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The aim of the article is primarily to present the etymology of the names and surnames of the Jubilarian as well as the way these onimas function both historically and today. The source material for analysis was excerpted from dictionaries of the Polish language: etymological, general (explanatory: historical and contemporary dictionaries), phraseological, and onomastic.
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The article presents the results of the research of Danuta Bieńkowska, a linguist from Łódź, on the issue of Polish biblical style. For this purpose the author recalled the main results and findings made by Bieńkowska in the monograph Polish Biblical Style (2002) published 20 years ago, which was the first attempt at a synthetic approach to this issue in the Polish language. The author of the study drew attention to three dimensions of this work, which, from the contemporary perspective, have the following character: 1. permanent, 2. constituting a field for discussion and 3. opening perspectives for further research in this field.
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The meaning of the Greek lexeme φύραμα (or Latin massa) in Rom 11:16, 1 Cor 5:6 and Gal 5:9 - ‘any substance mixed with water and kneaded; a mass, lump’ – only generally indicates the referent. Therefore, in Polish biblical Renaissance translations, it has several synonymous equivalents: ciasto – przymieszanie – rozczyna – rozmieszenie – zaczynienie – zadziałanie – zamies – zamieszanie.In the New Testament of Jakub Wujek from 1593 (Wuj93) there are three of them: ciasto, zaczynienie, zadziałanie. Textual distribution of equivalents of Greek φύραμα or Latin massa in Wuj93 is a result of a philological translation strategy, which consits in revealing the meaning of the Latin translation text basis also by confronting it with the Greek New Testament text. The equivalent ciasto is attested in earlier Catholic renderings of 1556 and 1561. The other two equivalents are attested in Protestant New Testament renderings –zaczynienie in the Anti-Trinitarian one from 1577, zadziałanie in the Calvinist one from 1563. The textual provenance of these equivalents are less relevant to their semantic adequacy in specific biblical contexts.However, in the New Testament in the Bible of Jakub Wujek from 1599 (Wuj99) in all biblical contexts only one equivalent was used: ciasto, attested in the earlier Catholic renderings. The Jesuit censorship commission led by Stanisław Grodzicki, which revised Jakub Wujek's translation, chose a literal translation strategy. The rendering should be strictly in line with the Latin Clementine Vulgate (1592). As a result, the contextual synonymous equivalents of Latin massa (i.e. ciasto, zaczynie, zadziałanie) were replaced with one lexeme only (i.e. ciasto).
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In his “Słownik języka polskiego” (vols 1-6, Warsaw 1807-1814) S. B. Linde included a large number of quotations from Polish 16th and 17th century Bible translations. They illustrate the semantic meaning of numerous words of the Polish language but also show alternative translation choices thanks to quoting parallel extracts from two or more Bible versions. Linde not only rendered great services for Polish and Slavic lexicography, but also pioneered philological research on Polish Bible translations. In addition, the lexicographer was interested in the translations of Luther and Skoryna, Lithuanian bibles and the Gothic New Testament of Ulfilas.
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This paper attemps to characterize the language of the latest Catholic translation of the Holy Scriptures, i. e. the Bible edited by the Society of Saint Paul (2008). The translation strategies adopted by the translators are discussed in respect of: 1) the translation of Polish Biblical style (established by the Rev. Jakub Wujek), 2) the tradition of the Millennium Bible (1965). The aim is to show the extent to which the translators managed to fulfil two postulates that are usually difficult to reconcile: faithfulness to tradition and comprehensibility of language. In the Millenium Bible the postulate of faithfulness is often fulfilled at the expense of comprehensibility. The Paulist Bible is a response to the challenges posed by the contemporary culture; it is meant to convey Biblical ideas in language appealing to the contemporary recipient. The author uses selected samples to illustrate how the Paulist Bible departing from the method of literal translation, manifested in, e.g., reflecting Semitisms, does not abandon the principle of fidelity and remains consistent with the idiosyncrasies of the Polish Biblical style.
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This study focuses on a rhymed adaptation of the four gospels, Jezusa Chrystusa Zbawiennego Pana Nowina Wspaniała wierszem rozgłaszana [Jesus Christ the Saviour and the Lord’s Gospel Most Magnificent in verse], published in Krakow in 2017 by Antoni Gazda under the pseudonym of Bogurym Polski. Subject to discussion are selected conventionalized constructions representing quotation variants: continuous linguistic units and textual sequences of different text genre status (biblicisms in the broader sense), established in the Polish language and disseminated in social discourse, e.g. “like sheep without a shepherd; the harvest is plentiful, but the labourers are few; no one can serve two masters; you cannot serve God and mammon; friend, go up higher; come to me, all you who labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest; learn from me; for I am gentle and lowly in heart; my yoke is easy and my burden is light; for all things are possible with God; by their fruits you shall know them; in my Father's house are many rooms; even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees.” The biblical phraseology treated as one of the basic exponents of the Polish biblical style in Bogurym Polski's work is preserved on a general scale, which can be interpreted as a general indication of compliance with the hieratic translation tradition. Individual modifications of biblicisms are those necessitated by the poetic form of the work. The basic types of change are addition of component(s) and changes in word order.
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The aim of the paper is to indicate functions of toponyms in the text of the 19th century memoir written by Julian Borzym — a Polish nobleman coming from Podlasie (north-east part of Poland). Local and field names perform a informative function in the text. They create a geographical background for the presented events, show topography of towns and villages, indicate a position and status of described people (names of owned or leased properties). The informative function is connected with the locative one, that indicates the position of presented toponyms in time (e.g. names connected with historical events) and space, and also the affiliation to a given region which can be seen in the characteristic morphological features such as suffixes -(ow)izna/-yzna (Wierzbowizna, Piszczatowizna, Malinowszczyzna), -k instead of -ek in the forms of the genitive case (z Rzepk, z Rosk, do Niemierk, do Kobosk).
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The paper discusses the current studies on the influence of individuals on the Polish language and proposes directions for further research on this issue, resulting mainly from methodological (change of linguistic paradigms: a new concept of language, the need to take into account the internal differentiation of the idiolect), historical (multiple types of influencing a language) and cultural (new language models of Poles) premises. The following postulates have been formulated:1. to study the influence of various variants of idiolects, not only its artistic variation; 2. to compare them with the appropriate variant of the Polish language; 3. to consider the relationship of an idiolect/idiostyle and a language of the community in a strictly synchronous perspective; 4. to consider all possible types of influence on a language of the community; 5. to take into account different levels of language and linguistic phenomena, and well as attitudes towards language.
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The article is an attempt to solve the genesis of the Lemko word skwirt (present in the name of the village of Skwirtne in Low Beskids). Based on the available written sources (from Slovak, Ukrainian and Polish areas, Polish, Ukrainian and Belarusian lexicons, as well as correspondence with famous botanicts, the author tries to explain not so much the ethymology of the lexeme (which is know), but the reasons for a specific intersection on a specific area (Lemko region) of the names of the trees: spruce and larch.
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The article is intended to be a research reconnaissance, an attempt to face the variable and unstable resource of unofficial urban onims, to signal methodological problems that may arise during proper research, to show the possibilities and limitations of the researcher of this issue. Already from a superficial analysis prepared on a small set of colloquial urban names, difficulties arise related to the generacy, hermetic, openness of the set and fluidity of names different from official ones. The analysis led to the following conclusions that urban colloquial nomenclature arises by modifying official names through ellipses, phonetic changes, inflectional changes, etc. — existing names or through doublets — previous names, changed; and without reference to the circulation of official names in the form of urbanonyms created on the basis of associations, language games or language jokes.
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The article presents the names of Lodz streets with a sports origin and proper names of sports facilities. The material was excerpted from the Słownik nazewnictwa miejskiego Łodzi and from the website of the City of Łódź Office. The names were subjected to a semantic and structural analysis.
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The article deals with selected features of political communication. Its purpose is to analyze the means of secondary nomination in relation to persons, objects, human collectives, and the means of primary and secondary nomination in relation to names of human collectives and events. The author analyzes proper names and descriptions from the last 20 years, during which she observed the political discourse in the media. Representative examples are given in the article. The analysis of the entire material shows that the acts of nomination play an important role in political communication. They are used to build an image, shaping a positive attitude towards the object or its discredit. Secondary changes of names are not uncommon, which are a signal of a different position and polemics. Specific descriptions that identify individual objects but do not lose their motivation deserve special attention. Thanks to this, they perform a persuasive function.
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The paper deals with the problem of the use of capital letters in relation to two selected orthographic rules: the spelling of the names of titles and the names of objects in urban space. It was shown that the current orthographic rules are to a great extent inconsistent and are the result of arbitrary (and, more importantly, incorrect) interpretation of the status of genre names. The postulate of an overriding orthographic rule was formulated, which would require that all words in the structure of proper names be spelled with capital letters. Such a solution would have a systemic value, simplifying the existing chaos and unnecessary detailing of regulations.
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The article describes the religious vocabulary and the way it is presented in the Great Dictionary of the Polish Language of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The author characterizes the main conceptual circles in which the religious vocabulary is focused, and analyzes the chronological, stylistic and pragmatic qualifiers used in the description. She draws attention to new lexical units, not listed in previous dictionaries.
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The article presents introductory remarks on the functioning of women in the sixteenth-century sermons of “Postylla Minor” (“Postylla mniejsza”) by Jakub Wujek. The method of naming female persons was characterized. Women are most often called “białogłowy” or “niewiasty” and are usually shown by their roles: mother, wife, daughter, virgin, widow, nun. A group of women mentioned in “Sermons for the days of saintly patrons” was discussed. Mary, the Mother of Christ, is mentioned most often in the sermons. Jakub Wujek also recalls other female biblical heroines: from the Old Testament – Anna, Ewa, Sara, Rachab, Rut, Tamar, Uriah's wife, from the New Testament – Anna, Elżbieta, Maria Magdalena / Magdalena, Marta and not found in the Bible Anna, the mother of Mary. Historical figures also appear in the sermons: Elżbieta – most likely Elżbieta of Thuringia, Empress Helena, Jadwiga widow – Jadwiga of Silesia, Paula – Paula Rzymianka, Pulcheria – Empress of Constantinople, Katarzyna – probably Katarzyna of Alexandria, Agrypina Młodsza – Nero’s mother. In Wujek's sermons, women are shown primarily as acting in God's plan of salvation.
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The subject of considerations of this article are 16th-century feminine names (feminatives) formed with the suffixes ”-i/-yc(a)” and ”-nic(a)”, and derived primarily from masculine personal nouns (masculinatives) ending in ”-ec”, ”-ic”, “-ik”, and ”-nik”. The three female suffixes form nouns belonging to the categories of agents, attributive names, and affinity names. The research material was excerpted from the ”Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku” [SPXVI, ”The Dictionary of 16th-Century Polish Language”] and included 68 lexemes in 1,097 uses. For the authors, the purpose of the research was to interpret selected 16th-century feminatives by subjecting them to formal historical word-formation analysis, using the lexicographic description contained in SPXVI and other historical lexicons. The analysis was supplemented with an attempt at painting the linguistic image of the woman of the Renaissance era. In the material discussed, the most represented group were the ”nomina attributiva”, an explicatively difficult category. On the other hand, the least represented group were the affinity names. The research demonstrated that modifying derivatives (so-called simple feminatives) were the most frequent in the group of names studied, more than half of which originated in the 16th century. Although some of the examples are nonce words, this fragmentary overview of 16th-century material allowed the authors to formulate several conclusions about the image of the woman of the era, both in the professional context and in the stereotypical perception.
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The purpose of the article is to show the difficulties involved in compiling the Latin-Polish dictionary of Bartholomeus de Bydgostia. Based on selected entries, the differences between the Latin and Polish parts are shown. They result from the different way of defining the Latin entries, whose author was the German humanist J. Reuchlin, and the nature of their Polish explanations added by Bartholomew. Very often, Latin headwords are explained by close synonyms of both Latin and Polish words, which do not form a coherent whole. For this reason, the meaning cannot be precisely determined for all words.
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