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Грамадска-аналітычны часопіс №1(12) 2002
review of: Socio-analytical magazine "Адкрытае грамадства" Nr.1, vol.12, 2002
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The Likert scale is commonly used in survey research using primary and secondary data to measure the respondent attitude by asking insofar to which they agree or disagree with a particular questions. In generals, Likert scale would be preferred in the questionnaire development stage to ascertain the researchers conducting their research needed. However, the researchers nowadays are abuse to understand the nature of measurement scale in data analysis and thus causes the finding obtained are meaningless. This article is aimed to compare the performance of two categories of measurement scales which are 5 point and 10 points of Likert scales using the same sample size and research subject that would pave the way to understand the real different between both of these ranges using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Moreover, this study also interested to clarify briefly between two types of measurement scale namely ordinal and interval data. The findings reveal that 10 points of Likert scale is more efficient than 5 points of Likert scale in operating of measurement model.
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The article outlines the history of Polish culture, underlining its borderland nature, while also showing the thematic connection occurring between the essays that follow it. It invokes a variety of examples of artists to whom an adjective „Polish” does not quite fit, although the language of their work was the Polish language. It indicates „borderlandness” as a typical Polish trait.
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The paper deals with the problem of using different languages of writing in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 15th–17th centuries. Among them there were: Latin, Polish, Ruthenian, Church-Slavonic, Lithuanian, German, Yiddish, Hebrew, Arabic and Greek, written in five alphabets: Latin, Cyryllic, Hebrew, Arabic and Greek. The author noticed that this multi-lingualism and multi-alphabeticism was omitted in Polish studies about history of literature of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He argues that including these two issues in the studies on the Commonwealth’s history is crucial to better understand the muli-cultural and multi-ethnic character of this country. One of the main questions of the paper is about the relationship between a script and an identity. The author notices that comparative approach can be especially productive in such research. He enlists similar borderline processes in use of writing in medieval and early modern England, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, Venice, Dubrovnik, Moldova and Andalusia. It is illustrated by a few cases of use of the Cyryllic, Latin and Arabic alphabets. The author draws a comparison between the 16th-century literary languages of Spanish Moriscos and Lithuanian Tatars. Both these languages were based on the written version of a vernacular language (Romance and Byelorussian) in the Arabic alphabet.
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The aim of this paper is to describe the changes in the warfare that occurred in the 17th century and to outline their social and political implications. During early modern period in Europe, and specially during Thirty Years’ War, several European countries have shifted away from professional, mercenary-based formations and begun creating standing armies, conscripted from the local population. This resulted in changing of the social perception of warfare, and had great impact on the culture of the entire continent. The figure of a mercenary a professional soldier, who was perceived as a type of craftsman deeply attached to his personal honour, became obsolete, pushing it into the area of marginal identities of contemporary and future society. The paper follows the case studies of mercenaries who served in the middle of the 17th century, both actual and fictional, and presents their lives in typical context of early modern warfare. It also explain possible reasons behind the switch to conscripted standing armies, which were the predecessors of current national armies and have direct impact in creating modern societies.
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The paper is an attempt to reread the history of Volyn balagulas. In Polish tradition these groups of young gentry decadents flirting with peasants culture are the symbol of lost generation. I would like to remind the forgotten discussion held by 19th century conservative writers who described balagulas movement as the threat to Polish identity.
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Gustaw Manteuffel (1832–1916) was Polish-Livonian historiographer whose writing activity focused on the idea of reconstructing the forgotten land called Polish Livonia. In his many texts elaborating almost exclusively on Livonian issues, one can find as well many borderland categories. Livonia he lived in and wrote about was a highly diversified land, both ethnically, linguistically, and religiously. This article, dealing with borderland issues considered in Gustaw Manteuffel’s works, represents the new subdiscipline of contemporary academic studies on the heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian state called Livonian studies.
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The main question discussed in the article is: why was it the Lithuanian emigration environment in USA that found Miłosz’s poetry a testimony of the era (de facto – their own experience) during the first decade after the WWII. To answer the question mainly two publications are interpreted: the first one is Miłosz’s poetry volume translated into Lithuanian, entitled Epochos sąmoningumo poezija (Poetry of the Era’s Self-Awareness) with introduction (by Miłosz) and afterword (by a poet Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas); the second one is a Lithuanian literary magazine „Literatūros lankai” („Literary sheets”) where Czesław Miłosz published, and where some interpretations of Miłosz’s works, written by Lithuanian writers and philosophers, were published as well.
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The word „pogranicze” (in rough translation: borderland) gets more and more popular in Polish humanities as the equivalent of untranslatable and inconvenient „Kresy”, the first being free of polonocentric, colonial conotations of the latter. The article: presents the logic of a map as fundamental to the notion „pogranicze”, discusses its discoursive consequences and points to the need of deconstructive, subversive uses of the term.
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Are consumers in high-income countries complicit in labor exploitation when they buy good produced in sweatshops? To focus attention we consider cases of labor exploitation such as those of exposing workers to very high risks of irreversible diseases, for instance, by failing to provide adequate safety equipment. If I purchase a product made under such conditions, what is my part in this exploitation? Is my contribution one of complicity that is blameworthy? If so, what ought I to do about such participation? I address these questions at first by applying a comprehensive account recently offered by Chiara Lepora and Robert Goodin, and analyzing the results in light of some important empirical issues.
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This paper clarifies some of the contested ideas put forward by John Stuart Mill by analyzing the reasons and arguments Mill used to support them and demonstrating how these ideas and arguments supporting them are connected into a coherent system. Mill’s theory is placed in wider explanatory framework of democratic legitimacy developed by Thomas Christiano, and is portrayed as a typical example of democratic instrumentalism—a monistic position that focuses on the outcomes and results of a decision-making process. Following this move, the focus is shifted on the understanding of political equality in Mill’s political thought. I claim that, contrary to some contemporary interpretations, Mill’s theory is based on a few fundamentally inegalitarian ideas. Finally, Mill’s view on the role of experts in democratic decision-making is analyzed and compared with contemporary theories advocating democratic expertism—Mill’s view is again portrayed as inegalitarian, both to the extent of setting political aims and creating methods for achieving these aims.
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The author of the review describes Mindaugas Kvietkauskas’ Literature’s polyphony in Vilnius in early stage of modernism in years 1904–1915 paying particular attention to the original and innovative form of interpretation of cross-cultural relationships shaping the multilingual literature of Vilnius at the beginning of the 20th century. Kvietkauskas reaches for texts written in five languages (Lithuanian, Polish, Yiddish, Belarussian and Russian) and argues with the existing approaches by exposing the ethnical individuality of each national literature and undermines the picture of Vilnius at the beginning of the 20th century as being centred around polishness only.
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The author reviews the pioneering work of Mindaugas Kvietkauskas dedicated to multilingual literature, which was created in Vilnius at the beginning of the 20th century. The book of the Lithuanian historian of literature emphasises multicultural and multi-ethnical trait of the early literary modernism in Vilnius that was created in five different languages: Lithuanian, Polish, Yiddish, Belarussian and Russian. It proves that what is the most interesting in the multilingual cultural environment takes place at the crossroads of apparently looking inwards and isolated worlds of different language and different literature.
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The review describes the anthology Žemaičių šlovė – Sława Żmudzinów. Antologia dwujęzycznej poezji litewsko-polskiej z lat 1794–1830 (Kraków 2012) in edition of P. Bukowiec as a selection of bilingual Lithuanian literature in wider aspect of culture changes in 1794–1830 on Samogitian-Lithuanian land of Russian Empire province.
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