WYDARZENIA: “History and Memory after the Holocaust in Germany, Poland, Russia, and Britain”
EVENTS: “History and Memory after the Holocaust in Germany, Poland, Russia, and Britain”
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EVENTS: “History and Memory after the Holocaust in Germany, Poland, Russia, and Britain”
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EVENTS: “The Eastern Borderlands under Soviet Occupation 1939–1941; Ukrainian–Polish–Jewish relations, social life and mutual relations”
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Wspomnienia, relacje, dzienniki – seria wydawnicza Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego INB [Marta Janczewska] ........................................................................ 403 „Write your story” – seria wydawnicza Makor Jewish Community Library [Zuzanna Schnepf] ........................................................................................................ 407 Jean Améry, Poza winą i karą. Próby przełamania podjęte przez złamanego [Sławomir Buryła] ........................................................................................................ 412 Berel Lang, Nazistowskie ludobójstwo. Akt i idea [Aleksandra Ubertowska] ...................... 416 Peter F. Dembowski, Christians in the Warsaw Ghetto: An Epitaph for the Unremembered [John Connelly] ............................................................................................................ 421 Isaiah Trunk, Łódź Ghetto: A History [Klaus-Peter Fredrich] .............................................. 425 Wołodymyr Wjatrowycz, Stawlennia OUN do jewrejiw. Formuwannia pozycji na tli katastrofy [Grzegorz Motyka] .............................................................................. 430 Arnon Rubin, Facts and Fictions about the Rescue of the Polish Jewry during the Holocaust [Agnieszka Haska] .................................................................................. 435 Janina Struk, Holokaust w fotografiach. Interpretacja dowodów [Paweł Szypulski].............. 439 Jonathan Littell, Les Bienveillantes [Michel Laffite].............................................................. 442 Miriam Akawia, Haderech ha’acheret [Jacek Leociak] .......................................................... 447
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EVENTS: The Opening of the Norwegian Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies in Oslo
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The author discusses the history of the Jews of Chmielnik, a town situated 30 kilometres away from Kielce: from a short introduction covering the inter-war period, through the German invasion, ghetto formation, everyday life n the ghetto, deportations and the fate of the survivors. The author extensively describes social organisations and their activity in Chmielnik (Judenrat, Ha Szomer ha-Cair), as well as the contacts between the Jews and the Poles.
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CURIOSA: Perversion of Historical Truth about Jedwabne
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In the early years following World War II, the Lublin region was one of the most important centres of Jewish life. At the same time, during 1944-1946 it was the scene of anti-Jewish incidents: from anti-Semitic propaganda, accusation of ritual murder, economic boycott, to cases of individual or collective murder. The wave of anti-Jewish that lasted until autumn of 1946 resulted in a lengthy and, no doubt incomplete, list of 118 murdered Jews. Escalating anti-Jewish violence in the immediate post-war years was one of the main factors, albeit not the only one, to affect the demography (mass emigration) and the socio-political condition of the Jewish population in the Lublin region.
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This text was inspired by Michał Borwicz's critical analysis written in the 1950s by a historian and writer, which exposed the purported document from the Warsaw ghetto: Josl Rakower Addresses God. Based on a recent “literary investigation” by a German journalist Paul Badde, the authors present the complex history of this article. They also add a few theoretical and theological reflections, borne out of their work on the Polish translation “Josl Rakower”.
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The author gives a profile of Artur Eisenbach, a long-serving employee of the Jewish Historical Institute, and its director during 1966–1968.
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The article concerns the conditions of life in the Jewish district and the ghetto closed since January 1942: food, forced labor, overpopulation, the religious, family and social life, for example there used to be a primary school there. It also refers to the help rendered to Jews by Poles, and generally the Polish-Jewish relations in that small town in the center of Poland inhabited by ca. ten thousand people, located on the District of Radom of the former GG. Jews constituted a half of the entire community of Kozienice, many of them were Hassids. It used to be one of the important Hassidic centers on the Polish soil, established in the 18th Century by tzadik Israel ben Sabatai nown as the Magid of Kozienice. In the article, also the action of liquidation of the ghetto in September 1942 is mentioned and the sale of the Jewish property taken from the people sent to Treblinka. The text is based on the archival documents (the files of Judenrat from Kozienice), the press (Gazeta Żydowska /The Jewish daily) and memoirs and testimonies as well as direct interviews.
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During 1945–1950 several trials of functionary prisoners of Nazi concentration camps were held in Poland. these trials brought about, particularly among former concentration camp prisoners, a painful debate on the involvement of KZ-lager victims in the terror system of the concentration camps. This debate was the background of the polemic surrounding the Tadeusz Borowski's Auschwitz stories. Apprehensive of its impact on the image of their organisation and its members, the board of the Polish Union of Former Political Prisoners (PZbWP) attempted to silence this discussion. this policy was in line with that of PPR/PZPR. This debate upset the clear-cut division into victims and executioners, led to a disintegration of the already divided Polish society and dislodged the hard-achieved national consensus, largely based on the general hostility towards Germany. Thus it deprived the Communists of one of their chief arguments to legitimise their power. This debate was also embarrassing for a sizeable section of popular opinion, as it questioned the image of Poles as a nation of unfortunate victims and heroes. in the late 1940's, with the increasing Stalinisation, PZbWP and PPR/PZPR were largely able to silence the debate on the attitude of functionary prisoners. the dominant narration turned out to be that that portrayed KZ-lager prisoners as a solidary, international community of anti-fascist resistance movement led by the Communists. The difficult and painful debates of the immediate post-war years are now largely forgotten. In this respect, one could even talk about a symbiosis of the "national" and "Communist" historical interpretations.
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FOREIGN REVIEWS: France, Ukraine, Scandinavia
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This article discusses the history of the annihilation of sztetl Gritze, a Polish-Jewish town in Central Poland. In the first part of the article, the author describes the tragedy of the Jewish inhabitants of this small town: the creation and the destruction of the Jewish ghetto and the hardships undergone by those who lived there, and who were subsequently deported to the Warsaw ghetto. The history of the Grojec prisoners of the work camps in Skarżysko-Kamienna, Smoleńsk and Słomczyn are equally examined. In the second part of the article, the author analyses the Jewish-Polish relations in the occupied Grojec. She distinguishes two stages of these relations; the break between these two would have occured, she argues, at the time of deportation of the Jewish inhabitants of the town in February 1942 to the Warsaw ghetto. This event marked the beginning of the transformation of the sztetl Gritze into Judenrein, in which, up to now, the common Jewish-Polish past has been virtually non-existent/ obliterated.
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The exchange of the Palestinian Jews, who at the outbreak of the war were staying in Europe for German residents in Palestine is a relatively unexplored aspect of allied efforts to save the Jewish population. The consensus reached after lengthy and arduous British-German negotiations enabled five such exchanges during 1941–1945. Three of them (in December 1941, November 1942 and January 1943) also included Jewish resident of the Katowice Regierungsbezirk, who by being Palestinian citizens or by being related with Palestinian resident had the right to leave German-occupied areas. Probably this enabled 332 people to leave eastern Upper Silesia. The activity of the German administration to do with the "uncovering" of Palestinian Jews staying in the Katowice Regierungsbezirk, as well as the entire process of organising this action at the local administration level of eastern Upper Silesia was reconstructed on the basis of well-preserved and consistent German documentation from the State Archives in Katowice.
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Michał Borwicz's text published in 1955 in “Almanach”, a Yiddish periodical, is the first serious historical and literary analysis, which proves that Josl Rakower Addresses God supposedly an authentic voice from the burning Warsaw ghetto, is apocryphal. It is also the first important, voice in a discussion regarding the need to clearly separate the hic et nunc Holocaust testimonies from literary texts on the Holocaust (written ex post).
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This text deals with the situation of the Jewish population of Hrubieszów between autumn 1941 and the first deportation action in June 1942. The author of the testimony is a woman by the name Dychterman, who came to Hrubieszów from the Warsaw ghetto. During the “action” she managed to leave for Warsaw. This testimony was written two weeks later, i.e. in late June 1942 by staff members of Ringelblum’s Archive. It stands out among other testimonies from Hrubieszów in the Warsaw Ghetto Archives, as it is full of details and complex description. It also contains an interesting description of the Jewish community in the town, the living conditions and its everyday life. It also contains data of the Judenrat members as well as observations on the Christian-Jewish relations (i.e. between Jews and Poles or Ukrainians). The second part of the testimony describes the first liquidation action in Hrubieszów, the extermination action and the reactions of the Judenrat and that of the population towards the resettlement. The fate of the author remains unknown. Most likely she died during the “Great Action” in the Warsaw ghetto. This account has been used by historians, but never previously published.
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