The English version of the book review is available in vol. 38 of Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore (http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol38/books.pdf).
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The present article deals with a medical disputation, written and defended at the University of Tartu during its first period of activity in the 17th century, when the university was called Academia Gustaviana. More precisely, under investigation is the disputation of the Swedish poetry theorist Andreas Arvidi (ca 1620–1673), De natura et constitutione medicinae and its context. The medical education was at the insufficient level at most 17th-century universities in Europe and this was the case at the University of Tartu as well. There were very few students of medicine at the University of Tartu during the Academia Gustaviana period (eight, all in all) compared to the whole number of students (1056) during that time. Only two of these eight students were afterwards active as physicians. There were but few medical disputations defended during the Academia Gustaviana period, of which two were solely medical, supervised by the professor of medicine Sebastian Wirdig. The first of these, the disputation by Andreas Arvidi, deals with medicine in general. Andreas Arvidi was not a medical student but studied natural sciences at the University of Tartu. As a person of great talent, he debated on a variety of themes, including astronomy, mathematics, botany, medicine and ethics. His disputation De natura et constitutione medicinae is explaining the meaning of the word ‘medicine’ by exposing its etymology and providing synonyms and homonyms to this word. In defining medicine he quotes Jean Fernel, the famous French Renaissance physician. Then he discusses the reasons and purposes for inventing medicine and finally presents the systematisation of medicine. The whole work reveals the author’s brilliant knowledge of Greek and Roman authors, as well as of contemporary medical authorities. Of the latter ones, iatrochemist Daniel Sennert, professor at Wittenberg University, has been quoted on several occasions, which implies to the fact that Sennert was an authority in the 17th-century Faculty of Medicine in Tartu. Andreas Arvidi’s disputation De natura et constitutione medicinae is a work that gives the broadest overview of medical thought at the University of Tartu in the 17th century.
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The article based on field work materials discusses the characteristics of folk medicine among the northernmost group of the Komi – namely, those living in the Izhemsky District (Komi iz’va). During the populating of the tundra and the development of reindeer herding tradition borrowed from the Nenets, the Izhma Komi developed a striking cultural and practical character which is expressed in the structure of medical knowledge, the range of remedies and treatment methods, and the system of nutrition and hygienic tradition. The folk medicine of the said ethnic group is characterised by remarkable rationality, which is expressed in a rare use of magical treatment methods, the majority of folk healers are bone-setters, and a sceptical attitude towards the Nenets Shamans is prevailing. In the framework of ancestral worship practised by the Komi developed the cult of Tandze Marya, a famous folk healer and bone-setter. The mythologisation of the well-known healer has been greatly facilitated by the means of mass media, which has, in some respects, appeared on the initiative of local intellectuals.
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Kaija Heikkinen. Metsänpelko ja tietäjänaiset. Vepsäläisnaisten uskonto Venäjällä (Fear of forests and wise women. The beliefs of Vepsian women in Russia). 2006. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura: Helsinki, 276 pp. Ирина Юрьевна Винокурова. Животные в традиционном мировоззрении вепсов (Irina Iu. Vinokurova. Animals in the Traditional Vepsian Worldview). 2006. Petrozavodsk: Izd-tvo PetrGu, 448 pp. + illustr. and tables Review of the books on Vepsian tradition by Kristi Salve is available in English in volume 37 of Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore (http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol37/books.pdf).
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Research in ethnomedicine involves the observance of the views, principles, and behaviour regarding illnesses and diseases by different people and cultures. The activities of folk healers and turning to them for help are still topical, even though the awareness of people has grown and the level of education is considerably higher than in the past. Nevertheless, it appears that regardless of the availability of medical care, there are always patients who turn only to folk healers. Another group of people who tend to turn to folk healers for help are those whose treatment by medical professionals has not been successful. In folklore the theme is represented by tales of diseases and illnesses, in which the main characters are a positive or negative patient and a positive or negative healer. These often stereotypical folktales are almost the only material that enables drawing conclusions on the illness behaviour of the customers of folk healers. The reason behind all that is that the society is steadfastly fixated on the health myth. Source: Rørbye, Birgitte 1982. Ethnomedicine. Ethnologia Scandinavica: A Journal for Nordic Ethnology, vol. 12. Lund: Folklivsarkivet, pp. 53–85.
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Herba, the Estonian folk medicine database of herbal treatment (available at http://www.folklore.ee/herba), has been the source of lore texts about the use of plants and herbs as popular remedies since 2006. At the present moment, the database includes the earliest archive texts up to the year 1939, estimated to constitute slightly less than half of the total number of texts. The identification of plant names in the texts are largely based on the monograph Eesti taimenimetused (‘Estonian Plant Names’) by Gustav Vilbaste (1993). Even though most of the collected Estonian plant names have been identified by Vilbaste, new ethnobotanical names emerge while processing the lore material. The article describes the linking of new folk plant names with the botanical nomenclature and establishing connections with the already known folk plant names (on the basis of texts in the database and specialised literature). The database text can be associated with the species on the basis of three criteria: folk plant name (according to Vilbaste’s monograph), the Latin name included in the text, and the plant description. The number of informants with more than one Latin extension in the database is currently 11. Some texts may correspond to nearly all the criteria, but this is an exception rather than a rule. The largest number of Latin names has been contributed by the following informants: pharmacist Hans Jako (in Jakob Hurt files), physician Mihkel Ostrov in 1891 and 1892 (folklore files of the Society of Estonian Literati), school teacher Julius Lunts in 1937 (Estonian Folklore Archives collection) and medical student Jaan Lääts in 1938 (Estonian Folklore Archives collection). Gustav Vilbaste has likewise used the texts of the said informants, though selectively; for instance, the text contributed by Mihkel Ostrov yielded more than 15 new equivalents. The most time-consuming section of the work was to establish connections according to other plant names and/or description and habitat represented in the texts. Usually, a plant can not be identified on the basis of a single text and the results are unreliable. For identification, texts from different collections were gathered together and were analysed according to different parameters, such as the origin of the text, informant’s background, other names mentioned in the text and so on; in addition, the results were compared against the data of plant geography. As to the more complicated texts, mycologists and botanists had to be consulted with. One of the aims of the article is to publish the plant names rediscovered in the course of the work and provide inspiration for deriving new Estonian names for species so far unnamed (e.g., family Gymnosporangium).
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The adaptation of information technology to everyday clinical practices coincided with the emergence of online databases, personal medical history and institutional information websites. One of the central issues in online medicine is source credibility. This paper overviews the types and communication of online medical information that have changed the logistics of doctor-patient communication. Inter-doctor communication also benefits from the possibilities for professional communication, and application of multiprofessional knowledge; it helps shape and unify professional terms and nomenclature, guarantees the confidentiality and security of data, while providing easy management of high-quality data; makes provisions for knowledge management and ambulatory e-services. The paper overviews the information portal Kliinik.ee (www.kliinik.ee, OÜ Tervisenõuanne) which shares medical information made available by medical professionals for non-medics, mostly for patients. The portal offers a range of e-medicine services, such as responses by specialists, psychologists, pharmacists. The Communication groups offer the patients free medical advice, feedback, a second opinion to their treatment scheme, as well as an opportunity to share knowledge and their personal experiences, and receive emotional support. Writing therapy is becoming increasingly popular and has spontaneously moved online. Today, there are discussion forums available for people suffering from diabetes, cancer and other serious (or incurable) medical problems. The Internet is in many respects advantageous for this type of therapy: it provides an opportunity to establish a dialogue with others with a similar condition while protecting one’s privacy and anonymity. Medical professionals post comments under their own names which gives them credibility. Seeking medical help at an institutional site from practising doctors makes the language use and attitudes of the online forum official, polite and serious. A closer look at the construction and vocabulary of the doctor-patient communication act reveals that the most common features are formality and distancing – the partners are not equal in their sociopolitical standing. Inter-patient discussion groups are more varied in their style of communication and language use, ranging from informational notices to narratives and displays of emotion. A discussion concerning a visit to a folk healer is treated at more length. Interaction of this kind is a discussion that preserves the individual characteristics of many people in writing. Opinions are individualised, making the discussion similar to oral dialogue in which different strategies are used in reasoning. The posted messages reflect natural personal language use in forms ranging from informational notices to lengthy narratives. The general attitude is supportive and trusting towards official medicine and the personal reactions to social and situational events.
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