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The authors name is often related to the husband and „co-creator” Béla Hamvas, one of the most influential essayist in mid-twentieth century Hungarian literature. These two piecs brings the mithological background and thinking, alloyed with elaborate style.
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Ács Margit's essay – first announced at the conference Art-Science-Sociaty, Hungarian Academy of Science, 2006 – analyses the role of artists and scientists in the post-industrial era of conetmporary Europe. The complex reflection highlihts the importance of personal autonomy and responsible thinking.
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Essay and fiction come close to each other in Horányi's brilliant prose that targets a few days of poet Lőrinc Szabó in 1949. The character is scetched thoroughly, three motives: creation, love and existencial depression echoes those turbulent (and more and more despotic) days of the Hungarian era. Horányi shares lots of information. Extract fron the novel February.
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The following paper aims to present and analyse some of the reorganization mechanisms derived from, or in accordance with, the insolvency procedure provided by the Romanian national law. However, the upper mentioned mechanisms, both due to the relative inovation they presume, or the aparent complexity, are quite unpopular regarding the appliable jurisprudence. In this order of thoughts, the author presents the contractual manifestation of each of the mechanisms, as a proof that their practicability is both an economical and a judicial reality, and as a consequence, represent clear options in order to save a company in dificulty. Either we refer the hair-cut mechanism, the debt for equity swap one, asset or share deals, or other mechanisms like capitalizing leaseholds or making a commissioning payment, the offered solutions by the insolvency law represent true options available to the involved ones within the insolvency procedure, options that due to the diversity of the judicial effects they provide, are capable of responding to a great variety of needs and particularities of a debtor-in-possesion, just enough to make the desired status quo change.
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An important role in the financial recovery of the distressed individuals, the law governing the insolvency of individuals, legislation that imposes certain measures, which make the borrower to become aware of the possibility of a bailout of indebtedness situations. The general framework applicable to insolvency contained-at European level, Council Regulation (EC) no 1346/2000 of 29.05.2000, entered into force on 31 May 2002, which applies to individuals and establishing general rules applicable to all States, members of the European Union.
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After years of experiencing a financial crysis in which the insolvency procedures left behind, beside a few successful reorganization plans, also a series of „collateral dammage” – especially unsecured providers and also guaranteed lenders whose warranties were halved in the context of the real estate market collapse, we increasingly feel the need to prevent the insolvency through a series of methods in order to protect the business environment from the financial blockage. Yet, we cannot speak of preventing the insolvecy without mentioning the causes which generate it. Statistically, the main cause of insolvency is the absence of a fast reaction of the managers, so that its early identification can save the company.
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A chain of contracts implies two or more independent contracts but linked together by a common element of all the contracts of the chain. The common element can be the object of the contract chain. Also, the common element can be the objective of the parties, meaning that all the contracts in the group are serving the same purpose. According to this final element or final common objective which must be achieved through the performance of the contracts that reunite in the contract chain, we can take into account: (i) chain of contracts with a linear structure; (ii) chain of contracts with a radiant structure; (iii) the transport contract generated by a sale-purchase contract of a quantity of merchandise which must circulate from one market to another; (iv) sets of contracts.
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The Law of insolvency is a procedure of sacrifices and compromises which is preocupied with the future of the construction and not with the fate of the constructer.
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The problem of the participants’ liability in the chain of contracts during the insolvancy procedure was born, naturally, in the context of recent famous insolvencies. There is no longer any doubt that the insolvency of a big company can involve altering the interests of a great mass of co-contractors, both direct and intermediated, which in turn depend on that particular company (stakeholkders) or create dependency for others.
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The negative standardization of contract terms is the result of their systemic uniformization market-wide. The low quality of contract terms allows the sellers and the suppliers to offer the products or services at a lower price, acquiring a competitive advantage. The paper analyses the impact of the new actions for elimination of unfair terms from consumer contracts on standard contract terms, as well as the consequences of abandoning the judicial redistributive adaptation of contract in favour of the curative elimination of unfair terms from the contract.
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Chaos is the opposite of order, the matter’s primary state of disorder. To imagine a theory of chaos seems like trying to explain an oximoron. Indeed, a theory is a logical, ordered chaining of concepts and ideas which explain, analyse or project something, meanwhile, in the common language, we intuitively know that chaos is disorder, an overcome of the logic boundaries, turmoil, confusion. Hence, the chaos and a theory seem to be mutually exclusive. The topic is so vast that it seems to be opposing the very idea of clasification. In the following I will try to exemplify a few chaotic domains in the field of business law: preparatory acts, framework agreement, contractual solidarism and contractual holism, assignement of contract, contracts and chains of contracts, corporate organism.
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W artykule przedstawiono pewne kluczowe pojęcia, charakteryzujące nowy sposób myślenia o rozwoju obszarów wiejskich, takie jak: aktywizacja społeczności wiejskich, partycypacja lokalna oraz rozwój współpracy partnerskiej. Odwołując się do literatury naukowej oraz raportu Banku Światowego, w którym opisano związki partycypacji i rozwoju, autorka prześledziła różne sposoby rozumienia tych pojęć. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy można zauważyć, że dotychczasowe przekonania o jednoznacznie pozytywnym charakterze wszelkich działań obywatelskich i rozwoju partycypacji można poddać w wątpliwość, wskazując ich aspekty negatywne.
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Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie założeń i wyników badań zrealizowanych w ramach grantu finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki: „Struktura i uwarunkowania kapitału społecznego lokalnych grup działania”. Punktem wyjścia jest koncepcja badawcza, w której przedłożono cele, problematykę oraz metodologię zrealizowanych badań. W drugiej części opisane są wyniki badań, które stanowią podstawę do weryfikacji hipotez dotyczących poziomu, struktury i uwarunkowań (gospodarczych i społecznych) kapitału społecznego LGD. Wyniki wskazują na stosunkowo wysoki (jak dla obszarów wiejskich) poziom tego kapitału, w dużej części warunkowany wysokim poziomem kapitału ludzkiego członków. Stwierdzono dekompozycję elementów (zaufania, norm i wartości oraz sieci współpracy) składających się na kapitał społeczny (najwyższą średnią wartość uzyskał wymiar norm i wartości, najniższą – sieci). Hipotezy, dotyczące zależności kapitału społecznego LGD od aktywności społecznej, gospo- darczej i współpracy międzysektorowej, nie znalazły potwierdzenia w świetle wyników badań. Artykuł kończą rekomendacje dla praktyków.
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This paper addresses the application of the LEADER (2007–2013) programme in the rural areas of Eastern Germany. Adopting a monograph approach and structuralist methods of sociology, it analyses the forms of participation of the local stakeholders and the operation of the action system that supports the collective approach towards local development. The analysis examines the hypothesis that the learning of the LEADER approach, based on endogenous development practices and principles of local governance, is related to effects of geographical context formed by spatial configuration, the structure of the local economy, and the heritage of the past.
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Przedmiotem rozważań w artykule jest zależność między różnymi zasobami kapitału społecznego, jakim dysponują liderzy podkarpackich lokalnych grup działania, a ich partycypacją polityczną. Do zasobów tego kapitału zaliczono: 1) zaufanie społeczne badanych, 2) ich patriotyzm lokalny, oraz 3) zaangażowanie w sieci współpracy na rzecz mieszkańców gminy. Analizowano takie wymiary partycypacji politycznej respondentów, jak: ich zachowania wyborcze, działania na rzecz kandydatów lub partii politycznej, komitetu wyborczego, zaangażowanie w funkcjonowanie samorządu terytorialnego. W opracowaniu wykorzystano część materiału empirycznego (zebranego na Podkarpaciu) w ramach projektu badawczego pt.: „Struktura i uwarunkowania kapitału społecznego lokalnych grup działania” (grant NCN nr 6996/B/H03/2011/40). W badaniu zastosowano technikę ankiety rozdawanej. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły zauważyć, iż poziom zasobów kapitału społecznego badanych pozostaje w związku z poziomem dwóch (spośród trzech) wymiarów ich partycypacji politycznej.
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The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) was established in 2002 on the basis of the Collective Security Treaty signed in 1992 in order to preserve member states’ territorial integrity and strengthen cooperation with other multilateral institutions such as the United Nations and NATO. Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan are members of the CSTO; Uzbekistan took steps to rejoin the organization in 2006.
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