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Established on a set of scientific and utopian principles reflecting the long path of master ideas of the 18th and 19th centuries such as Romanticism, ecology is the embodiment of an ideal that seeks to put nature back at the forefront of history and societies instead of dismissing it. Instead of an “inauthentic life” in which man has lost his own freedom due to the tragic and alienating grasp of modern civilisation and its hypocritical social conventions, nature is meant to be salvation. Millennial and immaculate, it would also constitute a base of absolute values and references for societies in search of meaning. While some idealists, like Henry Thoreau (1817–1862), have found in the oneiric and metaphysical contemplation of wide open spaces an escape from the “evil of the century”, others have taken refuge in a much more political and religious radical reading.
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One of the stereotypes regarding contemporary pagans in Europe, especially in Eastern Europe, is that they adhere to right-wing extremist political views and are inherently racist. There is also the opposite stereotype of a hippie-style pagan who is profoundly spiritual and hugs trees to exchange power with Mother Earth. In the following, I will explore the ideological position of two pagan movements that emerged in Estonia during the 20th century. The main question is where do the native Estonian Taarausk and Maausk movements, stand on the ideological map, if they stand at all? Both ethnic religions emerged during the twentieth century when Estonians were establishing or reestablishing independent statehood, and both have had their roots in a broader intellectual and political movements. Both Taarausk and Maausk stressed the importance of Estonianness, resistance to cosmopolitanism and globalization, and finding the religious or spiritual dimension from the pre-Christian ‘golden age’ or from lived traditions of ancestors. Cosmopolitanism and globalization are seen as represented by the Christian Church and Christianity that was imposed on Estonians by Crusaders.
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Romuva is the name of the largest European ‘ethnic religion’. The name is already a problem. Peter of Duisburg (14th century) mentions it in 1326 in his Chronicon Terrae Prussiae as the still existing mysterious centre of the ancient Baltic religion, whose leader, called Krivis, had as much authority in the region as the Pope in Rome (whose name, the chronicler assured, was ‘Romuva’, which thus came from ‘Rome’).
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The title’s Nietzschean phrase effectively sums up the “identitarian ideology”, which is frequently invoked by various groups. At the core of this ideology lies the issue of memory, which is fundamental to the concept of identity. In essence, the ideology demands that ethno-cultural groups safeguard their cultural, religious, and racial distinctiveness from mixing and homogenisation, a right to “identity.” Consequently, so-called identitarian groups seek the reconfiguration of Europe on ethnic, regionalist, federalist, and, on occasion, neo-pagan grounds. This is known as ethnopluralism. Furthermore, these groups repudiate the nationalism espoused by “classical” far-right parties. In this instance, our focus is on neopagan identitarian groups that emerge from the radical right.
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Meryem, a 19-year-old resident of a small and highly conservative town in Northern Turkey, comes from a family that strongly identifies with Turkish nationalism and Sunni Islam. For them, the combination of the two is the only legitimate way to define what it means to be Turkish. In 2019, she was declaring to Euronews that when she sees how religion is used by politics in Turkey, she gets confused as many of her friends, and she was on her way to becoming an atheist “but don’t tell it to (her) mom”. 1 After two decades of an increasing Islamist atmosphere, the main fear of the conservatives in Turkey is to witness more believers but a less practicing generation. Indeed, to the fear of Atheism has been added since 2010 the fear of Deism, i.e., people who believe in Allah, but who think that all the ceremony of Sunni Islam is a political show at worst, a folklore at best. In this chapter, I will try to describe and analyse different attitudes in the Turkish society, especially among youngsters, that can be seen as a reaction to the formal normative Sunni Islam as defended by the political elite
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The reawakening of old national or local beliefs involving environmental, nationalist, or traditional concerns is increasingly observed in today’s societies. Of particular interest is the fact that the taking over of ancient religions and beliefs called ‘Neopaganism’ paves the way for new religious movements, and consequently new religious minorities, by affirming national or environmental identity.
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In recent years, witches have been making a comeback in Western culture, particularly in France. In bookshops, books and bestsellers have been proliferating, such as Odile Chabrillac’s Âme de sorcières and its around 50,000 copies sold . On social networks, the phenomenon quickly structured itself around hashtags such as #witchesofinstagram or #witchtok, and dedicated YouTube channels were created. In the general buzz, the term “modern witch” gradually emerged, marking a difference with the notion of “regular witch”.
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The research for contemporary religiosity in Turkey’s province of Tunceli (the former region of Dersim in central eastern Anatolia) and among migrants of Dersim origin living abroad in Turkish or European cities will confront us with a case of reconstruction and aestheticisation of a declining religion as an ancient religion. The present article will briefly describe the development in four steps: First the decline of the traditional religion in Dersim and its replacement by a standardised Alevism. Second, this decline and change led to a growing loss of acceptance among the population of Tunceli and migrants from Dersim abroad. Consequently, a growing number of intellectuals began to search among other religions for a substitution for the lost spirituality and for what might be the “roots” of their lost religion. These newly added spiritual elements were imagined as being part of their “own” former religion, or at least being closely related to it. In particular, young artists and intellectuals developed individual syntheses composed of beliefs and religious practices of different origins. Third, music also became an issue for research and reconstruction. Many musicians from Dersim identified themselves with lost religious traditions and their re-imagination as an ancient religion, rejecting the contemporary standardised Turkish Alevism. Four, eventually, the music, which already was a central part of the religion in Dersim, became aesthetically sophisticated and developed into a kind of artistic music to be presented both on the music market or in serious concerts.
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The reactivation of Paganism in contemporary societies, as meticulously explored through the diverse contributions of the authors within the pages of this book, not only provides us with profound insights into the enduring human connection with spirituality, nature, and cultural heritage but also underscores its continuous process of reconstruction and even construction .
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Motives for starting a family business are an important aspect of any successful entrepreneurship. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, we have a large number of examples of successful family entrepreneurship. When we look at the contemporary literature in economics, we can see that entrepreneurship, startup companies, youth entrepreneurship are quite current topics, but we should not ignore the enormous importance of family businesses on the growth and development of the global economy and the need to analyze them through expert work. A successful family business also depends on the branding of the product itself. For family firms that want to take advantage of the positive perception of the family brand, signaling the status of the family firm to their shareholders is of strategic importance. In this context and in this paper, we will point out the importance of family entrepreneurship, as well as the motives for starting it.
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Accession to the European Union for Bosnia and Herzegovina means improving the life and work of all citizens. The processes and procedures of European integration require adaptation of the institutional framework and legal system in all areas, but also economic development, and more intensive foreign policy action in areas that affect the dynamics of relations between BiH and the EU. In all activities, the active role of all segments of society, especially young people, who have an interest in BiH's membership in the EU, is necessary, given that it will affect all aspects of life. Integrating requires activism and the commitment of everyone in the processes that must make changes in the entire society. All this is possible with the activism and engagement of all social factors and competent, public, private and civil sectors. The European integration process of Bosnia and Herzegovina requires significant reforms in all spheres of life, where a special place should be taken in the preparation of the institutions and administrative bodies of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to be efficient in performing the tasks that are set. This work has the primary goal of pointing out the importance of foreign policy action in areas that affect the dynamics of relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union.
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Strategic management is of key importance for the success and sustainability of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in today's extremely dynamic and competitive business environment. In this paper, we will explore the importance of strategic management in SMEs, its key components and steps, and how to properly apply strategic management in order for SMEs to achieve competitive advantages and long-term success. We will also look at the process of strategic planning itself, and the relationship between strategic and operational plans. Adequate knowledge and relevant application of strategic management tools contribute significantly to market success, and therefore we place special emphasis in our work on the development of managerial competencies in this area.
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The new role of school management (decentralization) implies the application of new knowledge of management in an educational institution as an innovative organization that continuously learns. School managers, principals, generally do not have adequate knowledge, skills and competences in the field of school or educational management. The lack of such knowledge has a negative impact on the creation and implementation of the school's development plan. Therefore, reforms are necessary, which would create a standard and ensure quality education of school directors and management of all educational institutions and teaching staff, as carriers of the educational process. The role of management in educational institutions of all levels is unquestionable, even though modern forms of leadership based on interpersonal, participatory and transformational leadership models are still not applied.
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The European judicial portal (hereinafter: e-Portal) was established on July 16, 2010, and the European Commission is responsible for its maintenance and updating of information, in accordance with the guidelines of the EU Council. From the day of establishment until today, the member states and the European Commission strongly contribute to the development of the e-Portal, especially through the introduction of new functions and regular updating and addition of new content. The establishment of the European judicial portal makes a great contribution not only to the computerization of the judicial systems of the member states of the European Union, but by providing easier access to information on the legislation of the member states, court practice, as well as various types of national registers, it will facilitate cross-border business between the member states, improve the business climate and internal European market.
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Digital transformation is having a profound and pervasive impact on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) around the world. This change is reflected in the way SMEs operate, communicate and create value. In the last few years, digital technologies have developed at an exponential rate, which has enabled SMEs to take various steps to improve efficiency and competitiveness. In this paper, we will analyze in detail how digital transformation affects the efficiency of small and medium enterprises through several key aspects.
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The activity of private protection is considered to be the protection of persons and property that is carried out physically, i.e. physical or technical protection. At the same time, physical protection is carried out by persons who directly protect and secure protected persons and property, without the dominant use of technical means. Today, there is almost no state whose security system does not have a segment whose carriers are private entities as, in an organizational sense, an autonomously existing factor. The most important characteristics of private security companies are the pursuit of profit and trading in the provision of internal security and protection services. Most of these companies are small, focused on crime prevention and public order, as well as private security services in the domestic market. This expert work also points to some of the most important characteristics of private security companies, as well as the important role that these companies play for the safety of society in general.
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During the pandemic of the COVID-19 virus in Bosnia and Herzegovina, individuals and society as a whole faced numerous challenges in the field of preserving both physical and mental health. The focus of protecting citizens from the pandemic was vulnerable and risky categories of the population, primarily the elderly and children. Children and adolescents were at risk, mostly due to social isolation and limited movement. Extraordinary circumstances, limited movement, lack of contact with friends, socializing, free activities, gloomy scenes and other factors that occupied them were risk factors that caused numerous mental problems. Those problems are indicative even today, and the aim of this work is to point out the numerous consequences of this pandemic.
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The dominant form of communication and understanding between people is achieved through speech. Speech development in children is a very complex process that can only be achieved in an environment where people communicate. While listening to the speech of adults, the child learns to speak, passing through different stages of speech development. The influence of biological and social factors is very important for the acquisition of speech. That is, the functioning and maturity of the areas responsible for speech development of the central nervous system, on the one hand, and social factors, on the other hand, the most important of which is the family, i.e. in the first place, the mother and the communication between mother and baby from the first day of life. Speech develops gradually from the earliest age. In this period, the movement of the speech organs matures, phonemic development, cognitive development, and maturation in the field of preverbal communication. The prelinguistic phase of speech development is a period of preparation for the development of speech in children and the acquisition of the language system of the mother tongue. The prelinguistic phase of development is divided into several subphases that all children with typical development go through. The aim of this paper is to present the pre-linguistic phase of children's speech development, and which factors are important during this transition of speech development.
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One of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic is the impaired mental health of children and adolescents, as well as other categories of the population. However, in this paper we will base ourselves on the behavioral disorders that were indicative of this vulnerable category, not wanting to diminish the difficulties faced by other categories of the population. Socialization was difficult, and life and daily activities were limited, which had incalculable consequences on the growth and personality formation of children and adolescents. Unfortunately, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic will be seen in this population, but so will the fears and phobias of similar circumstances. That is why it is very important that during their further upbringing and education we pay special attention to their mental health and education on how and in what way they can seek help, if certain symptoms of the disorder are indicated. The socially maladjusted behavior of children and adolescents during the corona virus pandemic is a topic that was not too represented and researched from a scientific point of view, and we will pay more attention to this problem in this paper.
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