Habermas: Questions and Counterquestions
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"I am happy to accept the editors' invitation to respond to the articles by Richard Rorty, Martin Jay, Thomas McCarthy, and Joel Whitebook."
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The Polish philology and linguistics, for self-evident reasons, focus their attention on the texts written in the national language. The textual documentations in the history of the Polish language are usually isolated from the foreign (usually Latin) context. This constitutes the cause for not differentiating the translations of texts from Latin into Polish from the explanations possessing the auxiliary function. As a result, the qualifying opinions on the documentation having the lexicographical character are issued. The opinions would have been justified in reference to the autonomous translations. This is the case with the so called “Polish Canon of the Holy Mass”. The written records form the first half of the 15th century are not the translations of the Canon, but the Holy Mass sequence explications. Their appearance in the Latin manuscripts was a consequence of the aspiration for congruence of the liturgy practice when following the faith doctrine. Thus, the opinions on the incompetence of the translation and the linguistic curiosities are reaching too far.
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The article is an attempt to reconstruct the linguistic picture of maturity in contemporary Polish. The research of the analysis is based on expressions using the adjective dojrzały, which means ‘mature’, used to describe a human being and psycho-physical outputs of human creation. The expressions are selected from Korpus Je˛zyka Polskiego PWN (PWN Corpus of Polish). In describing the semantics of the word ‘dojrzały’ the author uses concepts of Apresjan’s semantic analysis apparatus as well as the cognitive linguistic model. The result of the semantic analysis is a prototype picture of maternity built around concepts such as: responsibility - experience - wisdom - sense. At the same time, the author recognizes the problem of indeterminateness of the concept of maturity, which depends on the perspective of the sender and on his systems of values as well as on his perception of an ideal human being.
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The article presents and briefly discusses various sources, including: dictionaries, literary and scientific works, press publications, official and functional/conventional letters etc. used by Ch. C. Mrongovius in three editions of the {German-Polish Dictionary} from 1823, 1837, 1853-1854. The examination of the authors and works quoted by Mrongovius proves that the collection of these sources is not accidental. The choice of a particular author or work are conditioned on both general reasons, the spirit and priorities/principles of the epoch, but also the achievements of great predecessors, his own didactic and social activity, personal intellectual passions and private contacts with outstanding intellectuals of the turn of the 18th and 19th century.
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The paper presents the background of the creation of the three-volume {Polish Language Dictionary} by Mieczysław Szymczak (Polish Scientific Publishers, 1978-1981, supplement 1992, new, consolidated edition 1995), as well as facts concerning its reception, criticism, popularity, and social status. Based on various sources, the paper discusses not only scholarly publications, but also popular reviews, press articles, court records, and archive material from the publisher.
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The paper presents possibilities of information comparison based on two dictionaries of Polish language - the first one being the one written by S. B. Linde and the second edited by W. Doroszewski. This information is a basis for research on Polish lexis in 19th century. The data allows to observe main occurrences in the development of Polish vocabulary of that time. The paper contains conclusions of comparative analysis of words beginning with the letter K. Deductions are focused on two main topics - semantic changes and origin of words (including basic information on word formation with reference to Polish words and direct source of loanwords with reference to borrowings).
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The aim of the present paper is to investigate, in what degree the syntactic description in contemporary Polish diachronic dictionaries would be useful to diachronic research, based on the model of Polish formal syntax, published in {Składnia współczesnego języka polskiego} by. Z. Saloni and M. Świdziński. On the ground of analysis of chosen lexixal entries from Słownik staropolski, {Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku, Słownik języka Adama Mickiewicza} in {Słownik polszczyzny Jana Kochanowskiego} the author claims that these lexicographic sources can be useful in such analyses, but some syntactic facts, e.g. accommodational features of the functional units were not considered in lexicographic description.
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The article is an analysis of selected lexemes from the field of political vocabulary that is based on four general Polish dictionaries from the 19th and 20th century. The following elements are in focus: the definitions, the isolation of meanings of a given unit, and word connections. In the given group, there are lexemes with which the terminological uses are permanently connected and ones, in which beside a general meaning, a specialist meaning has formed. The article is an outline of the problem as every lexeme may be a subject of a separate analysis.
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Among all of the Polish dictionaries and studies in the field of etymology there is no research of the teaching nature, including research in the line of teaching of Polish studies on an academic level. Therefore, the creation of {The Old Polish Glossary} has begun. It will contain the etymological description of words appearing in the collection of the Old Polish texts that are analyzed during academic classes of historical grammar of the Polish language and the history of the Polish language. {The Old Polish Glossary} will contain about 1500 entries, of which about 36% are verbs, 31% are nouns and the rest belongs to other parts of speech. The editorial work proceeds according to a certain scheme of an entry article and should be finished in the year 2006.
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The purpose of this article is to present with reference to some examples a new project of an interactive multimedia guide to Polish dialects. The authors show how to exploit new technological tools in dialect research, and first and for most how to use opportunities that advanced technology offers to popularize the results of dialectological studies (e.g. digital records, video films, commentaries, search engines, interactive exercises). The article also presents the principles and the contents of the {Multimedia Guide into Polish Dialects}.
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This paper is devoted to the use of the Dictionary of {Derivation Nests of the Contemporary Polish} in order to: a) verify the descriptions of polysemic entries, b) separate more precisely polysemic and homonymous lexemes, c) link more closely the meaning of motivated adjectives with the meanings of their bases, d) correct the grammatical information about nominal lexemes, e) modernize the qualifications. The lexicographers interested in the corrections given above will find required information in spots marked with the abbreviation red., which designates changes made by the authors of the SGS in the data taken from explanatory dictionaries.
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The essential aim of the paper is to present the place of regional vocabulary in the modern lexicographic theory and practice. The following dictionaries of the Polish language were subject to analysis: E. Sobol (ed.) {Mały słownik języka polskiego,} B. Dunaj (ed.) {Słownik współczesnego języka polskiego,} M. Bańko (ed.) {Inny słownik języka polskiego,} S. Dubisz, {Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego,} H. Zgółkowa (ed.), {Praktyczny słownik języka polskiego}. I have chosen 982 lexical regional idioms or regional collocations, including a handful of entries whose regional oddities based on a lexicalized phonetic feature. A close scrutiny of the material made it possible to draw the following conclusions: 1) One of the criteria of the selection of entries and their subsequent mapping into a set of nodes in a tree in modern lexicography is the range (degree) of the universality of vocabulary - regional words, due to their territorially limited occurrence, are placed only in a selection. 2) The higher number of entries classified as regional words only in one dictionary (over 83%) proves a low lexicographers level of awareness of regional character of contemporary vocabulary. 3) More and more often, regional vocabulary is labeled with supplementary geographical quantifiers, especially in situations in which there is a great amount of the words involved. Paradoxically enough, this regional differentiation of Polish in relation to its lexicographical approach is relatively small (with preponderance of the lexis of the town of Krako´w, while the vocabulary representing regionalisms form other parts of Poland is presented on a more selective basis). 4) The ever-growing integrational process within the Polish language results in a situation in which new regional differences in vocabulary are scare and rare (or even exceptional). In the case of the numerous group of lexical regionalisms, it is justifiable to label them as archaisms.
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The primary focus of the paper was only one type of dictionary meaning description, i.e. the one based on pinpointing the so-called synonymous series. The analysis of these series leads to the question about their criteria. In most cases, these are quite vague for a dictionary user. Moreover, the relation between the synonyms themselves also remains uclear. In fact, it is difficult to understand why the word {rzetelny} (reliable) is assigned by many lexicographers to the series {uczciwy} (honest). The present article is a presentation of the methods of synonyms verification and diversification carried out on the basis of the analysis of synonymous definitions of the lexeme {szacunek}.
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La conférence traite environ 180 mots vieux polonais choisis, auß sens différents de leurs équivalents d’aujourd’hui. Ils proviennent de toutes les collections ordonnées disponsibles du vieux polonais, a savoir, du Dictionnaire de la Langue Polonaise du XVI s., du Dictionnaire du Vieux Polonais et du Thesaurus linguae latinae du G. Knapiusz (lettres A-K). Ils constituent pres de 10% de l’ensamble des articles de cet intervalle de lettres faisant partie des collections ci-dessus. La documentation traitée est divisée en deux parties: La premiere regroupe les mots dont les changements du sens sont dus a l’évolution sémantique naturelle, p.ex. {czeluść}, premierement ‘os de mâchoire’, ensuite ‘partie inférieure du visage’, ‘cavite buccale’, ‘ventre’, ‘intérieur du fourneau’, d’ou est issue la signification contemporaine ‘trou effrayent, ‘noir et profond’. La seconde partie est constituée des mots, qu’il faudrait considérer plutôt comme des unités lexicales particulieres, parce qu’elles sont issues des processus différents de formation des mots: au formées a partir d’autre sens du mots de base qu’aujourd’hui (p.ex. {gburstwo} ‘paysans, état paysan’, issu de „gbur” ‘paysan’ - pas ‘homme grossier’), au bien a l’aide des morphemes á fonction de formation des mots différante de celle d’aujourd’hui (p.ex. {grobowiec} ‘voleur des tombes’ - pas ‘tombeau’), et meme a partir des mots différents (p.ex. {kanonicki}, autrefois issu de „kanon” ‘canon’ [de Sainte Ecriture], maintenant de „kanonik” ‘chanoine’). Pour terminer, comme un cas curieux, je cite quelques exemples des termes techniques contemporains qui sont formés sans aucune relation avec leurs prédécesseurs homophones (p.ex. {chłodnica} ‘berceau de verdure’ - a présent ‘élément d’une voiture’, {bezpiecznik} ‘un homme trop sur de lui’ - a présent ‘élément d’une installation électrique’).
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Grzegorz Knapiusz addressed his {Thesaurus} (1621, 1643) to those who wanted to have a good command of Polish and foreign languages (mainly Latin). There are over 350 common words and terms that designate food and cuisine. Knapski focused his attention an the common words used by common people. He also introduced synonymous forms including some regional and dialectal names of food. Stanisław Czerniecki in turn is the author of a cookery book entitled {Compendium ferculorum albo zebranie potraw} (1682). The book contains an {Alphabetical Regestr} in which he recited 215 names of food and cuisine. Only 136 terms quoted by Czerniecki are also mentioned in {Thesaurus}. The vocabulary introduced by Czerniecki in his Regestr is more specialist in comparison with that of Knapski’s {Thesaurus e.g. amidam, brazelle, salceson} etc.; it is connected with the art of cooking of that time.
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The article presents the Polish astronomical dictionary by Jan Kanty Steczkowski dating from the second half of the 19th century which has not been published yet. It makes an extensive survey of Polish astronomical vocabulary. The dictionary contains Greek, Latin, French and German equivalents of Polish terms, which is its great value. Thanks to it we can settle without problems the etymology of Polish terms. The dictionary will be printed next year.
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The present paper studies the semantic history of two Polish verbs, {pamiętać} and {pomnieć}, and their derivatives. The interrelations between the different words, which were formed from the synonyms by adding the same affix, are analysed in more detail. The derivatives of {pamiętać} and {pomnieć} were divided into two groups. The first contains the verbs which existed together for centuries and the second includes the verbs which followed each other in the language history. D. Buttler said, that the verbs which could be used exchangeable, often change meaning and tend to be used in different contexts. The present study shows that this tendency is especially significant in case of the formations in which radical word had the same meaning. The tendency to economical use and precision of language is clearly seen among the derivatives - as long as words belonging to the first group differed in meaning - they could exist together in the language, whereas when semantics becomes too close - one had to disappear. The verbs from the second group suggest rather a tendency to maintain equilibrium in the semantics of Polish language.
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The author deals with a linguistic problem, which refers to meaning of Polish word {więc} and its location within the scope of an utterance. The issue of placing {więc} at the beginning of a speech is discussed first. Then the author considers all definitions from Polish language dictionaries which refer to word {więc}. The results of analytical work show that there are not unambiguous hints on the correct usage of word {więc} - especially the problem of changing its position in speech is not clear (it seems to be important for parts of speech classification).
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The aim of the article is to demonstrate how the materials of {The Etymological Dictionary of the Kashubian Language} can shed some light on the history of Slavonic languages. The Kashubian language is situated farthest to the north-west of all the Slavonic languages and in recent times it has been undergoing - together with other Slavonic languages - considerable normalization processes, accompanied by elimination of some archaic geographical configurations that until recently had been perfectly visible. It is these old configurations that the authors of the EDK seek to demonstrate. From the entries of the dictionary prepared so far there emerge some facts crucial to the history of the Kashubs and the whole Slavic territory. The author considers here: 1. the former proximity of the Polish and Kashubian lexicon, 2. hundreds of years of influence of the Polish language onto the Kashubian language area, 3. the hypothesis about the lexical specificity of the old north-west Slavonic, 4. rather weak old lexical ties between Kashubian and east-Slavonic languages, 5. lexical ties between Kashubian and south-Slavonic languages.
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This article presents the research of relationship between epistemic modality and sensory perception in the Polish language. The analysis focuses on the three verbs: {brzmieć, zabrzmieć, słyszeć}. I set myself a target to describe the semantic and syntactic properties of the above-mentioned mental verbs derived from homonymous sensory and perception verbs. Moreiver, my aim was to to decide whether the verbs still convey information about sensory perception or not because it was blocked by elements involved in mental processes.
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