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Baumgartner Bernadette: Kisebbség a kisebbségben. A Szatmár megyei németek a két világháború között (1918–1940)
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Baumgartner Bernadette: Kisebbség a kisebbségben. A Szatmár megyei németek a két világháború között (1918–1940)
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Over the five excavation seasons conducted between 2011 and 2015 at the Early Dynastic Tell el-Murra cemetery, 17 graves were discovered along with their pottery assemblages. Nine of them contained vessels which are generally considered to be beer jars. Amongst the 18 examples of this kind of jar, a few types can be distinguished that show an affinity to similar vessels from the other Early Dynastic sites of Tell el-Farkha, Minshat Abu Omar, Buto, Helwan, Abydos, and Kafr Hassan Dawood. These analogies indicate that the Tell el-Murra graves should be dated to the Naqada IIIC2/D period and in some cases an even more precise date can be obtained. In addition, the presence of beer jars within the pottery assemblages of the graves also provides us with information concerning the funerary customs of the inhabitants of the Tell el-Murra site.
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Pottery data from prehistoric sites in Lower Egypt has been reported using different classification systems dependent on the site where it was discovered. This makes comparative analysis of pottery from different locations highly problematic. The significant majority of pottery excavated at these sites is either incomplete or consists of pot sherds that cannot be reconstructed. This paper will consider the problems that exist in publishing data concerning pottery shape and examine the classification systems adopted in earlier reports. Bearing these earlier systems in mind, the report will consider what the most feasible general classification system would be for the recording and classifying of pot sherd shape data from all Lower Egyptian sites, which would also be able to integrate together even with pottery shape data in the earlier reports as accurately as possible. There might be the feasible system or a prototype of it amongst the systems already in use.
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The Tell el-Farkha site is located immediately to the north of the modern village of Ghazalah and occupies an area of c. 4.5ha. It is marked by three hills: the Eastern Kom, Central Kom and Western Kom. This research will focus on the profile of the layers of sediment. These studies are important because they are innovative and contain information on the history of the site. Research work was conducted on site and produced graphs showing the composition of individual microartefacts within the sediment. Samples were taken from each profile layer then dissolved and sifted to obtain fine fractions. Laboratory work focused on the calculation of the percentage of different microartefacts in each sifted fine fraction. Photographs of selected microartefacts (bones, ceramics, carbon, quartz, and others) were taken using a binocular magnifier at 20x magnification. The examination of this material has provided both new and valuable information concerning the functioning and development of the archaeo-logical site.
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Scholars have long debated the question how a small state like the Bosporus managed to remain independent for almost a millennium by the side of two nomadic giants, the Scythians and the Sarmathians. One of the reasons of their success were the fortifications that they had started building around their cities in the early stages of the colonization effort. Summing up the current knowledge of early Greek fortifications in the territory of the future Bosporan state, one cannot but note the weakness of the evidence. Changes of ground topography, natural and anthropic, have destroyed most of the earliest occupation sites. Practically none of the early Greek cities that should have had fortifications judging by their later histories are known.
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The ancient Greek city of Kleitor lies in a small valley in north central Arkadia. Although only recently the target of systematic excavations, the first plan of its remains was published almost 200 years ago. While this earliest plan is essentially correct in the details, it is also a simple schematic representation with little topographical detail. When a revised plan of the site – comprising a much more skillful representation of the topography – was published in the late 19th century, it soon supplanted the original in the scholarship. Hidden behind its topographic accuracy and artistic flourishes, however, lies the fact that the mapping of the archaeological remains themselves was incorrect. Consequently, as this plan continued to be modified and reproduced throughout the following century, so too were its mistakes duplicated and exaggerated. Showing the cartographical evolution in the representation of ancient Kleitor and its reception by scholars, this paper demonstrates how scholars have constructed their interpretations of the remains around the unintentional predisposition to equate artistic quality with accuracy, and the consequences of this bias on the archaeological interpretations of the site.
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This paper explores the possibilities of using methods of analysis from the field of pictorial semiotics in studying Greek vase painting, and thus resolving the problem of interpreting multiple scenes on a single vase. Its aim is to explain and clarify basic notions connected to this discipline, such as imagery, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, and how they relate to Greek iconography, using various examples. The main premise is that the separate scenes on the artifact are connected syntagmatically and not only paradigmatically as it is usually indicated, thus the joint interpretation always precedes the analysis of detached scenes, the latter being dependent upon the syntagmatic reducibility of the image.
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In the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Wrocław is a Greek fibula, which was donated by Wilhelm Grempler, a Wrocław doctor and researcher of antiquity well-known for his contribution to Silesian archaeology. It belongs to the ‘millwheel’ fibula group, which is characterised by the distinctive decoration of its bows. Fibulae of this type have been found in modern Bulgaria, Macedonia and northern and central Greece, although they seem not to have reached its south. Observable differences in the shapes of the decorative elements of these fibulae are of a regional nature and allow two varieties to be identified within the type: North Balkan and Greek. The best analogies for the Wrocław ‘millwheel’ fibula can be found in objects of the same type found at Halai in central Greece, which can be dated to the mid-5th century BC.
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The Australian archaeological mission to Nea Paphos in Cyprus has begun exploring the remains of a structure to the rear of the cavea of the ancient theatre on the southeastern edge of the hill known as Fabrika. The preliminary results of this excavation suggest a significantly large post-medieval building constructed using stone taken from the former theatre. The building appears to have been used in some sort of industrial production, the precise nature of which is not yet determined, and is perhaps the source of the etymology of the name of the hill. This paper discusses a need for a reassessment of this area of the city of Nea Paphos in its more recent history, and discusses the needs for a better understanding of the urban relationship between Fabrika and the theatrical precinct during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
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Excavations in the Nea Paphos Hellenistic-Roman agora have been conducted by the Chair of Classical Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University of Krakow since 2011 under the direction of Professor E. Papuci-Władyka. The main goal of the excavation is to fully uncover the Agora and to reconstruct the ways in which this public space was used. One of the methodological goals set for the research was the creation of a state-of-the-art database (work on which began in 2013) that could import and adapt data obtained from modern equipment. Of equal importance was the implementation of a 3D-format within the database (this had been under discussion for over a decade) and the enabling of GIS software data integration. Faro Focus laser scanner data was chosen to form the graphical core as it fulfilled the most important visual documentation criteria for the Paphos Agora Project database. This article presents the main premises on which the new Nea Paphos Hellenistic-Roman Agora Project database is based (on the integration of 3D and 2D data from 2011–2014) and the different stages of its creation, which made use of the latest methods of developing such tools for the purposes of archaeological excavations.
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The geoarchaeological research conducted consisted of a geomorphological prospecting of the Paphos region and a geophysical examination of the ancient town of Nea Paphos and its agora. In addition, the morphogenetic processes that shaped the coastal plains of the Cypriot area were also determined and a research hypothesis that could explain the shrinking of the bay and the decline of the harbour north of the cape of Paphos was formulated. The Mala GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) ProEx System, which is compatible with shielded antenna of 500MHz, was used for the geophysical survey of the area. 95 profiles were completed in a northsouth direction (1m apart) and 51 in an eastwest direction (2m apart). One of the main difficulties was to distinguish the stone structures, as the bottoms of their walls were formed at the natural level of the rock and there were pebble layers located above them. Using versatile geophysical techniques, we have attempted to answer a couple of questions: Was the agora area a fully built-up one and what does the continuation of the walls into undiscovered sections of the agora signify?
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The acorn is a very popular literary and decorative motif in Greek and Roman culture that was used by many ancient authors to symbolise fertility and the possibility of creating new life. It was used as a decoration with this significance on many everyday objects, such as vessels and jewellery. The acorn was also very popular as a shape for the counterweights of Roman balances. On this group of objects, it is possible that the acorn symbolised the gods, who ensured the fairness of transactions between sellers and their customers. The gods used may have been Zeus, Hermes or Athena, with the latter being the most likely to appear.
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The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive analysis of the Visegrad cooperation in the field of borders security. The paper presents both legal and institutional environment in which the Visegrad partners pursue their policy of safety management at the borders. A short historical background is presented, followed by expended examples of V4 achievements. The key issue, however, is whether the cooperation provides opportunities to ensure security effectively in practice. The case of the Visegrad Group will help to understand this practical aspect.
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Impression Management Policy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is the image creation of this country within and outside its borders. The main actors in this process are the King and the Queen. This image is diversely interpreted and every so often is on the verge of suppressing the reality. In Jordan, the mission of the King in creating a plausible image of his country seems to be largely complicated. The monarch has to reconcile different groups of people, such as conservatives or refugees with economical dependency to the USA, Israel or Saudi Arabia and Iraq. The Hashemite Monarchy is a particular case among the Middle Eastern countries, because the role of the Queen in public life is crucial. With the exception of the King, photographs of the royal family, or even the Queen alone, are often encountered. The present Jordanian Queen, Rania Al‑Abdullah, is one of the most recognized Middle Eastern women, mostly because of her skilful promotion in worldwide media. The Queen is chiefly promoting education, women and children’s rights and charity organizations. The image of the country created by the Queen is parallel to the King’s activity and also affects his image positively.
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The article elaborates on political thought of Jan Bobrzyński (1882‑1951), the Polish conservative politician, journalist, writer and philosopher. The paper is divided into three main sections. The first chapter provides biographical information. The second chapter describes the development of Bobrzyński’s ideas in the period of 1925‑1929. The third is devoted to the 1930s. One of the crucial themes of Bobrzyński’s journalism was a critique of democracy. In the 1920s, he became disappointed with an unstable parliament and supported the idea of a strong head of state. To a large extent, it was a result of his fascination with fascism. Bobrzyński was also involved in organising the Polish monarchist movement. He was promoting his ideas especially through his monthly magazine, „Nasza Przyszłość”. Moreover, his views on the political system can be gauged from the two projects of the Polish constitution he has published. The article shows how various views can be combined within the political views of one philosopher.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the public administration in Poland from the perspective of the evolution of subsequent paradigms of public administration (Public Administration, New Public Management and Governance). The general model is applied to the case study of the education sector in Poland. Special attention was paid to the issue of delegating public services by local governments to non-governmental organisations in education in Poland and the role of the state in regulating this process. According to the author, simultaneous interaction of conf licting paradigms of management has created favourable conditions for the autonomous institutional process that led to an unstable balance of power between the market and statist solutions in the Polish educational system.
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Work engagement and employee satisfaction are important predictors of work performance, absenteeism and health. However, little attention is still being paid to the engagement and satisfaction of employees of national companies. The aim of the paper is to answer the question of how the level of work engagement is represented by vigour and dedication, sati sfaction with pay and pay fairness among employees from national and private companies. An Internet-based opinion poll has been conducted in a group of 1065 employees of private companies and 203 employees of national companies, using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. It found that employees of national companies had significantly lower level of satisfaction with pay and pay fairness compared to employees of private companies. There also was a significant difference in the small effect size in the level of vigour, but no significant difference in the level of dedication between two groups could be observed. The results highlight low satisfaction with salaries of Polish employees of national companies, which may have a negative impact on the efficiency and quality of their work.
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