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Edukacja geograficzna w australijskim systemie kształcenia

Author(s): Maria Magdalena Wilczyńska-Wołoszyn / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

In the Australian schools subject teaching is not prioritized. The curriculum is based on the general assumptions which contain the present and future conditions of education, the desired system of values and the basic attainment targets. This framework underlies the structuring of the content which is divided into eight subject areas such as: the Arts, English, Health and Physical Education, Foreign Languages, Mathematics, Science,Society and Environment, Technology and Entrepreneurship. Geographical education appears mainly in two subject areas: Science and Society and Environment. However some elements of geography may occur also in other subject areas. Geography as an independent subject, alike other subjects appears only in the last two years of the upper secondary school. These subjects can be selected as examination subjects and their grades will count in the application procedure to Universities. From among different conceptions of geographical education the ones considered the most useful are: regional studies from the local environment, through the mother region up to the country and global dimension. They tend to represent thematic studies approach and problem-solving strategies. System and systematic approaches are not asfrequent.

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Edukacja geograficzna w Kraju Kwitnącej Wiśni

Author(s): Joanna Angiel / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents educational system in Japan and the position of geographical education in it. The conditions of obtaining teacher’s license are described, as well as the rules, cultural norms and solutions regarding upbringing and educating. The author analyzes geographical contents in textbooks (not only geography textbooks), as well as similarities and differences between education in Poland and Japan. The ideas, values and educational aims in Japan are presented. The differences between understanding education in Japanese and European cultures are highlighted. Nihonjin ron, fursato and kokoro are presented as the essence of Japanese upbringing and educating, and related to geographical education, as they are its core and they determine the importance of teaching geography in Japan. The fundamental differences in aims and directions of education between Poland and Japan are indicated. With relation to this, the author reflects on the crisis in culture and values, as well as the crisis in education. The lack of balance between upbringing and educating in curriculum and school reality is pointed out, as well as very strong cognitive aspect (intellectual development) together with the aspect of physical development and negligence of spiritual development of students. Theauthor recounts paideia – ancient Greek rule of educating individuals, and refers back tothe essence of education in Japan, including kokoro. In the summary, the opinions of Polish philosophers, educators and geographers on the necessity of balancing educationand introducing education turned to values are recalled.

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Geografia jako przedmiot nauczania w systemie oświaty na Ukrainie

Author(s): Natalia Tomczewska-Popowycz / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the study is an explore the role and place of Geography education in schools in Ukraine, as well as to compare how Geography is taught in schools in Ukraine and Poland. First, the study provides a comparative analysis of the school curricula and the legal bases that regulate education in the two countries. Then it compares the goals and contents of Geography curriculum at different stages of education, from elementary to high school. The results of the comparative analysis indicate that these two systems differ. Compared to Poland, in Ukraine the duration of studies in elementary school is shorter by two years, while it is longer by two years in middle school. The duration of studies at the high school level is also different. The underlying legal systems also differ. For instance, the curriculum used in Ukraine tends to be remarkably more detailed, although there is a considerable overlap in the curriculum content in the two countries. The most notable differences were observed in how textbooks are made available to the students: in Ukraine, the Ministry of Education provides textbooks free of charge, ensuring that the secondary education is basically free.

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Doświadczenia i wyobrażenia przestrzeni jako podstawa w nauczaniu geografii. Przykład Polski i Anglii

Author(s): Paulina Tobiasz-Lis / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The research spectrum of spatial experiences and perception in geography is very wide – from freehand sketches, by testing images and attitudes towards the environmentor social phenomena, to the issues of people’s emotional connection and identification with different areas, especially with the place of residence. Investigating places through personal experiences may be an important element of geographical education programs, showing that they are interpreted by modern geographers very broadly and as multidimensional phenomena. The article identifies and compares the place and importance of the issues concerning personal experiences, perception and images of places in geographical education in Poland and England.

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Umiejętności kształcone za pomocą podręczników do geografii w Polsce, Anglii, Francji i Niemczech (Saksonii)

Author(s): Arkadiusz Głowacz / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the work is to determine the similarities and differences in the scope of skills developed through geography textbooks in selected European countries. In the analysis textbooks from Poland, England, France and Germany (Saxony) for ISCED 2 level have been examined. Questions accompanying standard textbook content constituted the main research material. In the author’s opinion the instructions influence the activities undertaken by students. Thus they contain the information concerning the type and scope of the developed skills. A bunch of methods have been applied, among which the most important was content analysis derived from sociology. As a result a set of question categories have been created. The fundamental criterion of the categories delimitation was the character of activities performed by students. Once the list of categories was complete, all the instructions form the textbooks were matched into the categories. This enabled a semi-qualitative comparisons between countries. The researchled to the formulation of several crucial conclusions. The most general one states that the largest scope and variety of skills could potentially be developed through the English and German textbooks.

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Współczesne kierunki zmian w nauczaniu geografii w szkołach ogólnokształcących na przykładzie Finlandii i Rosji

Author(s): Mariola Tracz / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

In many countries have been significant changes in the structure of educational system in recent years. Are formulated new aims and tasks for education as a resulting of social and economic changes and development of ICT. The paper present how this changes influence of geography education in Russia and Finland. It was analysed the concept of geographical education and the place geography in national curriculum. In the research was tested curricula, reports, textbooks of geography and same materials for teachers.

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Kierunki zmian w akademickim kształceniu geograficznym w Czechach i w Polsce

Author(s): Elżbieta Szkurłat,Barbara Baarová / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the general tendencies of change in the higher education systems in Czechia and Poland in the last years. Secondly, the directions of change in the academic geographical education in the above mentioned countries have been compared. The main criteria for the comparison embrace the following: change in the number of candidates and students of geography, changes in the recruitment policies, development of centres, faculties and institutes of the academic geographical education, new courses of study at the geography faculties, accreditation requirements and changes in the funding system.There have been many, usually disadvantageous, changes common for Czechia and Poland, such as: declining number of candidates, dispersion of geographical education over different faculties, creation of many new study courses, which do not use the term“geography” any more, drastic drop in the number of students of geography, formal and organizational difficulties in the geography teacher education. These changes are connected with the implementation of the Bologna strategy as well as the unfavorable demographic shift (falling population number) and the social transformation (rising scholarization ratio).The main differences in the direction of change in the academic education in Czechia and Poland include: functioning of many more private schools in Poland, lower growth of the number of students in the Czech Republic than in Poland, higher dispersion of geographical education over different faculties in Czechia than in Poland, cancellation of educational standards in Poland and the attempts of their implementation in Czechia and lastly different systems of study funding.

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Okulografia w badaniach postrzegania i konstruowania wiedzy geograficznej

Author(s): Iwona Piotrowska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Eye tracking is a modern method of studying perception, cognitive and thought processes that occur when various sources of geographical information are used. It allows determining the visual competence of the recipient. Saccades (eye movements) and fixations (points at which the eyes are relatively stationary) offer an insight into the process of perception of various geographical objects, the way in which text and graphic information is read and absorbed, and the identification of those parts of the contents that the user finds the most interesting and useful. This article, therefore, seeks to present a new approach in the research on geographical education. The eye-tracking method shows the role of an individual perception of reality, the keenness of the observation conducted, and the time necessary for an individual to obtain information, and hence for the process of learning.

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Wyprawy i obozy naukowe jako alternatywna forma uczenia się przez działanie – przykład dobrej praktyki nauczycieli ZS nr 1 w Tychach

Author(s): Katarzyna Dacy-Ignatiuk,Ireneusz Oleksik / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The acquisition of knowledge and skills by action has long been an important aspect in education. Each of practising teachers, however, knows that at a present-day school it is extremely difficult to find the time and technical capability to carry out practical activities properly. The pursuit of conducting the appropriate number of hours of the course, effectively discourages many teachers from the implementation of the curriculum beyond the school walls. The authors, a geography teacher in SC No. 1 in Tychy, along with a colleague – a biologist, worked out his own way to deal with this problem:for a decade they have been organizing school scientific camps across the country, and for six years – school expeditions to various parts of the world. The article introduces the forms of working with students, along with the notable effects, as well as the logistic side of the project, together with conclusions for the future.

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Rola centrów nauki w przyrodniczej edukacji nieformalnej na przykładzie Centrum Nowoczesności Młyn Wiedzy w Toruniu

Author(s): Zbigniew Podgórski,Przemysław Charzyński / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Informal education is a complex process of shaping attitudes, skills acquisition (including evaluation) and gaining knowledge, as en effect of different experiences and under the influence of social environment. Its effectiveness can be improved by applying new, attractive forms such as modern, popular science communication. Due to that in the study they were described opportunities created by science centers. Primary goals of these institutions are to arouse scientific interests in the society, initiate and conduct discussions, encourage self-learning and support education system. Centers of science are supposed to popularise knowledge, mainly by performing interactive presentations about specially selected, scientific topics. Worth noting is that informal education efforts in Poland are relatively recent and they are dated back only to the previous decade, while in Western Europe and United States they have already several decades history. The excellent results achieved by science learning centers in the education field, is an argument for involving natural science educators in implementation of the projects, aimed at developing activity programs for these institutions. A good example of science centre is Innovation Center Mill of Knowledge in Toruń.This organisation is actually able to show selected issues from various fields of science, technology, culture in an interdisciplinary way and its programme significantly goes beyond interactive exhibitions. Through amusement and independent experiments it introduces children and adults to the world of science and technology, enables theunderstanding of natural phenomena and therefore the world around.

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Глазури причерноморских средневековых посудных майолик: химический состав по данным спектрального анализа

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Investigatios of 52 glazes samples (40 of them are examples of Byzantine-Black Sea origin) by X-ray microprobe technique allowed to make conclusions about the difference of the Byzantine (and its successor on North Black Sea Coast and the Golden Horde traditions) composition from the West-Mediterranean (Spanish-Italian), in particular for the 15th century. One of the results of these investigations is the discovery of the downward trend rate of lead oxide in the Byzantine and Black Sea glazes during the 12th—15th centuries, refuting earlier formulated hypotheses about the growth of the share of lead materials in “Chersonesus” glaze recipe. The author also notes the lack of reliable data on glazed pottery production in medieval Cherson.

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Импортная глазурованная керамика Московского Кремля (по раскопкам 2007 г.)

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The archaeological excavations in the Moscow Kremlin carried out in 2007 uncovered a collection of imported glazed ceramics (146 samples). This is the most numerous collection of all previous finds of such ceramics in the Kremlin over more than 100 years.Sherds of vessels produced in the middle — second half of the 14th century in the Golden Horde towns in the Lower Volga region make almost half of this collection. Most of them are made of soft white Qashan (quartz-frits) decorated with polychrome (black-and-blue, black/green-and-blue-and-turquoise) painting, often with addition of white engobe. A very small group (about 5%) are sherds of red-clay ceramics with green transparent lead glaze without any decoration; these were manufactured in towns of the South-Eastern Crimea. Chinese celadons and blue-and-white faience make an unusually big group (1/5 of all finds), yet these vessels were represented only by small fragments found in 16th — 17th centuries layers. The Turkish faience (from Iznik) of the first half of the 16th century, which is a very rare find in Russia, make 13% of all finds. Including, sherds of vessels with red background, which are the first finds of this kind in Moscow and in Russia as a whole. The most enigmatic groups include sherds of imported plates without any decoration and bowls with brown decoration. These were likely produced in Asia Minor or in the Caucasus. Another type of vessels decorated by white engobe were probably imported from North-Western Europe — Holland or Germany (a tripod vessel).

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Ishkornaïa : de l’usage de la soude végétale dans les revêtements céramiques (Paykend, oasis de Boukhara, IXe—XIXe siècles)

Author(s): Guergana Guionova,Mathilde Bouquet / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The terms of ishkornaya or ishkor ware are used in the western archaeological literature. They relate to the alkaline glazes produced from plant ashes. This technique is still used nowadays. The archaeological material from Paykend provides the samples with opaque or transparent alkaline glaze from the 9th—10th century and later, from Timurid and post-Timurid period. The first ones are produced in Paykend’s pottery workshop. The following are from the oasis region. They are characterized by the presence of the siliceous slip between the earthenware body and the glaze. This observation remains to be confirmed by laboratory tests.

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Поливная керамика Узбекистана: этапы развития

Author(s): Elmira F. Gyul / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article offers an analysis of main stages in development of glazed ceramics of Uzbekistan: Samanid, Karakhanid and Timurid periods, the period of the late medieval Uzbek Khanates and the modern period. The author characterizes local ceramic schools and centers and reveals traditional elements in development of pottery. She discusses reasons behind the spread of glazed ceramics during the first centuries of Islam. Its further specific development is explained within the context of social-historical development of the region.The ceramic industry of Uzbekistan is shown as a vibrant and dynamic process, which has maintained sustainable archetypical features through time. These include: conventional pattern, contrast colors, basic repertory of decoration: floral motifs, stylized images of animals and birds, simplistic geometric ornamentation.

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Поливная керамика Миздахкана

Author(s): Omar-Sharif Kdirniazob / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses glazed ceramics of the medieval town of Mizdakhkan. The site is situated in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The archaeological digs conducted on the hillfort in 1985—2015 yielded a vast collection of ceramic materials. Glazed ceramics of Mizdakhkan demonstrates a variety of manufacturing technologies, forms, use, ornamentation and color of glaze. By these criteria, it can be classified into types and subtypes. Among them, the red-clay and Qashan ceramics of the Golden Horde time prevail. There is also imported celadon, minai and luster items. This paper discusses just the most typical samples of glazed ceramics of 13th—14th centuries. The forms and ornamental patterns of glazed items mainly suggest local manufacturing; however, they find analogies on the Golden Horde sites in different regions: in cities of the Lower Volga region, North Caucasus, Crimea and Dniester region (Old Orhei).

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Кашин Хорезма

Author(s): Mukhammed-Sharip Kdirniazob / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author publishes some new finds of the 13th — 14th century Qashan ceramics from medieval towns of Khwarezm. The author offers his own ideas about the typology of the Qashan ceramics produced in the Central Asia, referring primarily to the authority of previous researchers. An attempt is made to define which vessels refer to the local production and which were imported here from Iran. The author concludes about the same place of origin for the Qashan ceramics produced in Khwarezm urban centers and main Golden Horde cities in the Lower Volga region.

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Китайский фарфор с русских памятников Среднего Прииртышья XVII — первой половины XVIII вв.

Author(s): Philip S. Tataurov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The process of accession of Western Siberia to the Russian state had begun in the end of the 16th century. Russian pioneers were looking for opportunities and ways of communication, both with natives, and with the population of the territories, adjacent to Western Siberia because of the conditions of the new cultural environment and constant military danger. This enabled commercial relations and cultural exchange. Among all range of imported goods the significant place was taken by the things which emphasized the social status and welfare of their owners. Chinese porcelain which was widely spread in the region despite its high price can serve a good example of such prestigious things. It was imported into the territory of Central Irtysh region tduring the mid 17th — first half of the 18th centuries, which can be confirmed by materials of archaeological research.

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Античная печь ІІІ в. на мысе Св. Атанас, Варненская область, Болгария

Author(s): Valeri Yotov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author examines a kiln for household ceramics, which was discovered on Sveti Atanas cape in Byala, Varna region, Bulgaria. The ceramic kiln was cleared in the horizon under the street (dated to the end of the 6th century), which was also traced in previous archaeological seasons. The kiln relates to a double-chamber structure with a vertical rod.The upper layer of the lower chamber contained a large number of fragments of tiles and pithoi among the burnt pieces of clay and ash. Many sherds of household ceramics were found under this layer. Inside the kiln chamber, at the bottom, in the layer of ash and coal, there was one whole bowl, fragments of several deformed bowls and a whole pot. To the west of the kiln entrance, a rounded pit was excavated. A large number of fragmented ceramics (with manufacturing defects) was discovered. Three bowls are restored. At the level of the broken grid, a strongly burnt chimney was found, which was probably reused with respect to the grid construction.A completely preserved and well-burned vessel in the shape of a cone was found in the lower chamber of the kiln. Fragments of a dozen other similar, but coarse and poorly burned conical vessels (restored four), were also found in the pit at the entrance in front of the furnace. There are several hypotheses about the use of such vessels/cones: used in ancient gardening; as polyfunctional funnels; to build a domed construction of kilns or in building construction.The oven and ceramics date from approximately the second half of the 2nd century — mid 50s of the 3rd century, and are evidence of a new provincial pottery production center of the Roman period in the Western Black Sea region.

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Баптистерии раннесредневекового византийского Херсона: некоторые итоги изучения

Author(s): Serghei B. Sorochan / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The typology of baptisteries of Byzantine Cherson of 6th—9th centuries is studied in the article. By the middle of the 7th century, each region of the city had its own temple with a baptistery, and their total number could reach nine. The overwhelming number of baptismal fonts were of small size and depth, and were intended for the baptismal rite, mainly over small children. Such baptisteries did not need any catechumens or hrismarions. In four cases the ponds of small fonts were raised above the floor and attached to the wall, but there were also fonts built in level with the floor, for the baptism of adults. The ponds were cut down in the rock, wrought from solid stone or built from plinth with the cement. They were shaped as a circle, polyhedron, semicircle, rectangle, or a three-conchal cross. There are finds of portable, mobile marble fonts. Baptisteries of Cherson can be divided into two groups: built as a detached building or as a part of a temple (the latter are most numerous). Among them, there are a few processional, “enfilade” baptisteries and more numerous single-chamber baptisteries. Arranged most often in the southern part of the temple, they had access to the altar. In addition, among them there were baptisteries of pure type and baptistery-martyria (at the Western basilica, “temple with the ark” no. 19 and in baptistery no. 24 at the Great Basilica). They reveal a noticeable influence of the Christian East.

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О «кочевнических юртах» на памятниках оседлого населения лесостепи (V—VIII вв.)

Author(s): Michel Kazanski / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The finds of the so-called yurt-like structures on the sites of the forest-steppe settled population of the 5th—8th centuries are considered in this article. It is believed that these buildings reflect the contacts of steppe nomads with settled barbarians, primarily with the Slavs. Most of the structures considered — Ksizovo 19, Bogatoe, Osipovka, Dereyvka, Budishchi, Lug-I — are stationary semi-dugouts, most often of a pole-like frame structure, with or without a hearth. Such buildings may belong to the nomadic population who mastered the principles of construction of permanent housing. With the yurts, they are approximated by a rounded shape and a hearth in the center. But the Slavs throughout their history were settled people. Such structures are well known for the cultures of the Roman period, in particular for Kiev culture, which is related to the ancestors of the Slavs. It can be assumed that the rounded frame-adobe buildings with a deep foundation, known on the Slavic sites of the early Middle Ages, go back to the traditions of Kiev culture. Only one structure from the settlement of Chernechina can be attributed to the yurt-like structures from the Penkovka settlements. Perhaps it testifies to the incorporation into the Slavic environment of certain groups of nomads, passing on to settled life. Also, a structure from the settlement Stetsovka is comparable with the yurt-shaped buildings. Most likely, this settlement was populated by a mixed group — Slavic and foreigners from the south. This composition reflects a complex ethno-cultural situation that emerged in the Middle Dnieper region after disappearance of the Penkovka culture in the 630s — 660s.

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